View source for IBM System/390

{{Short description|Line of mainframe computers}}
{{Redirect|IBM ES/9000|the IBM System 9000 family of computers, originally announced in 1982 as the IBM Instruments Computer System Model 9000 laboratory computer/instrument controller|IBM System 9000}}
{{Redirect|s390|the ESA/390 architecture, referred to as "s390" on Linux|ESA/390}}
<!-- This article is a 3 way merge of [[IBM ES/9000 family]], [[IBM ES/9000 family]] and new material from ibm.com & Computerworld -->
<!-- The history of the 2 [IBM ...] articles were left in-place. Martin Packer was a notable source for both articles. -->
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{{Infobox information appliance
| name = IBM System/390
| title = 
| aka = 
| logo = File:IBM logo.svg
| image = File:IBM_S-390_Parallel_Enterprise_Server-12-1998-gje.jpg
| caption = Inside the IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Generation 4
| developer = 
| manufacturer = International Business Machines Corporation ([[IBM]])
| family = 
| type = [[mainframe computer|mainframe]] ([[IBM System/360 architecture|S/360]]-compatible)
| generation = 
| releasedate = {{Start date and age|1990|09|5}}
| lifespan = 
| price = 
| discontinued = December 31, 2004<ref>{{cite web |title=Family 9672+07 IBM S/390 Generation 6 Servers: Engines for e-business | date=22 September 2010 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_sm/7/897/ENUS9672-_h07/index.html |publisher=IBM}}</ref>
| unitssold = 
| unitsshipped = 
| media = 
| os = [[MVS/ESA]], [[OS/390]], [[VSE/ESA]] and [[VM/ESA]]
| power = 
| soc = 
| cpu = 
| memory = ES/9000: up&nbsp;to 2&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] main + 8&nbsp;GB [[Z/Architecture#IBM mainframe expanded storage|expanded]] <br />9672: [[Access register|up&nbsp;to 32&nbsp;GB main (2&nbsp;GB&nbsp;flat)]]
| storage = 
| memory card = 
| display = 
| graphics = 
| sound = 
| input = 
| controllers = 
| camera = 
| touchpad = 
| connectivity = 
| platform = 
| service = 
| dimensions = 
| weight = 
| topgame = 
| compatibility = 
| predecessor = [[IBM 3090]], [[IBM 4300|4300]] and [[IBM 9370|9370]]
| successor = [[IBM Z]]
| related = 
| website = {{Official website|https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP9000.html}} ''IBM Archives''<br />{{cite web
 | url        = https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR390.html
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050116145446/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR390.html
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = January 16, 2005
 | title      = System/390 Announcement
 | website    = IBM Archives
 | date = 23 January 2003
 | publisher  = IBM
 | access-date = 2017-01-29}}
}}

The '''IBM System/390''' is a discontinued [[mainframe computer|mainframe]] product family implementing [[ESA/390]], the fifth generation of the [[IBM System/360 architecture|System/360]] [[instruction set architecture]]. The first computers to use the ESA/390 were the Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000) family, which were introduced in 1990. These were followed by the 9672, [[IBM Multiprise series|Multiprise]], and [[PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems#S/390 Integrated Server|Integrated Server]] families of System/390 in 1994–1999, using [[CMOS]] microprocessors. The ESA/390 succeeded [[ESA/370]], used in the Enhanced [[IBM 3090|3090]] and [[IBM 4300#IBM 4381|4381]] "E" models, and the System/370 architecture last used in the [[IBM 9370]] low-end mainframe. ESA/390 was succeeded by the [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] [[z/Architecture]] in 2000.

