View source for Christmas tree

{{Short description|Tree that is decorated for Christmas}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2018}}
[[File:A1 Christmas Tree photo.jpg|alt=Christmas tree decorated with lights, stars and glass balls. Wrapped presents are under tree|thumb|Christmas tree decorated with lights, stars, and glass balls]]
[[File:Johansen Viggo - Radosne Boże Narodzenie.jpg|thumb|{{lang|nl|Glade jul}} by [[Viggo Johansen]] (1891)]]
[[File:Decorating the tree.jpg|thumb|Typical North American family decorating Christmas tree ({{c.|1970s}})]]

A '''Christmas tree''' is a decorated tree, usually an [[evergreen]] [[pinophyta|conifer]], such as a [[spruce]], [[pine]] or [[fir]], or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of [[Christmas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-19/the-history-of-the-christmas-tree/8106078|title=The history of the Christmas tree|last=Travers|first=Penny |date=19 December 2016 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |language=en-AU|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>

The custom was developed in [[Central Europe]], particularly [[Germany]] and [[Livonia]] (now [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]), where [[Protestantism|Protestant Christians]] brought decorated trees into their homes.<ref name="Perry2010">{{cite book|last=Perry|first=Joe|title=Christmas in Germany: A Cultural History|url=https://archive.org/details/christmasgermany00perr|url-access=limited|date=27 September 2010|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|language=en|isbn=978-0-8078-9941-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/christmasgermany00perr/page/n48 32]|quote=A chronicle from Strasbourg, written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German-speaking lands, records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with "roses made of colored paper, apples, wafers, tinsel, sweetmeats, etc."{{nbsp}}[...] The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down, so to speak. It moved from elite households to broader social strata, from urban to rural areas, from the Protestant north to the Catholic south, and from Prussia to other German states.}}</ref><ref name="Lamb">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=Martha Joanna |first4=Martha Joanna |title=The Magazine of American History, Volume X |date=1883 |publisher=Historical Publication Co. |page=473 |language=en |quote=The Christmas Tree originated in the Protestant districts of Germany.}}</ref><ref>Christmas trees were hung in [[St. George's Church, Sélestat]] since 1521:{{cite web|url=http://www.selestat.fr/spip_noel/IMG/pdf/histoire_des_decorations_de_l_arbre_de_noel.pdf |title=Office de la Culture de Sélestat—The history of the Christmas tree since 1521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218150603/http://www.selestat.fr/spip_noel/IMG/pdf/histoire_des_decorations_de_l_arbre_de_noel.pdf |date=18 December 2013 |archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> The tree was traditionally decorated with "roses made of colored paper, [[apples]], [[wafers]], [[tinsel]], [and] [[sweetmeats]]".<ref name="Perry2010"/> [[Moravian Church|Moravian Christians]] began to illuminate Christmas trees with candles,<ref name="Kelly2010"/> which were often replaced by [[Christmas lights]] after the advent of [[electrification]].<ref name="Becker2000">{{cite book |last1=Becker |first1=Udo |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |isbn=978-0-8264-1221-8 |page=60 |language=English |quote=In Christianity, the Christmas tree is a symbol of Christ as the true tree of life; the candles symbolize the "light of the world" that was born in Bethlehem; the apples often used as decorations set up a symbolic relation to the paradisal apple of knowledge and thus to the original sin that Christ took away so that the return to Eden-symbolized by the Christmas tree-is again possible for humanity.}}</ref> Today, there is a wide variety of [[Christmas ornament|traditional and modern ornaments]], such as [[garland]]s, [[Christmas ornament|baubles]], [[tinsel]], and [[candy cane]]s. An angel or star might be [[tree-topper|placed at the top of the tree]] to represent the [[Angel]] [[Gabriel]] or the [[Star of Bethlehem]], respectively, from the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]].<ref name="Mandryk2005">{{cite book |last=Mandryk |first=DeeAnn |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianchristma0000mand/page/67 |title=Canadian Christmas Traditions |date=25 October 2005 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=978-1-55439-098-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianchristma0000mand/page/67 67] |quote=The eight-pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem.}}</ref><ref name="Jones2011">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=David Albert |title=Angels |date=27 October 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-161491-0 |page=24 |quote=The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels, the angel on top of the Christmas tree. This decoration, popularized in the nineteenth century, recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story (Luke 2:9–18).}}</ref> Edible items such as [[gingerbread]], [[chocolate]], and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree's branches with ribbons. The Christmas tree has been historically regarded as a custom of the [[Lutheran Church]]es and only in 1982 did the [[Catholic Church]] erect the [[Vatican Christmas Tree]].<ref name="Cooke1980">Gillian Cooke, ''A Celebration of Christmas'', 1980, page 62: "Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree.{{nbsp}}[...] The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into{{nbsp}}[...] tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home, partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins."</ref>

In the [[Western Christian]] tradition, Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the [[first day of Advent]], or even as late as [[Christmas Eve]], depending on the country;<ref name="Crump2001">{{cite book|last=Crump|first=William D.|title=The Christmas Encyclopedia, 3d ed.|date=15 September 2001|publisher=McFarland|language=en |isbn=978-0-7864-6827-0|page=386|quote=Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I, although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then. Traditionally, the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights, tinsel, garlands, candy canes, other assorted ornaments, and topped with an angel figure or star. The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas (February 2)}}</ref> customs of the same faith hold that it is unlucky to remove Christmas decorations, such as the Christmas tree, before [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]] and, if they are not taken down on that day, it is appropriate to do so on [[Candlemas]], the latter of which ends the [[Epiphanytide|Christmas-Epiphany season]] in some [[Christian denominations|denominations]].<ref name="Crump2001"/><ref name="McGregor2023">{{cite web |last1=McGregor |first1=Kate |title=It's Bad Luck To Take Your Tree Down Before January 6 |url=https://www.aol.com/bad-luck-tree-down-january-005700497.html |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=30 November 2023 |quote=According to the tradition of the 12 days of Christmas (explained above), January 6 is the earliest you should be taking down your Christmas tree. According to the legend, bad luck will befall those who stop the Christmas cheer any earlier.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/candlemas.shtml|title=Candlemas|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=26 December 2016|quote=Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106110011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/candlemas.shtml|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the "[[Yule]]-tree", especially in discussions of its folkloric origins.<ref>{{cite book |first=Daniel J. |last=Foley |title=The Christmas Tree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJTWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Christmas+tree+is+sometimes+linked%22|publisher=Omnigraphics |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-55888-286-7 |page=45 }}</ref><ref name="Dues">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daAXccS5DVgC&pg=PA13 |first=Greg |last=Dues |title=Advent and Christmas |publisher=Bayard |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58595-722-4 |pages=13–15|quote=Next to the Nativity scene, the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home. This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home, originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany.}}</ref><ref name="Karas">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ngAAAAMAAJ&q=Karas+%22paradise+tree%22 |first=Sheryl |last=Karas |title=The Solstice Evergreen: history, folklore, and origins of the Christmas tree |publisher=Aslan |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-944031-75-9 |pages=103–04 }}</ref>

==History==
===Origin of the modern Christmas tree===
[[File:Martin Luther’s Christmas Tree.jpg|thumb|right|[[Martin Luther]] is depicted with his family and friends in front of a Christmas tree on Christmas Eve]]

Modern Christmas trees originated in [[Central Europe]] and the [[Baltic states]], particularly [[Estonia]], [[Germany]] and [[Livonia]] (now [[Latvia]]) during the [[Renaissance]] in early modern Europe.<ref name="Perry2010"/><ref name="Lamb"/> Its 16th-century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer [[Martin Luther]], who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree.<ref name="History.com">{{cite web |title=History of Christmas Trees |url=http://www.history.com/topics/history-of-christmas-trees |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]] |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225093550/http://www.history.com/topics/history-of-christmas-trees |archive-date=25 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/christmaslegends0000haid |url-access=registration |first=Helen |last=Haidle |title=Christmas Legends to Remember' |publisher=David C Cook |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56292-534-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/christmaslegends0000haid/page/119 119] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://booheyheyks.google.com/books?id=YDx3g-05fNoC&lpg=PA22 |author=Debbie Trafton O'Neal, David LaRochelle |title=Before and After Christmas |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8066-4156-0 |page=22 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Christmas tree was first recorded to be used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the [[Strasbourg Cathedral|Cathedral of Strasbourg]] in 1539, under the leadership of the [[Protestant Reformers|Protestant Reformer]] [[Martin Bucer]].<ref name="Senn2012">{{cite book |last=Senn |first=Frank C. |title=Introduction to Christian Liturgy |date=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-2433-1 |page=118 |quote=The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century. Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree, records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer's superintendency.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1936 |title=The Christmas Tree |journal=Lutheran Spokesman |volume=29–32 |quote=The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century.}}</ref> The [[Moravian Church|Moravian Christians]] put lighted candles on those trees."<ref name="Kelly2010">{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Joseph F. |date=2010 |title=The Feast of Christmas |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-3932-0 |page=94 |quote=German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees.}}</ref><ref name="Blainey2013">{{cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=A Short History of Christianity |date=24 October 2013 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4422-2590-9 |page=418 |quote=Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree, and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England, and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated.}}</ref> The earliest known firmly dated representation of a Christmas tree is on the keystone sculpture of a private home in [[Turckheim]], Alsace (then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], today part of France), with the date 1576.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Vieux Turckheim|last=Ehrsam|first=Roger|publisher=Jérôme Do Bentzinger|year=1999|isbn=978-2-906238-83-1|location=Ville de Turckheim}}</ref>

===Possible predecessors===
Modern Christmas trees have been related to the "[[tree of life (biblical)|tree of paradise]]" of medieval [[mystery play]]s that were given on 24 December, the commemoration and [[name day]] of [[Adam and Eve]] in various countries. In such plays, a tree decorated with apples (representing fruit from the [[tree of the knowledge of good and evil]] and thus to the original sin that Christ took away) and round white wafers (to represent the [[Eucharist]] and redemption) was used as a setting for the play.<ref name="Becker2000"/> Like the [[Nativity scene|Christmas crib]], the Paradise tree was later placed in homes. The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red [[baubles]].<ref name="Dues"/><ref name="Karas"/><ref name="Lazowski">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIhIPIYLQ6QC&pg=PA204 |first=Philip |last=Lazowski |title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith |publisher=KTAV Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88125-811-0 |pages=203–04 }}</ref><ref name="Foley">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XstmMVLDzIIC&pg=PA18 |first=Michael P. |last=Foley |title=Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday? |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-6967-5 |page=18 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Ball">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQZuGwDFY68C&pg=PA19 |first=Ann |last=Ball |title=Catholic Traditions in Crafts |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87973-711-5 |page=19 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |quote=The modern Christmas tree{{nbsp}}[...] originated in western Germany. The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples (paradise tree) representing the Garden of Eden. The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on 24 December, the religious feast day of Adam and Eve. They hung round white discs on it (symbolizing the host, the Christian sign of Christ's body in the Eucharist); in a later tradition, the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes. Candles, too, were often added as the symbol of Christ. In the same room, during the Christmas season, was the [[Christmas pyramid]], a triangular construction of wood, with shelves to hold Christmas figurines, decorated with evergreens, candles, and a star. By the 16th century, the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged, becoming the Christmas tree. |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2003 |title=Christmas tree |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Christmas-tree }}</ref>

