View source for Haskell Limestone

{{Infobox rockunit
| name           = Haskell Limestone
| image          = Haskell Limestone on Wakarusa R. near Blue Jacket's Crossing 20220402 092645.jpg
| imagesize      = 320px
| caption        = Haskell Limestone outcrops along the banks of the [[Wakarusa River]] south of [[Lawrence, Kansas]], here, near [[#Blue Jacket’s Crossing|Blue Jacket's Crossing]], close to the [[Haskell Indian Nations University|Haskell Institute]].
| type           = [[Stratigraphic unit#Member|Formation member]]
| age            = {{Geological range|Kasimovian}} (Missourian stage)
| period         = Late Carboniferous
| prilithology   = Limestone
| otherlithology = 
| namedfor       = [[Haskell Indian Nations University]]
| namedby        = [[R.C. Moore]]<ref name= GeolexSigPub />
| year_ts        = 1931
| region         = [[Kansas]] and neighboring states
| country        = [[United States]]
| coordinates    =
| unitof         = [[Cass Formation]] of the [[Douglas Group]]
| subunits       = 
| underlies      =
| overlies       =
| thickness      =
| extent         =
| area           =
| map            =
| map_caption    =
}}

'''Haskell Limestone''' is a geological unit name originating in Kansas and used in adjoining states. The [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] period<ref name= GeolexSigPub /> unit was named by [[R.C. Moore]] for the [[Haskell Indian Nations University|Haskell Institute]] in the southeast of [[Lawrence, Kansas]] in 1931.<ref name= GeolexSigPub >{{cite web | title = Geologic Unit: Haskell| series = Geolex — Significant Publications | work = National Geologic Database | publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] | url = https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/HaskellRefs_15247.html | access-date = 2022-04-02 }}</ref> The name has been applied to various beds within this range, and assigned as a member variously to the [[Lawrence Formation]], [[Cass Formation]], and [[Stranger Formation]], and significant legacy literature exists for each classification. These three formations now comprise the [[Douglas Group]].<ref name= HeckelWatney />
 
In 2002, within the effort to improve the correlation of [[Kasimovian|Missourian stage]] geology between the states of Missouri and Kansas, as well as Nebraska and Iowa, the Haskell was assigned in Kansas to the Cass Formation as its lowest member (on the basis of [[Principle of faunal succession|distinct changes in fossil species]]).<ref name= HeckelWatney >{{cite journal |author= P. H. Heckel and W. L. Watney |title= Revision of Stratigraphic Nomenclature and Classification of the Pleasanton, Kansas City, Lansing, and Lower Part of the Douglas Groups (Lower Upper Pennsylvanian, Missourian) in Kansas |journal=  Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin |issue= 246 |publisher= University of Kansas Publications, [[Kansas Geological Survey]]  |date= 2002 |url= https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/246/07_doug.html  |page= Stratigraphy, continued : Douglas Group (redefined) | access-date = 2022-04-02 }}</ref>

== Distribution and outcrop ==
The Haskell Limestone is recognized in deep hydrocarbon well logs throughout most of the state of Kansas; the "hot shale" [[Gamma ray logging|gamma ray log "kicks"]] associated with the Haskell unit make it an easily identifiable datum/marker bed.<ref>{{citation |author= Padgett, Philip C. O. |title= Petrology, Diagenesis and Depositional Environment of the Tonkawa Sandstone in Southwestern Dewey County, Oklahoma |year= 1988 |quote= The Tonkawa Sandstone is contained within a sequence of strata defined at the base by the Avant Limestone and at the top by a '''"hot-shale" gamma ray marker''' overlying the '''Haskell Limestone''' (Fig. 2). This "hot-shale'' marker is termed the Haskell Marker in this study. The interval defined by the top of the Avant Limestone and by the base of the Haskell Marker is termed the Tonkawa Interval.
|url=https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/15684/Thesis-1988-P123p.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date = 2022-04-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal= Shale Shaker |volume= 71 |issue= 6 |title= A model for an unconventional trap in low permeability upper Tonkawa shallow marine sandstones in Dewey, Roger Mills, and Ellis Counties, Oklahoma. |author= Andrew Cullen |year= 2020 |pages= 222–237 |access-date = 2022-04-02 |quote= Stacking patterns and electro facies tied to core record an initial regression followed by a transgressive succession capped by the '''Haskell “hot shale”''' which is present in areas where the '''regionally extensive Haskell Limestone''' is absent. Fitzjarrold and Puckette (2015) document an overall vertical succession of facies from prodelta, delta front, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, .... |url= https://online.flippingbook.com/view/358303/ }}</ref> However, as a stage in the Pennsylvania-Permian marine embayment of Kansas (Midcontinent Basin), the unit extends only limited distances into Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa.<ref name= Heckel2013/>