==History==
On September 5, 1990, IBM published a group of hardware and software announcements, two<ref>{{cite web
 | title       = IBM SYSTEM/390 OVERVIEW: A NEW ERA BEGINS
 | id          = 190-123
 | date        = September 5, 1990
 | url         = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/3/897/ENUS190-123/index.html
 | access-date = November 25, 2021
 | work        = Announcement Letters
 | publisher   = IBM
 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | title       = IBM ES/9000 PROCESSOR OVERVIEW
 | id          = 190-124
 | date        = September 5, 1990
 | url         = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/4/897/ENUS190-124/index.html
 | access-date = November 25, 2021
 | work        = Announcement Letters
 | publisher   = IBM
 }}
</ref> of which included overviews of three announcements:
* System/390<ref name=MK.390>{{cite web
 | url        = https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR390.html
 | title      = System/390 Announcement
 | website    = IBM Archives
 | date = 23 January 2003
 | publisher  = IBM
 | access-date = 2017-01-29}}</ref> (S/390), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s.
* Enterprise System/9000<ref name=MK.ES9000>{{cite web
 | url        = https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_FS9000.html
 | title      = ES/9000 Characteristics
 | website    = IBM Archives
 | date = 23 January 2003
 | publisher  = IBM
 | access-date = 2017-01-29}}</ref><ref name=MK.Ent9000>{{cite web
 | url        = https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP9000.html
 | title      = Enterprise System/9000
 | website    = IBM Archives
 | date = 23 January 2003
 | publisher  = IBM
 | access-date = 2017-01-29}}</ref> (ES/9000), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s.
* Enterprise Systems Architecture/390<ref>{{cite book
 | url         = https://publibfp.dhe.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/dz9ar008.pdf
 | title       = Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation
 | edition     = Ninth
 | id          = SA22-7201-08
 | page        = 1-1
 | publisher   = IBM
 | date        = June 2003
 | access-date = December 8, 2018
 }}
</ref><ref name=common>{{cite book
 | publisher = IBM
 | title     = Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Common I/O-Device Commands
 | id        = SA22-7204-01
 | version   = Second Edition
 | date      = April 1992
 | mode      = cs2}}</ref> (ESA/390) was [[IBM]]'s last [[31-bit computing|31-bit]]-address/[[32-bit computing|32-bit]]-data [[IBM mainframe|mainframe]] computing design, copied by [[Amdahl Corporation|Amdahl]], [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], and [[Fujitsu]] among other competitors. It was the successor of ESA/370 and, in turn, was succeeded by the [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] [[z/Architecture]] in 2000. Among other things, ESA/390 added fiber optics channels, known as Enterprise Systems Connection ([[ESCON]]) channels, to the parallel ([[Bus and Tag]]) channels of ESA/370.

Despite the fact that IBM mentioned the 9000 family first in some of the day's announcements, it was clear "by the end of the day" that it was "for System/390,"<ref name=MK.ES9000/> although it was a shortened name, ''S/390'', that was placed on some of the actual "boxes" later shipped.<ref name=MK.390Gen4>{{cite web
 | url   = https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP390G4.html
 | title = S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server| website = [[IBM]]| date = 23 January 2003}}</ref>{{efn|S/390 was also used on earlier and subsequent machines.}}

The ES/9000 include rack-mounted models, free standing air cooled models and water cooled models. The low end models were substantially less expensive than the 3090 or [[IBM 4300#IBM 4381|4381]] previously needed to run [[MVS/ESA]], and could also run [[VM/ESA]] and [[VSE/ESA]], which IBM announced at the same time.

IBM periodically added named features to ESA/390 in conjunction with new processors; the ESA/390 Principles of Operation manual identifies them only by name, not by the processors supporting them.

Machines supporting the architecture were sold under the brand System/390 (S/390) from September 1990. The 9672 implementations of System/390 were the first high-end IBM mainframe architecture implemented first with [[CMOS]] CPU electronics rather than the traditional [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] logic.

The IBM z13 was the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode.<ref>[https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.e0zm100/z132012hw1.htm Accommodate functions for the z13 server to be discontinued on future servers]</ref> However, all 24-bit and 31-bit problem-state application programs originally written to run on the ESA/390 architecture readily run unaffected by this change.