Fir trees decorated with apples served as the central prop for the paradise play, a kind of folk religious drama often performed on December 24. These props were called paradise trees, and some researchers believe they were the forerunners of the Christmas tree.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TskZAQAAIAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Christmas and New Year's Celebrations|page=168|isbn=978-0-7808-0625-2 |last1=Gulevich |first1=Tanya |date=30 October 2023 |publisher=Omnigraphics }}</ref>

At the end of the Middle Ages, an early predecessor appears referred in the 15th century Regiment of the [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] [[Alcobaça Monastery]] in [[Portugal]]. The Regiment of the local ''high-[[Sacristan]]s'' of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered the oldest references to the Christmas tree: "Note on how to put the Christmas branch, ''[[scilicet]]'': On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the high altar."<ref>''Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal'' (National Library of Portugal)—''Codices Alcobacenses'' ([http://www.bnportugal.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=195%3Acodices-alcobacences&catid=71%3Areservados-manuscritos&Itemid=212&lang=pt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221070531/http://www.bnportugal.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=195%3Acodices-alcobacences&catid=71%3Areservados-manuscritos&Itemid=212&lang=pt|date=21 February 2013}} ); [BN: cod. alc. CLI / 64, Page. 330] Translated from original Portuguese</ref>

[[File:yggdrasil.jpg|thumb|upright|Yggdrasil, in Norse cosmology, is an immense and central sacred tree.]]
Other sources have offered a connection between the symbolism of the first documented Christmas trees in Germany around 1600 and the trees of pre-Christian traditions, though this claim has been disputed.<ref name="Huckabee2021">{{cite web |last1=Huckabee |first1=Tyler |title=No, Christmas Trees Don't Have 'Pagan' Roots |url=https://relevantmagazine.com/current/nation/no-christmas-trees-dont-have-pagan-roots/ |publisher=Relevant Magazine |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=English |date=9 December 2021|quote=have a lot of historical examples of various ancient religious communities decorating trees (including, but not limited to, the Book of Jeremiah) but it's a real reach to connect any of it to modern Christmas trees as we think of them. Scholars call this ''pareidolia'' – where we connect new data with something we already know about to make sense of it. We read about ancient people decorating trees, and we immediately think "like a Christmas tree," whether or not there's any actual connection. And, in this case, there's not.}}</ref> According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', "The use of [[evergreen|evergreen trees]], wreaths, and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient [[Egyptians]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], and [[Hebrews]]. Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2012|title=Christmas tree|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115737/Christmas-tree|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030053259/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115737/Christmas-tree|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

It is commonly believed that ancient [[Roman people|Romans]] used to decorate their houses with evergreen trees to celebrate [[Saturnalia]],<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20617780 |title=BBC Religion & Ethics—Did the Romans invent Christmas?<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207095037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20617780 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |url-status=live |newspaper=BBC Religion & Ethics |date=17 December 2012 }}</ref> although there are no historical records of that.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huckabee |first=Tyler |date=2021-12-09 |title=No, Christmas Trees Don't Have 'Pagan' Roots |url=https://relevantmagazine.com/current/nation/no-christmas-trees-dont-have-pagan-roots/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=RELEVANT |language=en-US}}</ref> In the poem ''Epithalamium'' by [[Catullus]], he tells of the gods decorating the home of [[Peleus]] with trees, including laurel and cypress. Later [[Libanius]], [[Tertullian]], and [[John Chrysostom|Chrysostom]] speak of the use of evergreen trees to adorn Christian houses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Churco |first=Jennie M. |date=December 1938 |title=Christmas and the Roman Saturnalia |journal=The Classical Outlook |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=25–26 |jstor=44006272 }}</ref>

The [[Viking]]s and [[Saxon]]s worshiped trees.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>  The story of [[Saint Boniface]] cutting down [[Donar's Oak]] illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans. A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak, telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the [[Trinity]] and how it points to heaven.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe|title=Christmas|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2010|quote=His biographer, Eddius Stephanus, relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar, Germany, he had enough of the locals' reverence for the old gods. Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor, Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it. When nothing happened, Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity.}}</ref>{{efn|1=The story, not recounted in the {{lang|la|[[hagiography|vitae]]}} written in his time, appears in a [[BBC]] Devon website, "Devon Myths and Legends", and in a number of educational storybooks, including ''St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree: A Story to Color'' by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward (Warrington: Alfresco Books 1999 {{ISBN|1-873727-15-1}}), ''The Brightest Star of All: Christmas Stories for the Family'' by Carrie Papa (Abingdon Press 1999 {{ISBN|978-0-687-64813-9}}) and [https://books.google.com/books?id=BdEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207 "How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve"] by Mary Louise Harvey in ''The American Normal Readers: Fifth Book'', 207-22. Silver, Burdett and Co. 1912.}}

===Historical practices by region===
====Estonia, Latvia, and Germany====
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 400
| align             = left
| image1            = Tallinn Christmas market 2014 1.JPG
| alt1              = Tallinn Christmas Market in Estonia
| image2            = Christmas Hanukkah decoration Pariser Platz 2020-12-11 25.jpg
| alt2              = Christmas tree and menorah with Brandenburg Gate in background
| footer            = Left: [[Tallinn Christmas Market]] in Estonia; Right: Christmas tree with [[Hanukkah]] Menorah next to it in [[Pariser Platz]]
}}
Customs of erecting decorated trees in winter time can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance-era [[guild]]s in [[Northern Germany]] and [[Livonia]]. The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children. In Livonia (present-day [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]), in 1441, 1442, 1510, and 1514, the [[Brotherhood of Blackheads]] erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in [[Reval]] (now Tallinn) and [[Riga]]. On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays, the tree was taken to the [[Town Hall Square, Tallinn|Town Hall Square]], where the members of the brotherhood danced around it.<ref>{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Amelung |title=Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter: von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart: nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter-Archivs 1, Die erste Blütezeit von 1399–1557 |language=de|trans-title=History of the Tallinn Blackheads: from their origins until the present day: from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1: The first golden age of 1399–1557 |location=[[Tallinn|Reval]] |publisher=Wassermann |year=1885 }}</ref>

A [[Bremen]] guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with "apples, nuts, dates, pretzels, and paper flowers" was erected in the guild-house for the benefit of the guild members' children, who collected the dainties on Christmas Day.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1jgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22aus+Deutschland%22|title=Das Weihnachtsfest. Eine Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit|first=Ingeborg|last=Weber-Kellermann|author-link=Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann|publisher=Bucher|year=1978|isbn=978-3-7658-0273-7|page=22|language=de|trans-title=Christmas: A cultural and social history of Christmastide|quote={{lang|de|Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind.}} ({{lang-en|One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting, together with the Christmas tree, crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes.}})}}</ref> In 1584, the pastor and chronicler [[Balthasar Russow]] in his {{lang|gml|Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt}} (1584) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated [[Picea abies|spruce]] at the market square, where the young men "went with a flock of maidens and women, first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame".

After the [[Protestant Reformation]], such trees are seen in the houses of upper-class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic [[Nativity scene|Christmas cribs]]. This transition from the guild hall to bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the present-day, the churches and homes of Protestants and Catholics feature both Christmas cribs and Christmas trees.<ref name="Foley2022">{{cite book |last1=Foley |first1=Michael P. |title=Why We Kiss under the Mistletoe: Christmas Traditions Explained |date=6 September 2022 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-68451-281-2 |language=en}}</ref>

====Poland====
{{Main article|Podłaźniczka}}
{{Annotated image |float=right |width=150 |height=160 |image=02016 Bielitz-Saybuscher Festspiele "Pastuszki".JPG|caption=A {{lang|pl|[[podłaźniczka]]}} hanging from the ceiling [[rafter]]s|annotations=<!--none--> |image-top=-0|image-left=-235 |image-width=385}}

In [[Poland]], there is a folk tradition dating back to an old [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] pre-Christian custom of suspending a branch of [[fir]], [[spruce]], or [[pine]] from the ceiling [[rafter]]s, called {{lang|pl|[[podłaźniczka]]}}, during the time of the [[Koliada]] winter festival.<ref>Janota E. Lud i jego zwyczaje. Lwów, 1878, str. 41–42</ref> The branches were decorated with apples, nuts, acorns, and stars made of straw. In more recent times, the decorations also included colored paper cutouts ({{lang|pl|[[wycinanki]]}}), [[wafer]]s, [[cookie]]s, and [[Christmas baubles]]. According to old pagan beliefs, the branch's powers were linked to good harvest and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kmt.pl/pozycja.asp?ksid=5025|title=Zwyczaje, obrzędy i tradycje w Polsce. Mały słownik|website=Księgarnia Mateusza|language=pl|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215205828/http://kmt.pl/pozycja.asp%3Fksid%3D5025}}</ref>

The custom was practiced by the peasants until the early 20th century, particularly in the regions of [[Lesser Poland]] and [[Upper Silesia]].<ref>Rok karpacki: obrzędy doroczne w Karpatach polskich Urszula Janicka-Krzywda. 1988, s. 13 "W całych Karpatach znano drzewko wigilijne zwane podłaźnikiem. Był to wierzchołek jodły zawieszany u powały szczytem na. dół, ubierany jabłkami i tzw. światami"</ref> Most often the branches were hung above the {{lang|pl|[[wigilia]]}} dinner table on [[Christmas Eve]]. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the tradition over time was almost completely replaced by the later German practice of decorating a standing Christmas tree.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://niezalezna.pl/303442-slomiane-snopy-i-podlazniczki-to-nasze-poprzedniki-choinki-te-zas-ozdabiano-jablkami |title=Słomiane snopy i podłaźniczki – to nasze poprzedniki choinki. Te zaś ozdabiano jabłkami |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 December 2019 |website=Niezależna |access-date=25 December 2019 }}</ref>

===18th to early 20th centuries===
====Adoption by European nobility====
[[File:The world's inhabitants; or, Mankind, animals, and plants; being a popular account of the races and nations of mankind, past and present, and the animals and plants inhabiting the great continents and (14784585485).jpg|thumb|German Christmas tree, book illustration (1888)]]

In the early 19th century, the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia. Introduced by [[Fanny von Arnstein]] and popularized by [[Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg]], the Christmas tree reached [[Vienna]] in 1814, during the [[Congress of Vienna]], and the custom spread across Austria in the following years.<ref name="Jüdisches Museum Wien">{{cite web | title=News Detail | website=Jüdisches Museum Wien | url=https://www.jmw.at/museumsblog/news_detail?j-cc-id=1610672643856&j-cc-node=news&j-cc-name=hybrid-content | language=de | access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> In [[France]], the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the [[Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|duchesse d'Orléans]]. In Denmark, a newspaper company claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by Countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg. It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to Danish writer [[Hans Christian Andersen]] in 1865. He had published a fairy tale called ''[[The Fir-Tree]]'' in 1844, recounting the fate of a fir tree being used as a Christmas tree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/307946:Kronik--Danmarks-foerste-juletrae-blev-taendt-i-1808 |work=Kristelig Dagblad |title=Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808 |date=17 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213095846/http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/307946:Kronik--Danmarks-foerste-juletrae-blev-taendt-i-1808 |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref>

====Adoption by country or region====
=====''Germany''=====
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1871) 109.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|A German Christmas tree in a room at Versailles turned into a military hospital]]

By the early 18th century, the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland, but it had not yet spread to rural areas. Wax candles, expensive items at the time, are found in attestations from the late 18th century.