The Haskell Limestone's outcrop extends from northeast Oklahoma through [[Douglas County, Kansas]], continuing into the adjoining corners of Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa.<ref name= Heckel2013>{{cite journal |pages= 4–6, TEXT-FIGURE 3 |journal= Stratigraphy |volume= 10 |author= P. H. Heckel |issue= 1–2 |title= Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of Northern Midcontinent Shelf and biostratigraphic correlation of cyclothems |access-date = 2022-04-02 |year= 2013 |quote= The '''Midcontinent Basin''' covers nearly the entire states of Kansas and Nebraska, southwestern Iowa, northwestern Missouri, northern and central Oklahoma, west-central Arkansas, and extends westward into eastern Colorado up to the east side of the [[Ancestral Rocky Mountains]], which is essentially the east side of the current [[Front Range]].
|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269699418 
}}</ref>

== Blue Jacket's Crossing ==

Proceeding west from [[Independence, Missouri]], the [[Oregon Trail]] kept a distance south from the incised bluffs nearer the [[Kansas River]]. However, it was unavoidable to cross the [[Wakarusa River]] and gain the crest of the [[Mount Oread|hogback ridge]] between the Wakarusa and Kansas Rivers.  Here, the Wakarusa had steep banks about 20 feet high. Moreover, on the south bank, the river cut into the outcrop of the Haskell Limestone as seen above. To cross the rivers, westbound wagons had to be unloaded and disassembled. The cargo and wagon parts were lowered down the limestone bed, rafted across the river, and pulled by rope up the other bank. Shawnee Indian [[Eudora, Kansas#History|Paschal Fish]], who had settled on the river, assisted travelers in the crossing.<ref name= Estes /> In 1855, [[Shawnee]] chief and [[Methodism|Methodist]] minister [[Charles Blue Jacket]], received authority to create a crossing by cutting ramps into the limestone and soils of the banks, greatly speeding transport across the river.<ref name= Estes >{{cite web |author= Roberta Estes |title= Wakarusa River – Blue Jacket's Crossing and Home of the Shawnees |url= https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/23/wakarusa-river-blue-jackets-crossing-and-home-of-the-shawnees/ |access-date = 2022-04-02 |website= Native Heritage Project
}}</ref>

City parks in Eudora commemorate Blue Jacket's Crossing and Pashal Fish.<ref>{{cite web |title= Eudora Parks |url= http://www.eudoraparksandrec.org/Parks.aspx |website= Eudora Parks & Recreation |quote= Bluejacket Park ... CPA Park ... the park also is the home for the statue of Chief Paschal Fish and his daughter, Eudora, the town's namesake. ... Paschal Fish Park : The park is named after Shawnee Chief Paschal Fish, who owned much of the land in Eudora's early days.}}</ref>

== Viewing and access ==
[[File:WakarusaFalls.JPG|thumb|Public waterfall over the Haskell Limestone at Clinton Lake outlet park|right]]
An outcrop of the Haskell Limestone (pictured above) occurs on the bridge right-of-way of Douglas County Highway 1057 a half mile south of the E 1900 Road exit of the [[K-10 (Kansas highway)|K-10]] between Lawrence and [[Eudora, Kansas|Eudora]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Douglas County |quote=[Map showing outcrop of the Top of the Haskell Limestone on the south bank of the Wakarusa at the E1900 bridge (top center)] |website= County Geologic Maps |publisher= [[Kansas Geological Survey]] |url= https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/Geology/County/def/dg/dg_6_10.html |page= Douglas County T. 13 S., R. 20 E }}</ref> The actual historic Blue Jacket’s Crossing is about 1 mile east of this bridge.<ref>{{cite web |title= Quantrill's 1863 Lawrence Raid |quote= Map showing location of the Bluejacket Crossing tour stop. |website= The Civil War Muse |url= http://www.thecivilwarmuse.com/index.php?page=stop-9 |page= Stop 9: Bluejacket Crossing }}</ref>

The [[Clinton Lake (Kansas)|Clinton Lake Dam]] was constructed across the Wakarusa River valley just upstream of where that river [[Head cut (stream geomorphology)|has cut down through]] the Haskell Limestone, forming a waterfall (pictured right). This waterfall is a public feature of the Clinton Lake Outlet Park. The outcrop of the Haskell Limestone is generally present in the river's banks from here to the Kansas River.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Carboniferous Kansas]]
[[Category:Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits]]