=={{anchor}}S/390 computers==<!-- external REDIRECTS point to this name, do not alter -->

===ES/9000===
Eighteen models{{efn|Lower case "M"}} were announced<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcement Letter Number C90-015 dated September 5, 1990 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUSC90-015&infotype=AN&mhq=RISC%20Microprocessor%20User%27s%20Manual&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA |publisher=IBM |date=September 5, 1990}}</ref> September 5, 1990 for the ES/9000 in three form factors; the water-cooled 9021 to succeed the [[IBM 3090]], and the air-cooled standalone 9121 and rack-mounted 9221 to succeed the [[IBM 4300#IBM 4381|IBM 4381]] and [[IBM 9370|9370]] respectively. The largest announced model had a 100-fold performance over the smallest model, and the clock frequency ranged from 67-111&nbsp;MHz (15-9&nbsp;[[Nanosecond|ns]]) in the 9021 and 67&nbsp;MHz in the 9121 to 26-33&nbsp;MHz (38-30&nbsp;ns) in the 9221. The 9221 models 120, 130 and 150 were initially available only with the "System/370 Base Option"; the "ESA Option" shipped in July 1991. The 9221 processors were made of [[Very Large Scale Integration|VLSI]] [[CMOS]] chips designed in [[Böblingen]], Germany, whence the [[IBM System/390#9672|9672]] line later originated.

The lower 6 of the 8 water-cooled models (codenamed H0) were immediately available, but used the same processor as the 3090-J, still at the 69&nbsp;MHz (14.5&nbsp;ns) maximum frequency and thus with unchanged performance. Those models' main difference from the 3090-J was the optional addition of [[ESCON]], [[IBM Parallel Sysplex#Sysplex|Sysplex]] and Integrated Cryptographic Feature. Only the models 900 and 820 had an all-new design (codenamed H2),{{Efn|Also ''Summit'', a codename first denied<ref>{{cite news |title=You can call me Ray, and you can call me Jay, but don't ever call me Summit! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KpUxvn1w0kC&pg=PP2 |work=[[Computerworld]] |date=10 September 1990 |page=2}}</ref> and later seemingly mentioned by IBM.<ref name=Sep91/>}} featuring private split I+D 128+128 KB L1 caches and a shared 4&nbsp;MB L2 cache (2&nbsp;MB per side) with 11-cycle latency, more direct interconnects between the processors, multi-level [[Translation lookaside buffer|TLBs]], [[Branch target predictor|branch target buffer]] and 111&nbsp;MHz (9&nbsp;[[Nanosecond|ns]]) clock frequency. These were the first models with [[out-of-order execution]] since the [[IBM System/360 Model 195#Legacy|System/370-195]] of 1973. However unlike the old [[IBM System/360 Model 91|S/360-91]]-derived systems, the models 900 and 820 had full out-of-order execution for both integer and floating-point units, with [[Tomasulo's algorithm#Exceptions|precise exception handling]], and a fully [[Superscalar processor|superscalar]] pipeline. Models 820 and 900 shipped to customers in September 1991, a year later than the models with older technology. Later these new technologies were used in models 520, 640, 660, 740 and 860.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/364/ibmrd3604N.pdf |title=Design of the IBM Enterprise System/9000 high-end processor|first=John S.|last=Liptay|journal=[[IBM Journal of Research and Development]]|volume=36|issue=4|date=July 1992| pages=713–731 | doi=10.1147/rd.364.0713 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117034801/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/364/ibmrd3604N.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2005}}</ref><ref name=m520b>{{cite book|url=http://vtda.org/docs/computing/IBM/Mainframe/Hardware/System/GA22-7139-02_ESystem9000-520-900FunctionalCharConfig_Sep91.pdf|title=Enterprise System/9000 Models 520, 640, 660, 740, 820, and 900 Functional Characteristics and Configuration Guide|date=September 1991|publisher=[[IBM]]|id=GA22-7139-02}}</ref><ref name=ES9000_guide/><ref name=Sep91>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld2537unse/page/131/mode/1up|title=IBM turns up pressure to move to ES/9000 |first=Rosemary|last=Hamilton|magazine=[[Computerworld]]|volume=25|issue=37|date=September 16, 1991|page=131 |quote=The high-end Models 820, 860 and 900 use new generation, or Summit, technology and will be generally available this week, said [IBM senior vice president Carl] Conti.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Enterprise System/9000 Introducing a new computing family |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/390/brochures/GU20-0082_IBM_System_390_Brochure.pdf |publisher=IBM |quote=The ES/9000 family's 18 models - successors to the proven IBM Enterprise System families ES/9370, ES/4381 , and ES/3090 - provide a solid foundation for increased computing performance and function. The family's performance range spans a 100-fold growth from the compact, rack-mounted Model 120 to the powerful Model 900.}}</ref>