Along the [[Lower Rhine region|Lower Rhine]], an area of Roman Catholic majority, the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom. As a result, it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time. The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] officials who emigrated there following the [[Congress of Vienna]].

In the 19th century, the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of [[Culture of Germany|German culture]] and of {{lang|de|[[Gemütlichkeit]]}}, especially among emigrants overseas.<ref>{{cite book |first=Johannes |last=Marbach |title=Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung, Geschichte, Sitten und Symbolen|language=de |trans-title=The holy Christmas season for meaning, history, customs and symbols |year=1859 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXhEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA416 |page=416 |quote=Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen? Zumal in der Fremde, unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen, unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien. Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit. [English: What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree? Especially in foreign lands, among cold-hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen, among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia. Apart from the Christmas tree, the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German 'Gemütlichkeit'.] }}</ref>

A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches, this time in a new brightly lit form.<ref name="Hermelink">{{cite book |first=Jan |last=Hermelink |chapter=Weihnachtsgottesdienst |trans-chapter=Christmas worship |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOrt4xXGSKcC&pg=PA290 |editor-first=Christian |editor-last=Grethlein |editor-first2=Günter |editor-last2=Ruddat |title=Liturgisches Kompendium|language=de |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-525-57211-5 |page=290 }}</ref>

=====''Slovenia''=====
Early Slovenian custom, dating back to around the 17th century, was to suspend the tree either upright or upside-down above the well, a corner of the dinner table, in the backyard, or from the fences, modestly decorated with fruits or not decorated at all. German brewer Peter Luelsdorf brought the first Christmas tree of the current tradition to [[Slovenia]] in 1845. He set it up in his small brewery [[inn]] in [[Ljubljana]], the Slovenian capital. German officials, craftsmen and merchants quickly spread the tradition among the bourgeois population. The trees were typically decorated with [[walnuts]], golden apples, [[carobs]], and candles. At first, the Catholic majority rejected this custom because they considered it a typical Protestant tradition. However, this tradition was almost unknown to the rural population until [[World War I]], after which the decorating of trees became common. The first decorated Christmas market was organized in Ljubljana in 1859.

After [[World War II]], during the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] period, spruce trees set in the public places (towns, squares, and markets) were, for political reasons, replaced with [[fir]] trees, a symbol of [[socialism]] and [[Slavic mythology]], strongly associated with loyalty, courage, and dignity. However, spruce retained its popularity in Slovenian homes during those years and came back to public places after independence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zgodovina okraševanja: Božično drevesce ali novoletna jelka|url=https://www.dormeo.net/clanki/razkrivamo-pomen-predpraznicnih-obicajev-3-del|publisher=dormeo.net|date=15 December 2021|language=sl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Zgodovina okraševanja: Božično drevo s sporočili|url=https://www.vecer.com/vecer-v-nedeljo/zgodovina-okrasevanja-bozicno-drevo-s-sporocili-6364217|publisher=vecer.com|date=10 December 2021|language=sl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rojstvo tradicije: od bršljana, bele omele do okraskov polne jelke|url=https://mestnik.si/rojstvo-tradicije-od-brsljana-bele-omele-do-okraskov-polne-jelke/|publisher=mestnik.si|date=4 December 2021|language=sl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kako smo nekoč praznovali novo leto|url=https://www.ljubljana.si/sl/mestna-obcina/glasilo-ljubljana/kako-smo-nekoc-praznovali-novo-leto/|publisher=ljubljana.si|date=15 December 2021|language=sl|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215185225/https://www.ljubljana.si/sl/mestna-obcina/glasilo-ljubljana/kako-smo-nekoc-praznovali-novo-leto/}}</ref>

=====''Britain''=====
[[File:Christmas Tree 1848.jpg|thumb|An engraving published in the 1840s of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] created a craze for Christmas trees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/12068658/Queens-Christmas-Day-message-Monarch-quotes-from-Bible-to-address-a-nation-shaken-by-year-of-atrocities.html |title=Queen's Christmas Day message: Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities |last=Bingham |first=John |date=25 December 2016 |website=[[telegraph.co.uk]] |access-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227124150/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/12068658/Queens-Christmas-Day-message-Monarch-quotes-from-Bible-to-address-a-nation-shaken-by-year-of-atrocities.html |archive-date=27 December 2017 }}</ref>]]

Although the tradition of decorating churches and homes with evergreens at Christmas was long established,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm#Footnote_213_213|title=Survey of London|last=Stow|first=John|publisher=John Windet|year=1603|location=London|quote=Against the feast of Christmas every man's house, as also the parish churches, were decked with holm, ivy, bays, and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green.|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193124/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm#Footnote_213_213|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until the 19th century. The German-born [[Queen Charlotte]] introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/christmas/christmas_tree.html|title=The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224161224/http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/christmas/christmas_tree.html|archive-date=24 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family.{{efn|In 1829 the diarist [[Charles Greville (diarist)|Greville]], visiting [[Panshanger]] country house, describes three small Christmas trees "such as is customary in Germany", which [[Dorothea Lieven|Princess Lieven]] had put up.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hole|first=Christine|title=English Custom and Usage|year=1950|publisher=B. T. Batsford Ltd.|location=London|page=16}}</ref>}} [[Queen Victoria]], as a child, was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas. In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832, the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote:<ref>{{cite book |title=The girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02324/11132.E13917_The_Girlhood_of_Queen_Victoria_vol_I/page/61/mode/2up |publisher=J. Murray |year=1912 |author=Victoria |author-link=Queen Victoria |editor=Viscount Esher |editor-link=Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher}}</ref>

{{blockquote|After dinner{{nbsp}}[...] we then went into the drawing room near the dining room{{nbsp}}[...] There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees{{nbsp}}[...]}}

In the year following Victoria's marriage to her German cousin [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], in 1841, the custom became even more widespread<ref>{{cite book |author=Marie Claire Lejeune |title=Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe |page=550 |publisher=Man & Culture |isbn=978-90-77135-04-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5GBAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 }}</ref> as wealthier middle-class families followed the fashion. In 1842, a newspaper advertisement for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet, German origins and association with children and gift-giving.<ref>"GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES. The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up{{nbsp}}...":''Times'' [London, England] 20 December 1842, p.&nbsp;1.</ref> An illustrated book, ''The Christmas Tree'', describing their use and origins in detail, was on sale in December 1844.<ref>''The Christmas Tree'': published by Darton and Clark, London. "The ceremony of the Christmas tree, so well known throughout Germany, bids fair to be welcomed among us, with the other festivities of the season, especially now the Queen, within her own little circle, has set the fashion, by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace." Book review of ''The Christmas Tree'' from the Weekly Chronicle, 14 December 1844, quoted in an advert headlined "A new pleasure for Christmas" in ''The Times'', 23 December 1844, p.&nbsp;8.</ref>

On 2{{nbsp}}January 1846, Elizabeth Fielding (née Fox Strangways) wrote from [[Lacock Abbey]] to [[Henry Fox Talbot|William Henry Fox-Talbot]]: "Constance is extremely busy preparing the [[Bohemia]]n Xmas Tree. It is made from Caroline's<ref>Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe, née Feilding, Lady Mt Edgcumbe (1808–1881); William Henry Fox-Talbot's half-sister.</ref> description of those she saw in Germany".<ref>Correspondence of William Henry Fox-Talbot, British Library, London, Manuscripts—Fox Talbot Collection, envelope 20179 [http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptName.php?bcode=Talb-WH&pageNumber=5029&pageTotal=10047&referringPage=251] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511191033/http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptName.php?bcode=Talb-WH&pageNumber=5029&pageTotal=10047&referringPage=251|date=11 May 2021}}.</ref>

In 1847, Prince Albert wrote: "I must now seek in the children an echo of what [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Ernest]] [his brother] and I were in the old time, of what we felt and thought; and their delight in the Christmas trees is not less than ours used to be".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Prince Consort, Man of many Facets: The World and The Age of Prince Albert |author=Godfrey and Margaret Scheele |page=78 |publisher=Oresko Books |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-905368-06-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcFm-0s54HIC }}</ref>

A boost to the trend was given in 1848<ref>At the beginning of the year the custom was well-enough known for ''The Times'' to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath "the Christmas tree": ''The Times'' (London, England), 21 January 1848, p.&nbsp;4.</ref> when ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'',<ref>Special Christmas supplement edition, published 23 December 1848.</ref> in a report picked up by other papers,<ref>''The Times'' (London, England), 27 December 1848. p. 7</ref> described the trees in [[Windsor Castle]] in detail and showed the main tree, surrounded by the royal family, on its cover. In fewer than ten years, the adoption of the tradition in middle and upper-class homes was widespread. By 1856, a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them,<ref>"Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys, nor fine playthings, / Nor trees gaily hung{{nbsp}}...": Manchester Guardian, Saturday, 5{{nbsp}}January 1856, p.&nbsp;6.</ref> as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree.<ref>''Manchester Guardian'', 24 January 1856, p.&nbsp;3: the death of Caroline Luttrell of [[Kilve Court]], Somerset.</ref> They had not yet spread down the social scale though, as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where "Every family has its own" with that of Britain, where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the "romantic".<ref>''The Times'' (London, England), 28 December 1858, p. 8.</ref>

Their use at public entertainments, charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however, and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums "who had never seen a Christmas tree" would enjoy one that year.<ref>The Poor Children's Yuletide Association. ''The Times'' (London, England), 20 December 1906, p.&nbsp;2. "The association sent 71 trees 'bearing thousands of toys' to the poorest districts of London."</ref> Anti-German sentiment after World War{{nbsp}}I briefly reduced their popularity<ref>"A Merry Christmas": ''The Times'' (London, England), 27 December 1918, p.&nbsp;2: "...{{nbsp}}the so-called "Christmas tree" was out of favour. Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve, but found few buyers. It was remembered that the 'Christmas tree' has enemy associations."</ref> but the effect was short-lived,<ref>The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured 'a huge Christmas-tree'. 'St. Dunstan's Christmas Fair'. ''The Times'' (London, England), 20 December 1919, p.&nbsp;9.</ref> and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes.<ref>'Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia{{nbsp}}...' 'Shapely Christmas Trees': ''The Times'' (London, England), 17 December 1926, p.&nbsp;11.</ref> In 1933, a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the "rapid growth of a new industry" as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand.<ref>Christmas Tree Plantations. ''The Times'' (London, England), 11 December 1937, p.&nbsp;11.</ref> By 2013, the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately eight million<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-25117501|title=Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award|work=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731014120/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-25117501|archive-date=31 July 2018|url-status=live|date=27 November 2013}}</ref> and their display in homes, shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season.

=====''Georgia''=====
[[File:Presidential Chichilaki.jpg|thumb|upright|Decorated [[Chichilaki]] at the [[Orbeliani Palace]]]]

[[Georgians]] have their own traditional Christmas tree called [[Chichilaki]], made from dried up [[hazelnut]] or [[walnut]] branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgianjournal.ge/discover-georgia/29148-chichilaki-georgian-version-of-christmas-tree.html|title=Chichilaki–Georgian version of Christmas tree|website=Georgian Journal|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> These pale-colored ornaments differ in height from {{cvt|20|cm|in}} to {{convert|3|m|ft|sp=us}}. Chichilakis are most common in the [[Guria]] and [[Samegrelo]] regions of Georgia near the [[Black Sea]], but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of [[Tbilisi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2011|title=Georgians rediscover Christmas tree traditions|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16275554|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of [[St. Basil the Great]], because [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] commemorates St. Basil on 1 January.

=====''The Bahamas''=====
The earliest reference of Christmas trees being used in [[The Bahamas]] dates to January 1864 and is associated with the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Sunday Schools in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], New Providence: "After prayers and a sermon from the Rev. R. Swann, the teachers and children of St. Agnes', accompanied by those of St. Mary's, marched to the Parsonage of Rev. J. H. Fisher, in front of which a large Christmas tree had been planted for their gratification. The delighted little ones formed a circle around it singing 'Come follow me to the Christmas tree.'"<ref>13 January 1864 Nassau Guardian</ref> The gifts decorated the trees as ornaments and the children were given tickets with numbers that matched the gifts. This appears to be the typical way of decorating the trees in 1860s Bahamas. In the Christmas of 1864, there was a Christmas tree put up in the Ladies Saloon in the Royal Victoria Hotel for the respectable children of the neighbourhood. The tree was ornamented with gifts for the children who formed a circle about it and sung the song "Oats and Beans". The gifts were later given to the children in the name of [[Santa Claus]].<ref>28 December 1864 Nassau Guardian</ref>

=====''North America''=====
[[File:Riedesel Christmas Tree.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|General and Mrs. Riedesel celebrating Christmas.]]
The tradition was introduced to [[North America]] in the winter of 1781 by [[Germans in the American Revolution|Hessian soldiers]] stationed in the [[Province of Québec (1763–1791)]] to garrison the colony against [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|American attack]]. General [[Friedrich Adolf Riedesel]] and his wife, [[Frederika Charlotte Riedesel|the Baroness von Riedesel]], held a Christmas party for the officers at [[Sorel-Tracy|Sorel]], Quebec, delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits.<ref name="Werner">{{cite book |title=In Pursuit of Liberty: Coming of Age in the American Revolution |first=Emmy E. |last=Werner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyB_tuMV7YMC&pg=PA115 |page=115 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-275-99306-1 }}</ref>

The Christmas tree became very common in the United States of America in the early 19th century. Dating from late 1812 or early 1813, the watercolor sketchbooks of [[John Lewis Krimmel]] contain perhaps the earliest depictions of a Christmas tree in American art, representing a family celebrating Christmas Eve in the [[Moravians|Moravian]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Anneliese |url=http://archive.org/details/johnlewiskrimmel0000hard |title=John Lewis Krimmel: Genre Artist of the Early Republic |publisher=Winterthur Publications |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-912724-25-6 |location=Winterthur, DE |pages=44–45 |language=en-US |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The first published image of a Christmas tree appeared in 1836 as the [[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] to ''The Stranger's Gift'' by Hermann Bokum. The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of ''The Token and Atlantic Souvenir'', titled "New Year's Day", by [[Catherine Maria Sedgwick]], where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress' tree. Also, a [[woodcut]] of the British royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle, initially published in ''The Illustrated London News'' in December 1848, was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850, in ''[[Godey's Lady's Book]]''. ''Godey's'' copied it exactly, except for the removal of the Queen's tiara and Prince Albert's moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.<ref name="AFP">{{cite book |author=Alfred Lewis Shoemaker |orig-date=1959 |title=Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study |pages=52–53 |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8117-0328-4 }}</ref> The republished ''Godey's'' image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America. Art historian [[Karal Ann Marling]] called Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, shorn of their royal trappings, "the first influential American Christmas tree".<ref name="ADT">{{cite book |author=Karal Ann Marling |year=2000 |title=Merry Christmas! Celebrating America's greatest holiday |page=[https://archive.org/details/merrychristmas00kara/page/244 244] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-00318-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/merrychristmas00kara/page/244 }}</ref> Folk-culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states, "In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850–60 than ''Godey's Lady's Book''". The image was reprinted in 1860, and by the 1870s, putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America.<ref name="AFP"/>
[[File:Lewis Miller’s drawing showing Christmas tree.jpg|thumb|Drawing depicting family with their Christmas tree in 1809.]]

President [[Benjamin Harrison]] and his wife [[Caroline Harrison|Caroline]] put up the first [[White House Christmas Tree|White House Christmas tree]] in 1889.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/president/holiday/whtree|title=White House Tree|publisher=White House Archives|access-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref>

Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country's first Christmas tree. [[Windsor Locks, Connecticut]], claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden-Reed House,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfsb.com/clip/12040705/first-decorated-christmas-tree-in-windsor-locks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210223922/http://www.wfsb.com/clip/12040705/first-decorated-christmas-tree-in-windsor-locks|archive-date=10 December 2015|title=First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks|author=Joseph Wenzel IV|publisher=WFSB|date=30 November 2015|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> while the "First Christmas Tree in America" is also claimed by [[Easton, Pennsylvania]], where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816. In his diary, Matthew Zahm of [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821, leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Christmas |work=Gareth Marples |url=http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |access-date=2 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628034631/http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html |archive-date=28 June 2006 }}</ref> Other accounts credit [[Charles Follen]], a German immigrant to Boston, for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990823204728/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html |archive-date=23 August 1999 |title=Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England |date=12 December 1996 |access-date=2 December 2012 |work=[[Harvard Gazette|Harvard University Gazette]] }}</ref> In 1847, August Imgard, a German immigrant living in [[Wooster, Ohio]] cut a [[blue spruce]] tree from a woods outside town, had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star, and placed the tree in his house, decorating it with paper ornaments, gilded nuts and [[Kuchen]].<ref>{{cite web|title=They're Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree|url=http://www.the-daily-record.com/citizen%20news/2007/12/10/they-re-still-cheering-man-who-gave-america-christmas-tree-cleveland-ceremonies-honor-him-august-imgard-of-wooster-ohio|publisher=[[Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune]]|access-date=16 May 2013|date=24 December 1938|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034027/http://www.the-daily-record.com/citizen%20news/2007/12/10/they-re-still-cheering-man-who-gave-america-christmas-tree-cleveland-ceremonies-honor-him-august-imgard-of-wooster-ohio|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> German immigrant [[Charles Minnigerode]] accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the [[College of William & Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]], in 1842, where he taught Latin and Greek. Entering into the social life of the [[Virginia Tidewater]], Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor [[St. George Tucker]], thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Minnigerode_Charles_1814-1894 |title=Charles Minnigerode (1814–1894) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia |publisher=[[Virginia Foundation for the Humanities]] |access-date=11 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801022323/http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Minnigerode_Charles_1814-1894 |archive-date=1 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly "German in origin", including the Christmas tree, which is "planted in a flower pot filled with earth, and its branches are covered with presents, chiefly of confectionary, for the younger members of the family." The article distinguishes between customs in different states, however, claiming that in New England generally "Christmas is not much celebrated", whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is.<ref>'Notes and Queries', volume{{nbsp}}8 (217), 24 December 1853, p.615</ref>

When [[Edward Hibberd Johnson|Edward H. Johnson]] was vice president of the [[Edison Electric Light Company]], a predecessor of [[Con Edison]], he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882. Johnson became the "Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldchristmastreelights.com/history.htm|title=A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America|website=oldchristmastreelights.com|access-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219174210/http://www.oldchristmastreelights.com/history.htm|archive-date=19 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune {{lang|de|[[O Tannenbaum]]}} begin "O Christmas tree...", giving rise to the mistaken idea that the [[German language|German]] word {{lang|de|Tannenbaum}} (fir tree) means "Christmas tree", the German word for which is instead {{lang|de|Weihnachtsbaum}}.

<gallery class="center" heights="caption=" 18th="" to="" early="" 20th="" century="" representations"="">

File:The Christmas Tree - Godey's Lady's Book, December 1850.jpg|Copy of an 1848 engraving of the British royal family with their tree, modified and widely published in American magazine ''[[Godey's Lady's Book]]'', 1850.
File:1836-print-of-american-christmas-tree.jpg|First published image of a Christmas tree, frontispiece to Hermann Bokum's 1836 ''The Stranger's Gift''
File:The Christmas tree (Boston Public Library).jpg|''The Christmas tree'' by Winslow Homer, 1858
File:Gezin bij de kerstboom.jpg|Christmas in the Netherlands, {{c.|1899}}
File:1870 ChristmasTree byEhninger HarpersBazaar.jpeg|Illustration for ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', published 1 January 1870
File:Julekort, 1880.jpg|Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by [[Louis Prang|Prang]] & Co. (Boston) 1880
File:Komissarzhevskaya Nora.jpg|[[Vera Komissarzhevskaya]] as Nora in [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]]'s ''[[A Doll's House]]'' ({{c.|lk=no}} 1904). Photo by [[Elena Mrozovskaya]].
File:Lodovico and Maria Angelica Calderara 12800u original.jpg|An Italian-American family on Christmas, 1924
</gallery>

===1935 to present===

Under the [[state atheism]] of the [[Soviet Union]], the Christmas tree—along with the entire celebration of the Christian holiday—was banned in the country after the [[October Revolution]]. However, the government then introduced a ''New-year spruce'' ({{lang-ru|Новогодняя ёлка|Novogodnyaya yolka}}) in 1935 for the [[New Year]] holiday.<ref name="MIG"/><ref name=":0322">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Hannah |date=25 December 2020 |title=Yolka: the story of Russia's 'New Year tree', from pagan origins to Soviet celebrations |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/9424/yolka-russia-new-year-tree-pagan-soviet-christmas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113181107/http://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/9424/yolka-russia-new-year-tree-pagan-soviet-christmas |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=The Calvert Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4CML6akeYMC&pg=PT222|title=Santa Claus|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171000/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E4CML6akeYMC&pg=PT222|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|isbn=978-1-55199-608-0|last1=Bowler|first1=Gerry|date=27 July 2011|publisher=McClelland & Stewart }}</ref> It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday: for example, the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of the [[Bethlehem star|Bethlehem Star]], but as the [[Red star]]. Decorations, such as figurines of airplanes, bicycles, space rockets, [[cosmonaut]]s, and characters of Russian fairy tales, were produced. This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR, with the [[Novy God|New Year holiday]] outweighing the Christmas (7 January) for a wide majority of Russian people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.levada.ru/27-04-2012/1-maya-sobirayutsya-prazdnovat-59-rossiyan |title=1 мая собираются праздновать 59% россиян |trans-title=1 May going to celebrate 59% of Russians |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012 |language=ru |quote=New Year is among the most important holidays for 81% of Russians, while Christmas is such only for 19%, ranking after [[Victory Day]], [[Easter]], [[International Women's Day]]. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101064834/http://www.levada.ru/27-04-2012/1-maya-sobirayutsya-prazdnovat-59-rossiyan |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''[[Peanuts]]'' TV special ''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' (1965) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree. [[Aluminum Christmas tree]]s were popular during the early 1960s in the US. They were satirized in the TV special and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas. The term "Charlie Brown Christmas tree," describing any poor-looking or malformed little tree, also derives from the 1965 TV special, based on the appearance of [[Charlie Brown]]'s Christmas tree.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://muse.jhu.edu/|title = Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas|last = Belk|first = Russell|year = 2000|journal = Advertising & Society Review|volume = 1|doi = 10.1353/asr.2000.0001|s2cid = 191578074|access-date = 5 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140506133533/http://muse.jhu.edu/|archive-date = 6 May 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px" caption="1935 to present">
File:xmas1951.jpg|A Christmas tree from 1951, in a home in New York state
File:Christmas tree with presents - 2015.JPG|Christmas tree with presents
File:Governor's Living Room.jpg|Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor's mansion.
File:Елочное украшение "Космонавт" 1960е.JPG|A Soviet-era (1960s) [[New Year tree]] decoration depicting a cosmonaut
File:005 Weihnachtsaltar und Krippe in der Sanoker Franziskanerkirche, 2013.jpg|Christmas Trees in church
File:Chrismon tree stalbans oviedo fl.jpg|A [[Chrismon tree]] (St. Alban's Anglican Cathedral, Oviedo, Florida)
</gallery>

====Public Christmas trees====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12787, Prag, Weihnachtsfeier für Erwerbslose.jpg|thumb|upright|An early example of public Christmas tree for the children of unemployed parents in [[Prague]] ([[Czech Republic]]), 1931]]

Since the early 20th century, it has become common in many cities, towns, and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors, such as the [[Macy's Great Tree]] in [[Atlanta]] (since 1948), the [[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree]] in New York City, and the large Christmas tree at [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]] in [[Adelaide]].

The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code. Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree, tag the tree, and provide a certificate for inspection.

The United States' [[National Christmas Tree (United States)|National Christmas Tree]] has been lit each year since 1923 on the [[South Lawn]] of the [[White House]], becoming part of what evolved into a major holiday event at the White House. President [[Jimmy Carter]] lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being [[Iran hostage crisis|held hostage in Iran]].<ref name="npspp">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/whho/historyculture/lighting-of-the-national-christmas-tree-history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115224842/http://www.nps.gov/whho/historyculture/lighting-of-the-national-christmas-tree-history.htm |archive-date=15 January 2008 |title=Lighting of the National Christmas Tree |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=5 April 2009 }}</ref> This was repeated in 1980, except the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds, one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity.<ref name="npspp"/>

During most of the 1970s and 1980s, the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the ''[[National Enquirer]]'' in [[Lantana, Florida]]. This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida, but was discontinued on the death of the paper's founder in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flashback Blog: The World's Largest Decorated Christmas Tree |work=[[The Palm Beach Post]] |date=3 December 2009 |url=http://www.historicpalmbeach.com/flashback/2009/12/the-worlds-largest-decorated-christmas-tree |access-date=4 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205193345/http://www.historicpalmbeach.com/flashback/2009/12/the-worlds-largest-decorated-christmas-tree/ |archive-date=5 December 2009 }}</ref>

In some cities, a charity event called the [[Festival of Trees]] is organized, in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed.

The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities. After the signing of the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]] in 1918, the city of [[Manchester]], England, sent a tree, and £500 to buy chocolate and cakes, for the children of the much-bombarded town of [[Lille]] in northern France.<ref>'Manchester's Gift To Lille{{nbsp}}... (FROM G. WARD PRICE.)' ''The Times'' (London, England),21 December 1918, p.7</ref>

In some cases, the trees represent special commemorative gifts, such as in [[Trafalgar Square]] in [[London]], where the City of [[Oslo]], [[Norway]], presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of [[Norwegian resistance]] during [[World War II]]; in [[Boston]], United States, where the tree is a gift from the province of [[Nova Scotia]], in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 [[Halifax Explosion|ammunition ship explosion]] that leveled the city of [[Halifax (former city)|Halifax]]; and in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England, where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of [[Bergen]], Norway, in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from [[Nazism|Nazi]] occupation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownbergen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425202440/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownbergen |archive-date=25 April 2007 |title=Town twinning: Bergen, Norway |publisher=[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle City Council]] }}</ref> Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to [[Washington, D.C.]], as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DC: Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station |url=http://www.norway.org/News_and_events/Christmas-2012/DC-Christmas-Tree-Lighting-at-Union-Station/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209100844/http://www.norway.org/News_and_events/Christmas-2012/DC-Christmas-Tree-Lighting-at-Union-Station/ |archive-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway)|Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref>

===== Gallery =====
<gallery class="center" heights="150" caption="Public Christmas trees around the world">
File:Vatican Christmas Tree.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Vatican City]].
File:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele ii Xmas (J).jpg|Christmas tree at [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in [[Milan]], Italy.
File:Piazza Portanova Natale 2008.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Salerno]] old town, Italy.
File:Natal 2009 em Catania - 1 (4200097689).jpg|Christmas tree in [[Catania]], Italy.
File:Vilnius Christmas Tree.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Vilnius]] old town, [[Lithuania]].
File:Trafalgar Square Christmas tree9.jpg|[[Trafalgar Square Christmas tree]], London, United Kingdom.
File:LEDs on a big Christmas Tree 4572.jpg|Christmas tree front of the [[Turku Cathedral]] in [[Turku]], [[Finland]].
File:Weihnachtsbaum Römerberg.jpg|Christmas tree on the [[Römerberg (Frankfurt)|Römerberg]] in [[Frankfurt]], Germany.
File:Budapest, Erzsébet körút 43-49, Corinthia, karácsonyfa, 3.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Budapest]], Corinthia Hotel
File:Christmas Lisbon 2005 b.JPG|[[Lisbon]], Portugal, {{convert|75|m|abbr=off}} Christmas tree.
File:Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz (Madrid) 07.jpg|An illuminated Christmas tree in Madrid.
File:Choinka plac Zamkowy 2011.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]].
File:Stockholm - NK.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Stockholm]] at the [[Nordiska Kompaniet|NK]] department store
File:Christmas tree in Lugano (2018).jpg|Christmas tree in [[Lugano]], Switzerland.
File:New Year Tree on the Minin and Pozharsky Square 04.jpg|Christmas tree on [[Minin and Pozharsky Square]]. [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Russia]]
File:Christmas tree city lights.jpg|Christmas tree, Plaza, Las Cruces, New Mexico, US
File:Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center IV.jpg|[[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree]], New York City, New York, US
File:2010 Boston Halifax Christmas tree on Boston Common USA 5273771973.jpg|[[Boston Christmas Tree|Official Christmas Tree]] of Boston  Massachusetts, US.
File:Christmas tree and Metropolitan Cathedral at Mexico's City zócalo.jpg|Christmas tree and Metropolitan Cathedral at Mexico City's zócalo.
File:San Martín Sacatepéquez 25.JPG|Christmas tree in [[San Martín Sacatepéquez]], [[Guatemala]].
File:Decoração de natal em São Vicente de Minas (3).jpg|Christmas tree in the Praça Governador Valadares, [[Brazil]].
File:Árbol de navidad y pesebre en la Casa Rosada - 2014.jpg|Christmas tree above Nativity installed at [[Casa Rosada]], [[Argentina]].
File:貴賓樓前聖誕樹 - panoramio.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Beijing]], [[China]].
File:HK TST night Harbour City front entrance indoor stairs interior Xmas trees Nov-2013.JPG|Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal, Harbour City, [[Hong Kong]]
File:Christmas tree, Bethlehem.jpg|Christmas tree in Bethlehem, Palestine, behind it [[Church of the Nativity]].
File:ET Bahir Dar asv2018-02 img01 Christmas tree.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Bahir Dar]], [[Ethiopia]]
File:2018 Christmas at the Vank Cathedral 08.jpg|Christmas tree at the [[Vank Cathedral]], [[Iran]].
File:Christmas tree on display in Delray Beach, Florida on Atlantic Avenue.jpg|'''Christmas tree in [[Delray Beach, Florida]] on [[Atlantic Avenue (Delray Beach)|Atlantic Avenue]] in 2023'''
File:Capistrano christmas tree.jpg|Decorative walk-trough Christmas tree at [[Mission San Juan Capistrano]] festival, [[Southern California]], December 2023

</gallery>

==Customs and traditions==
===Setting up and taking down===
[[File:Boy decorating Christmas tree.jpg|thumb|Adding decorations to tree]]
Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates; liturgically, this is done through the [[hanging of the greens]] ceremony.<ref name="Dixon2013">{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=Sandy|title=Everlasting Light: A Resource for Advent Worship|date=30 October 2013|publisher=Chalice Press|language=en |isbn=978-0-8272-0837-7|page=5|quote=Many congregations decorate the sanctuary for the Advent season in a service called Hanging of the Greens.}}</ref> In many areas, it has become customary to set up one's Christmas tree on [[Advent Sunday]], the first day of the [[Advent]] season.<ref name="Michelin2012">{{cite book|last=Michelin|title=Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013|quote=Advent – The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar, hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four-candle advent wreath.|date=10 October 2012|publisher=Michelin |isbn=978-2-06-718211-0|page=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Mazar |title=School Year, Church Year: Customs and Decorations for the Classroom |year=2000 |publisher=Liturgy Training Publications |isbn=978-1-56854-240-9 |page=161 }}</ref> Traditionally, however, Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until the evening of [[Christmas Eve]] (24 December), the end of the Advent season and the start of the [[twelve days of Christmas|twelve days]] of [[Christmastide]].<ref name="Blainey2004">{{cite book |last1=Blainey |first1=Geoffrey |title=Black Kettle and Full Moon |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Group Australia |isbn=978-1-74228-327-2 |language=en |quote=But towards the end of the nineteenth century, in the weatherboard halls of a few townships, a tree would annually be set up, usually on Christmas Eve.}}</ref> It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their [[Christmas decorations]] on the last day of the twelve days of Christmastide that falls on 5 January—[[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Epiphany Eve]] (Twelfth Night),<ref name="Learning">{{Cite book |title=A Study Guide for William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4103-6134-9 |edition=2 |page=29 |language=en |quote=Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations. The king cake is traditionally served in France and England on the Twelfth Night to commemorate the journey of the Magi to visit the Christ child.}}</ref> although those in other [[Christian state|Christian countries]] remove them on [[Candlemas]], the conclusion of the extended [[Epiphanytide|Christmas-Epiphany season]] (Epiphanytide).<ref name="Edworthy2008">{{Cite book |title=The Curious World of Christmas |last=Edworthy |first=Niall |date=7 October 2008 |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |isbn=978-0-399-53457-7 |page=83 |language=en |quote=The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd. Terribly withered they are by that time. Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when "fine old leisure" reigned, were far longer than they are now.}}</ref><ref name="Roud2008">{{Cite book |title=The English Year |last=Roud |first=Steve |date=31 January 2008 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-191927-0 |page=690 |language=en |quote=As indicated in Herrick's poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.}}</ref> According to the first tradition, those who fail to remember to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve must leave them untouched until Candlemas, the second opportunity to remove them; failure to observe this custom is considered inauspicious.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/12/31/when-is-twelfth-night-and-what-does-it-mean-6353917/ |title=When is Twelfth Night and what does it mean? |last=Groome |first=Imogen |date=31 December 2016 |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |access-date=7 January 2017 |quote=Twelfth Night 2017 is on Thursday 5 January, which is when we're meant to put away our Christmas decorations or there'll be bad luck in the year ahead. If you miss the date, some believe it's necessary to keep decorations up until Candlemas on 2 February – or you'll definitely have a rubbish year.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/candlemas.shtml |title=Candlemas |work=BBC |access-date=9 April 2014 |quote=Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.}}</ref>

===Decorations===
{{main|Christmas ornament}}
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2012}}
[[File:Christmas market, Strasbourg (5226805005).jpg|thumb|Christmas ornaments at the [[Christmas market]], Strasbourg]]

Christmas ornaments are decorations (usually made of glass, metal, wood, or ceramics) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree. The first decorated trees were adorned with apples, white [[candy canes]] and pastries in the shapes of stars, hearts and flowers. [[Glass]] baubles were first made in [[Lauscha]], [[Germany]] in 1847,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://christmasinteriordecorating.com/2023/11/23/silent-night-lauscha-glass-ornaments/|title= Silent Night: A Celebration of UNESCO World Heritage Ornaments|date=23 November 2023 |publisher=[[Cadeaux Christmas]] |location=United States |language=en-US|access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees. The popularity of these decorations fueled the production of glass figures made by highly skilled [[artisan]]s with [[clay]] molds.

[[Tinsel]] and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used as Christmas tree decorations. Silvered [[saran (plastic)|saran]]-based tinsel was introduced later. Delicate mold-blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the [[Thuringian Forest]], especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century, and have since become a large industry, complete with famous-name designers. Baubles are another common decoration, consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective, with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration.

Lighting with electric lights (Christmas lights or, in the United Kingdom, fairy lights) is commonly done. A [[tree-topper]], typically an angel or star, completes the decoration.

In the late 1800s, home-made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow-laden tree.

In the 1940s and 1950s, popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s, [[flocking (texture)|flocking]] was very popular on the [[West Coast of the United States]]. There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners. In the 1980s, some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow.

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px" caption="Types of ornaments">
File:Christmas tree bauble.jpg|Golden glass ball/bauble
File:A baseball-shaped snowman decoration.jpg|Snowman/baseball novelty ornament
File:Christmas Tree Bear Decoration.png|Toy bear decoration
File:Christmas baubles 08 - 01.JPG|Egg shaped glass ornament
File:Christmas baubles 08 - 12.JPG|Cloth cotton batting ornament
File:2006 Blue Room Christmas tree - closeup of ornamentation.jpg|Imitation tree snow
File:Christmas tree decorations, Brisbane, 2020, 02.jpg|Straw ornaments
File:Crochet Xmas ornaments.jpg|[[Crochet]] ornaments
File:Bombki ze wstazek.jpg|Polish {{lang|pl|{{ill|bombka|pl|bombki}}}} baubles
File:Ornament, Christmas Tree (USA), 1850–99 (CH 18409303).jpg|Swaddled babies, 1850–1899
File:Nostalgischer Weihnachtsbaumschmuck Pappmaché Weihnachtsmann (cropped).jpg|Papier-mâché ornament
File:Weihnachten 2020 Christbaumschmuck 10.jpg|Faceted indented glass ornament
File:Weihnachten 2020 Christbaumschmuck 28.jpg|Ceramic ornament
File:Weihnachten 2020 Christbaumschmuck 22.jpg|[[:c:Category:Gablonz Christmas tree decoration|Gablonz]] ornament
File:Glass icicle ornaments - clear and blue.jpg|Glass icicle ornaments
File:String of tinsel on Christmas tree.jpg|String of tinsel
File:Stringing lights on Christmas tree.jpg|Stringing lights on tree
File:Squirrel eating popcorn and cranberry garland off Christmas tree.jpg|Squirrel eating popcorn and cranberry garland off Christmas tree
</gallery>

==Symbolism and interpretations==
The earliest legend of the origin of a [[fir tree]] becoming a [[Christian symbol]] dates back to 723 AD, involving [[Saint Boniface]] as he was [[evangelism|evangelizing]] Germany.<ref name="Forbes2007">{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Bruce David |title=Christmas: A Candid History |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-25802-0 |page=45 |language=en |quote=... in 723 Saint Boniface encountered winter sacrifices being conducted in front of a mighty oak tree dedicated to Thor near Geismar, in what is now Germany. In anger, Boniface seized an axe and felled Thor's oak in one mighty blow. The gathering of local citizens expected Thor to strike Boniface with a bolt of lightning, and when lightning failed to appear, Boniface proclaimed it a sign of superiority of the Christian God. He pointed to a young fir tree growing at the roots of the fallen oak, with its branches pointing to heaven, and said that it was a holy tree, the tree of the Christ child who brought eternal life.{{nbsp}}[...] Also, it is said that Boniface explained the triangular shape of the fir tree as an illustration of the Trinity.}}</ref> It is said that at a pagan gathering in [[Geismar]], where a group of people dancing under a decorated oak tree were about to sacrifice a baby in the name of [[Thor]], Saint Boniface took an axe and called on the name of [[Jesus]].<ref name="Forbes2007" /> In one swipe, he managed to take down the entire oak tree, to the crowd's astonishment.<ref name="Forbes2007" /> Behind the fallen tree was a baby fir tree.<ref name="Forbes2007" /> Boniface said, "let this tree be the symbol of the true God, its leaves are ever green and will not die." The tree's needles pointed heavenward and it was shaped triangularly, representing the [[Holy Trinity]].<ref name="Forbes2007" />

When [[Christmas decorations|decorating]] the Christmas tree, many individuals place a star at the top of the tree, symbolizing the [[Star of Bethlehem]].<ref name="Mandryk2005" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wells |first=Dorothy |year=1897 |title=Christmas in Other Lands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePc9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA697 |journal=The School Journal |volume=55 |pages=697–8 |quote=Christmas is the occasional of family reunions. Grandmother always has the place of honor. As the time approaches for enjoying the tree, she gathers her grandchildren about her, to tell them the story of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christmas tree; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting, the candle lights to recall the light of the world, and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem.}}</ref> It became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the [[Nativity of Jesus]].<ref name="Jones2011" /> Additionally, in the context of a Christian celebration of Christmas, the evergreen Christmas tree symbolizes eternal life; the candles or lights on the tree represent Christ as the light of the world.<ref name="Becker2000" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crump |first1=William D. |title=The Christmas Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-2293-7 |page=67 |language=English |quote=the evergreen tree (itself symbolic of eternal life through Christ)}}</ref>

==Production==

{{See also|Christmas tree production}}
[[File:Abies fraseri plantation.jpg|thumb|A large scale Christmas tree farm in the United States]]
[[File:Christmas tree for sale.jpg|thumb|Undecorated Christmas trees for sale]]
[[File:Hunter's Tree Farm - baling a tree 03.jpg|thumb|Baling a tree]]
[[File:Balsam Fir Christmas Tree Pruning.jpg|thumb|A grower in [[Waterloo, Nova Scotia]], prunes [[Abies balsamea|balsam fir]] trees in October. The tree must experience three frosts to stabilize the needles before cutting.]]
[[File:Karl Wenzel Zajicek A Christmas market in Am Hof Vienna 1908.jpg|thumb|Trees on sale at a Christmas market in [[Vienna]], painting by [[Carl Wenzel Zajicek]] (1908)]]

Each year, 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America, and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe. In 1998, there were about 15,000 growers in America (a third of them "choose and cut" farms). In that same year, it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5{{nbsp}}billion on Christmas trees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/1225tree/top.htm |title=The Christmas Tree |access-date=8 December 2006 |author=Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson |year=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206194229/http://apsnet.org/education/feature/1225tree/top.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=6 December 2006 }}</ref> By 2016, that had climbed to $2.04{{nbsp}}billion for natural trees and a further $1.86{{nbsp}}billion for artificial trees. In Europe, 75 million trees worth €2.4{{nbsp}}billion ($3.2 billion) are harvested annually.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yanofsky|first1=David|title=What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space|url=https://qz.com/1165085/what-giant-christmas-tree-farms-look-like-from-space/|access-date=24 December 2017|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213558/https://qz.com/1165085/what-giant-christmas-tree-farms-look-like-from-space/|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Natural trees===

{{See also|Christmas tree cultivation}}

The most commonly used species are [[fir]] (''Abies''), which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out, as well as retaining good foliage color and scent; but species in other [[genus|genera]] are also used.

In northern [[Europe]] most commonly used are:
* [[Picea abies|Norway spruce]] ''Picea abies'' (the original tree, generally the cheapest)
* [[Abies alba|Silver fir]] ''Abies alba''
* [[Abies nordmanniana|Nordmann fir]] ''Abies nordmanniana''
* [[Noble fir]] ''Abies procera''
* [[Picea omorika|Serbian spruce]] ''Picea omorika''
* [[Scots pine]] ''Pinus sylvestris''
* [[Stone pine]] ''Pinus pinea'' (as small table-top trees)
* [[Swiss pine]] ''Pinus cembra''

In [[North America]], [[Central America]], [[South America]] and [[Australia]] most commonly used are:
* [[Douglas fir]] ''Pseudotsuga menziesii''
* [[Abies balsamea|Balsam fir]] ''Abies balsamea''
* [[Fraser Fir]] ''Abies fraseri''
* [[Abies grandis|Grand fir]] ''Abies grandis''
* [[Abies guatemalensis|Guatemalan fir]] ''Abies guatemalensis''
* [[Noble fir]] ''Abies procera''
* [[Abies nordmanniana|Nordmann fir]] ''Abies nordmanniana''
* [[Abies magnifica|Red fir]] ''Abies magnifica''
* [[Abies concolor|White fir]] ''Abies concolor''
* [[Colorado Pinyon|Pinyon pine]] ''Pinus edulis''
* [[Jeffrey pine]] ''Pinus jeffreyi''
* [[Scots pine]] ''Pinus sylvestris''
* [[Stone pine]] ''Pinus pinea'' (as small table-top trees)
* [[Araucaria heterophylla|Norfolk Island pine]] ''Araucaria heterophylla''
*[[Araucaria angustifolia|Paraná pine]] ''Araucaria angustifolia'' (when young, resembles a [[Pine|Pine tree]])

Several other species are used to a lesser extent. Less-traditional conifers are sometimes used, such as [[Sequoiadendron giganteum|giant sequoia]], [[Leyland cypress]], [[Monterey cypress]], and [[Juniperus virginiana|eastern juniper]]. Various types of [[spruce]] tree are also used for Christmas trees (including the [[Picea pungens|blue spruce]] and, less commonly, the [[Picea glauca|white spruce]]); but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut, and spruce needles are often sharp, making decorating uncomfortable. [[Pinus virginiana|Virginia pine]] is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States; however, its winter color is faded. The long-needled [[Pinus strobus|eastern white pine]] is also used there, though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country, owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches, making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments. Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used, particularly in [[Oceania]], and in [[Australia]], some species of the genera ''[[Casuarina]]'' and ''[[Allocasuarina]]'' are also occasionally used as Christmas trees. But, by far, the most common tree is the Pinus radiata [[Pinus radiata|Monterey pine]]. ''[[Adenanthos sericeus]]'' or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree. [[Tsuga|Hemlock]] species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments.

Some trees, frequently referred to as "living Christmas trees", are sold live with roots and soil, often from a [[plant nursery]], to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed (and often decorated) for years or decades. Others are produced in a container and sometimes as [[topiary]] for a porch or patio. However, when done improperly, the combination of root loss caused by digging, and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree's health; additionally, the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter [[dormancy]], leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate. Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals, including mice and spiders. Thus, the survival rate of these trees is low.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/other/seasonal/hgic1751.html |title=Living Christmas Trees |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |access-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606222650/https://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/other/seasonal/hgic1751.html |archive-date=6 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, when done properly, replanting provides higher survival rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.for.msu.edu/extension/ExtDocs/xmastree.htm |title=Christmas tree |publisher=Department of Forestry, [[Michigan State University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315150004/http://www.for.msu.edu/extension/ExtDocs/xmastree.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012 }}</ref>

European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown, unsheared trees, while in North America (outside western areas where trees are often wild-harvested on public lands)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/BLM_Information/newsroom/2004/blm_and_forest_service0.html |title=BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available |publisher=[[Bureau of Land Management]] |date=30 November 2004 |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114174843/http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/BLM_Information/newsroom/2004/blm_and_forest_service0.html |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> there is a preference for close-sheared trees with denser foliage, but less space to hang decorations.

In the past, Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests, but now almost all are commercially grown on [[tree farm]]s. Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted. According to the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]'s agriculture census for 2007, 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America, {{convert|5717.09|km2|acre|0}} were planted in Christmas trees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Specialty_Crops/speccrop.pdf |title=2007 Census of Agriculture: Specialty Crops (Volume 2, Subject Series, Part 8) |at=Table 1, page 1 |date=November 2009 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216135500/http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Specialty_Crops/speccrop.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a {{convert|2|m|ft|0|adj=on}} tree takes, depending on species and treatment in cultivation, between eight and twelve years. First, the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees. These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of three to four years. The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate, soil quality, as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weihnachtsbaumversand.de/Wissenswertes:_:35.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125213649/http://www.weihnachtsbaumversand.de/Wissenswertes%3A_%3A35.html |archive-date=25 November 2007 |title=Unsere kleine Baumschule—Wissenswertes |trans-title=Our little nursery: Trivia |language=de |year=2010 |access-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> One issue that farmers face is the destruction of pine trees by pests, such as ''[[Tomicus piniperda|T. piniperda]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Grinch That Spoils Christmas Trees |url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/1995/dec/trees/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov |publisher=USDA ARS}}</ref>

===Artificial trees===

{{Main|Artificial Christmas tree}}
[[File:Christmas Tree at Home.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|An artificial Christmas tree]]

The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century,<ref name="forbes">{{cite book |author=Bruce David Forbes |title=Christmas: A Candid History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ap8unt4cP54C&pg=PA121 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2007 |pages=121–22 |isbn=978-0-5202-5104-5}}</ref><ref name="hewitt">{{cite book |first=James |last=Hewitt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXdxIt-ZBFgC&pg=PA34 |title=The Christmas Tree |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2007 |pages=33–36 |isbn=978-1-4303-0820-1 }}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} though earlier examples exist.<ref name="perkins"/> These "trees" were made using goose feathers that were dyed green,<ref name="forbes"/> as one response by Germans to continued [[deforestation]].<ref name="hewitt"/> [[Feather Christmas trees]] ranged widely in size, from a small {{convert|2|in|cm|0|adj=on|order=flip|sp=us}} tree to a large {{convert|98|in|m|adj=on|order=flip|sp=us}} tree sold in department stores during the 1920s.<ref name="silverthorne">{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Silverthorne |title=Christmas in Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9G-58ECNgTUC&pg=PA62 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=1994 |page=62 |isbn=978-0-8909-6578-8}}</ref> Often, the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as [[candlestick|candle holders]].<ref name="marling">{{cite book |author=Karal Ann Marling |title=Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUc13_ourtYC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000 |pages=58–62 |isbn=978-0-674-00318-7 }}</ref>

Over the years, other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular. In 1930, the U.S.-based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from [[brush]] bristles.<ref name="cole">{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Cole |title=Christmas Trees: Fun and Festive Ideas |url=https://archive.org/details/christmastreesfu0000cole_c7m9 |url-access=registration |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/christmastreesfu0000cole_c7m9/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-8118-3577-0 }}</ref> Another type of artificial tree is the [[aluminum Christmas tree]],<ref name="hewitt"/> first manufactured in [[Chicago]] in 1958,<ref name="baltsun">{{cite news |first=Cassandra A. |last=Fortin |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2008-10-26/news/0810230187_1_trees-aluminum-color |title=It's beginning to look a lot like Christmas (1958) |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=26 October 2008 |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211015818/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2008-10-26/news/0810230187_1_trees-aluminum-color |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later in [[Manitowoc, Wisconsin]], where the majority of the trees were produced.<ref name="andrews">{{cite book |author=Candice Gaukel Andrews |title=Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlmGjEU7qU4C&pg=PA178 |publisher=Big Earth Publishing |year=2006 |page=178 |isbn=978-1-9315-9971-9 }}</ref> Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials, such as [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC).<ref name="hewitt"/> Approximately 10% of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable.<ref name="livescience">{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/3132-fake-christmas-trees-green.html |title=Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green |first=Jennifer |last=Berry |work=[[LiveScience]] |date=9 December 2008 |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104082038/http://www.livescience.com/3132-fake-christmas-trees-green.html |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Trends developed in the early 2000s included [[optical fiber]] Christmas trees, which come in two major varieties; one resembling a traditional Christmas tree.<ref name="howstuff">{{cite web |first=Katherine |last=Neer |url=http://christmas.howstuffworks.com/christmas-tree7.htm |title=How Christmas Trees Work |work=[[howStuffWorks]] |date=December 2006 |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224133748/http://christmas.howstuffworks.com/christmas-tree7.htm |archive-date=24 December 2008 }}</ref> One [[Dallas]]-based company offers "holographic mylar" trees in many hues.<ref name="perkins">{{cite web |first=Broderick |last=Perkins |url=http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20031212_fauxtree.htm |title=Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns |work=Realty Times |date=12 December 2003 |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908040211/http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20031212_fauxtree.htm |archive-date=8 September 2008 }}</ref> Tree-shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard,<ref name="popmech">{{cite journal |title=Table-top Christmas Tree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9oDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117 |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] |date=January 1937 |page=117 }}</ref> glass,<ref name="diablo">{{cite web |url=http://www.diabloglassschool.com/hotshopclassdetails/holidaytrees.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120215734/http://www.diabloglassschool.com/hotshopclassdetails/holidaytrees.htm |archive-date=20 November 2008 |title=Glass Christmas Tree, one-day course listing |publisher=Diablo Glass School |access-date=21 December 2008 }}</ref> ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations. Upside-down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products.<ref name="npr">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5006258 |title=Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree |format=Audio |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=9 November 2005 |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218101909/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5006258 |archive-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century.<ref name="hewitt"/> Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient, and, because they are reusable, much cheaper than their natural alternative.<ref name="hewitt"/> They are also considered much safer,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://firstaid.about.com/od/injuriesathome/qt/06_xmastree.htm |title=Christmas Tree Safety |publisher=[[About.com]] |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107234602/http://firstaid.about.com/od/injuriesathome/qt/06_xmastree.htm |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard. Between 2001 and 2007, artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million.<ref name="hayes">{{cite news |author=Sharon Caskey Hayes |url=http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9009208 |title=Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones |work=Kingsport Times-News |location=Kingsport, Tennessee |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627211924/http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9009208 |archive-date=27 June 2010 }}</ref> Currently, it is estimated that around 58% of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial, while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://christmastreesource.com/|title=Christmas Tree Resource: Your Source On Xmas Decorations|website=Christmas Tree Source|language=en-US|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234749/http://christmastreesource.com/|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" heights="150px" caption="Artificial trees">

File:Fiber-optic Christmas tree.jpg|A tree with fibre optic lights
File:White christmas tree.jpg|White Christmas tree
File:Antique feather tree2.jpg|Antique feather tree
File:Detail of artificial Christmas tree with flocking.jpg|Detail of artificial tree with flocking
File:Aluminum Christmas tree2.jpg|An [[Aluminum Christmas tree]]
File:Display of artificial Christmas trees.jpg|Artificial Christmas tree display
File:Limbs detached from an artificial Christmas tree.jpg|Detached limbs 
</gallery>

==Environmental issues==
[[File:Christmas Tree fire damage to building in Skokie, Illinois-Detail.jpg|thumb|Fire damage to apartment building from Christmas tree fire]]The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing. Generally, natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts.<ref name="hayes"/> However, trade groups such as the [[American Christmas Tree Association]], claim that the PVC used in Christmas trees is chemically and mechanically stable, does not affect human health, and has excellent recyclable properties.<ref name="acta">{{cite web |url=http://www.christmastreeassociation.org/Article%20Pages/facts-on-pvc-used-in-artificial-christmas-trees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229105616/http://www.christmastreeassociation.org/Article%20Pages/facts-on-pvc-used-in-artificial-christmas-trees |archive-date=29 December 2008 |title=Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees |publisher=[[American Christmas Tree Association]] |access-date=21 December 2008 }}</ref>
Live trees are typically grown as a [[crop]] and replanted in rotation after cutting, often providing suitable [[habitat]] for wildlife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/real_christmas_trees_history_facts_and_environmental_impacts|title=Real Christmas trees: History, facts and environmental impacts|last=Sandborn|first=Dixie|date=2 December 2016|website=canr.msu.edu/|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Alternately, live trees can be donated to livestock farmers who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder.<ref>{{cite news|title=Goats, elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/goats-elk-happy-to-munch-on-your-used-christmas-trees-1.2885774|access-date=1 January 2015|publisher=CBC News|date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231183148/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/goats-elk-happy-to-munch-on-your-used-christmas-trees-1.2885774|archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In some cases, management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of [[pesticide]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/christmas_trees_wildlife.html|title=Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees|website=ipm.ncsu.edu|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110211051/http://ipm.ncsu.edu/wildlife/christmas_trees_wildlife.html|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Concerns have been raised by arborists about people cutting down old and rare conifers, such as the ''[[Keteleeria evelyniana]]'' for Christmas trees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Kimberly A. C. |title=An arboretum is not a tree farm, people |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/nwheadlines/2009/12/an_arboretum_is_not_a_tree_far.html |website=Oregon Live |date=10 December 2009 |publisher=The Oregonian |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

Real or cut trees are used only for a short time, but can be recycled and used as [[mulch]], wildlife habitat, or used to prevent [[erosion]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Engineer Update: Old Christmas trees protect town beach|url = http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/CEPA/PUBS/mar07/story8.htm|publisher = [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]|date = March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824001534/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/mar07/story8.htm|archive-date=24 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/metro/2014-12-25/christmas-tree-recycling-begins-friday-columbia-county |title = Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County |newspaper = [[The Augusta Chronicle]] |access-date = 26 December 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226180008/http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/metro/2014-12-25/christmas-tree-recycling-begins-friday-columbia-county |archive-date = 26 December 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.startribune.com/sports/outdoors/286838101.html |title = Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment |access-date = 26 December 2014 |work = Star Tribune |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226163650/http://www.startribune.com/sports/outdoors/286838101.html |archive-date = 26 December 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Real trees are carbon-neutral, they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing.<ref name="sciam">{{cite web |first=David |last=Biello |url=http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=im-dreaming-of-a-green-christmas-tr-08-12-05 |title=I'm Dreaming of a Green Christmas (Tree) |work=[[Scientific American]] |format=[[podcast]] transcript |date=4 December 2008 |access-date=22 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206023745/http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=im-dreaming-of-a-green-christmas-tr-08-12-05 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation. An independent [[life-cycle assessment]] study, conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development, states that a natural tree will generate {{cvt|3.1|kg}} of [[greenhouse gas]]es every year (based on purchasing {{cvt|5|km}} from home) whereas the artificial tree will produce {{cvt|48.3|kg}} over its lifetime.<ref name="LifeCycleAssessment"/> Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons, providing a longer life cycle for each tree. Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers. Rentals are picked up after the holidays, while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christmastree.org/dnn/AllAboutTrees/HowtoRecycle.aspx |title=Recycling Your Tree: Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable |publisher=[[National Christmas Tree Association]] |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406092030/http://www.christmastree.org/dnn/AllAboutTrees/HowtoRecycle.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2013 }}</ref> Smaller and younger trees may be replanted after each season, with the following year running up to the next Christmas allowing the tree to carry out further growth.

The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years. A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from [[lead poisoning|lead contamination]], there do exist "worst-case scenarios" where major health risks to young children exist.<ref name="maas">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Maas | first1 = R. P.
| last2 = Patch | first2 = S. C.
| last3 = Pandolfo | first3 = T. J.
| title = Artificial Christmas trees: How real are the lead exposure risks?
| journal = Journal of Environmental Health
| volume = 67
| issue = 5
| pages = 20–24, 32
| year = 2004
| pmid = 15628192}} Accessed 18 December 2012.</ref> A 2008 [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade.<ref name="eparept">{{Cite journal | last1 = Levin | first1 = R. | last2 = Brown | first2 = M. J. | last3 = Kashtock | first3 = M. E. | last4 = Jacobs | first4 = D. E. | last5 = Whelan | first5 = E. A. | last6 = Rodman | first6 = J. | last7 = Schock | first7 = M. R. | last8 = Padilla | first8 = A. | last9 = Sinks | first9 = T. | display-authors = 3| doi = 10.1289/ehp.11241 | title = Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 116 | issue = 10 | pages = 1285–1293 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18941567| pmc =2569084 }}. Retrieved 18 December 2012.</ref> The report determined that of the fifty million artificial trees in the United States approximately twenty million were nine or more years old, the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached.<ref name="eparept"/> A professional study on the life-cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least twenty years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree.<ref name="LifeCycleAssessment">{{cite web|title=Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Christmas trees—A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree, natural or artificial, is most ecological |url=http://www.ellipsos.ca/modules/news/article.php?storyid=9&lang=english |publisher=Ellipsos Inc. |date=16 December 2008 |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201035904/http://www.ellipsos.ca/modules/news/article.php?storyid=9&lang=english |archive-date=1 December 2012 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
File:Discarded Christmas Trees in London, UK.jpg|Discarded trees by garbage dumpsters
File:Recycletree.jpg|Christmas tree [[recycling]] point ({{lang|fr|point recyclage de sapins}})
File:Woodchipping Christmas trees in Stuyvesant Town, New York.jpg|Woodchipping Christmas trees
</gallery>

== Religious issues ==
Under the [[Marxist-Leninist atheism|Marxist-Leninist]] doctrine of [[state atheism]] in the Soviet Union, after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other religious holidays—were prohibited as a result of the Soviet [[Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War|anti-religious campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.rbth.com/articles/2010/12/15/and_so_is_this_christmas05210.html|title=And so, is this Christmas?|date=15 December 2010|first=Jennifer|last=Eremeeva|work=[[Russia Beyond the Headlines]]|quote=Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar, which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar. This discrepancy was corrected in 1918, by the fledgling Bolshevik regime, but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia, because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones. Christmas was shifted to New Year's Eve. At the beginning, stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days: Christmas trees, introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th century, were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German. The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place. Stalin declared Ded Moroz "an ally of the priest and kulak", and outlawed him from Russia.|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015214922/http://asia.rbth.com/articles/2010/12/15/and_so_is_this_christmas05210.html|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Connelly2000">{{cite book |last=Connelly |first=Mark |date=2000 |title=Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-397-2 |page=186 |quote=A chapter on representations of ''Christmas'' in Soviet cinema could, in fact be the shortest in this collection: suffice it to say that there were, at least officially, no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917.}}</ref><ref name="MIG"/> The [[League of Militant Atheists]] encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, among them being the Christmas tree, as well as other Christian holidays, including [[Easter]]; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.<ref name="Ramet2005">{{cite book |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina Petra |title=Religious Policy in the Soviet Union |date=10 November 2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-02230-9 |page=138 |quote=The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival. ''Antireligioznik'' obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools. More such material followed in 1929, and a flood of it the next year. It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned—carnivals, farces, and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief. It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas (including Christmas trees) and Easter. Some schools, the League approvingly reported, staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month. Not teachers but the League's local set the programme for this special occasion.}}</ref> With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with [[Soviet anti-religious legislation]], people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year's trees.<ref name="MIG">{{cite book |date=1993 |title=Echo of Islam |publisher=MIG |quote=In the former Soviet Union, fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year's day, following a tradition established by the officially atheist state.}}</ref><ref name="Dice2009">{{cite book |last=Dice |first=Elizabeth A. |date=2009 |title=Christmas and Hanukkah |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1971-7 |page=44 |quote=The Christmas tree, or Yolka, is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era. To keep the custom alive, people decorated New Year's trees instead.}}</ref> In 1935, the tree was brought back as [[New Year tree]] and became a secular, not a religious holiday.

[[Pope John Paul II]] introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982. Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church, the [[Vatican Christmas Tree]] has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations,<ref name="Stenhouse">{{cite web |url=http://www.wantedinrome.com/news/2000419/christmas-the-vatican-christmas-tree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173019/http://www.wantedinrome.com/news/2000419/christmas-the-vatican-christmas-tree.html |archive-date=30 July 2013 |first=Margaret |last=Stenhouse |title=The Vatican Christmas Tree |date=22 December 2010 |access-date=19 December 2012 }}</ref> and in 2005 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.appleseeds.org/christmas-quotes.htm |title=Pre-Christmas Reflection: May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light |agency=Zenit News Agency |date=21 December 2005 |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625212305/http://www.appleseeds.org/christmas-quotes.htm |archive-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ. This very ancient custom, he said, exalts the value of life, as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life, and it reminds Christians of the "tree of life",<ref>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|2:9}}</ref> an image of Christ, the supreme gift of God to humanity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-11828?l=english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208101926/http://www.zenit.org/article-11828?l=english |archive-date=8 December 2007 |title=Christmas tree is symbol of Christ, says Pope—And a Sign of 'Undying Life' |agency=Zenit News Agency |date=19 December 2004 |access-date=19 December 2012 }}</ref> In the previous year he said: "Beside the crib, the Christmas tree, with its twinkling lights, reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity. The crib and the tree: precious symbols, which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/urbi/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_20031225_urbi_en.html |title=''Urbi et Orbi'' message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II, Christmas 2003 |language=la |date=25 December 2003 |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105060649/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/urbi/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_20031225_urbi_en.html |archive-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Catholic Church's official ''Book of Blessings'' has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/830/Blessing_a_Christmas_Tree.html |title=Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree |publisher=Crossroads Initiative |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230021152/http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/830/Blessing_a_Christmas_Tree.html |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in ''The Anglican Family Prayer Book'', which has the [[imprimatur]] of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the [[Anglican Communion]], has long had a ritual titled ''Blessing of a Christmas Tree'', as well as ''Blessing of a Crèche'', for use in the church and the home; family services and public liturgies for the blessing of Christmas trees are common in other Christian denominations as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kitch |first=Anne E. |date=2004 |title=The Anglican Family Prayer Book |publisher=Morehouse Publishing |page=125}}</ref><ref name="Socias2020">{{cite book |last1=Socias |first1=James |title=Handbook of Prayers |date=24 June 2020 |publisher=Midwest Theological Forum |isbn=978-1-936045-54-9 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Chrismon tree]]s, which find their origin in the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Christian]] tradition though now used in many Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Methodist Church, are used to decorate churches during the liturgical season of [[Advent]]; during the period of [[Christmastide]], Christian churches display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries.<ref name="Weaver2002">{{cite book|last=Weaver|first=J. Dudley |title=Presbyterian Worship: A Guide for Clergy|year=2002|publisher=Geneva Press|language=en |isbn=978-0-664-50218-8|page=79|quote=Many congregations have begun the tradition of using a ''Chrismon tree'' in the sanctuary as part of the Advent and Christmas celebration. It is important, especially for children, that the distinction between this tree and the family Christmas tree be clearly made. The Chrismon tree is decorated only with clear lights and Chrismons made from white and gold material. White, the color of Christmas, is the color of purity and perfection, while gold is the color for majesty and glory. The Chrismons are ancient symbols for Christ or some part of Christ's ministry: the crow, descending down, fish, Celtic cross, Jerusalem cross, shepherd's crook, chalice, shell, and others.}}</ref>

In 2005, the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the [[Boston Common]] a "Holiday Tree" rather than a "Christmas Tree".<ref>{{cite web |title=Boston's 'Holiday Tree' Sparks Controversy |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=510132 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=28 November 2005 |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107035844/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=510132 |archive-date=7 November 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The name change was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=At Christmas, what's in a name? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/ChristmasCountdown/story?id=1356566 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=29 November 2005 |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521092727/https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/ChristmasCountdown/story?id=1356566 |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="145px" heights="200px">
File:Bonifatius Donareiche.jpg|St Boniface felling the Donar Oak
File:Bezbozhnik u stanka - Run along, Lord, 1931, n. 22.jpg|A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine {{transliteration|ru|[[Bezbozhnik (magazine)|Bezbozhnik]]}}, distributed by the [[League of Militant Atheists]], depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to cut down a tree for Christmas
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Trees}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* {{transliteration|sr|[[Badnjak (Serbian)|Badnjak]]}}
* [[Christmas traditions]]
* [[Christmas controversy#Christmas tree|Christmas tree controversies]]
* [[Eiresione]]
* [[Festive ecology]]
* [[Festivus pole]]
* [[Hanging of the greens]]
* [[Hanukkah bush]]
* {{transliteration|ja|[[Kadomatsu]]}}
* [[Legend of the Christmas Spider]]
* [[Nardoqan]]
* [[New Year tree]]
* [[Tree worship]]
* {{lang|de|[[Weihnachten]]}}
* [[Yule log]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Christmas trees}}

{{Christmas trees|state=expanded}}
{{Christmas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christmas trees| ]]
[[Category:Christmas decorations]]
[[Category:Christmas in Germany]]