All three lines got additions and upgrades until 1993–1994. In February 1993 an 8-processor 141&nbsp;MHz (7.1 [[Nanosecond|ns]]) model 982 became available, with models 972, 962, 952, 942, 941, 831, 822, 821 and 711 following in March. These models, codenamed H5, had double the L2 cache and 30% higher per-processor performance than the H2 line, and added a hardware [[Lossless compression|data compression]].<ref name=h5>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUS193-033&infotype=AN&mhq=sysplex&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA|title=Ten New IBM ES/9000 Water-Cooled Processors, Including Seven-Way and Eight-Way Processors, Associated Upgrades, and Additional Functions|date=February 9, 1993|publisher=[[IBM]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Processor Capacity Planning: LSPR Workload Sensitivities |url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/mktsupport/techdocs/lsprprz.pdf |publisher=IBM |date=1999}}</ref> The compression was also included in the new, 50% faster models of the 9121.<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcement Letter Number C93-002 dated February 9, 1993 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUSC93-002&infotype=AN&mhq=IBM%20Compiler%20and%20Library%20for%20REXX%20on%20IBM%20Z&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA |publisher=IBM |date=February 9, 1993}}</ref> In April 1994, alongside the [[CMOS]]-based new 9672 series and improved 9221 models (with 40% faster cycle time and data compression),<ref name="model 211-based"/> IBM announced also their ultimate [[Bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] model, the 10-processor model 9X2 rated at 468 MIPS,{{Efn|text=As explained by IBM,<ref name=lspr>{{cite web |title=Large Systems Performance Reference [part 1] |url=http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/lspr/pdf/SC2811877A-1.pdf |publisher=IBM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010612224124/http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/lspr/pdf/SC2811877A-1.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2001 |quote=There are many published sources of processor capacity data available in the industry today. Most of these sources provide data in the form of MIPS tables. MIPS tables available from consultants and industry watchers are not based on independent measurements. Rather, they typically are developed using manufacturer's announced performance claims. Over time, some of these MIPS tables may include a subjective analysis of feedback from various customers of these systems.}}</ref> the MIPS ratings are varying estimates. Besides 468 MIPS,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stammbach |first1=Peter |title=Linux powered by zSeries 900 |url=https://www.lugs.ch/lib/vortraege/Linux_auf_S390.pdf |publisher=IBM Switzerland |page=5 |date=30 August 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Rick |title=Information Technology Services, Including Telecommunication Services - Potential Sources Sought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUNwT2VecHwC&q=9021-9x2&pg=RA1-PA4 |page=4 |date=2 August 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stedman |first1=Craig |title=Hitachi: Users to pay heavy price for IBM's software |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcZZwenlL_0C&pg=PA81 |work=[[Computerworld]] |date=24 April 1995 |page=81}}</ref> ratings of 465,<ref>{{cite web |title=A MAINFRAME LICENSING UPGRADE DILEMMA |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/a_mainframe_licensing_upgrade_dilemma |date=July 24, 1996}}</ref><ref name="watson">{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Cheryl |title=Why your CPU capacity may not match your vendor's estimate |url=https://watsonwalker.com/why-your-cpu-capacity-may-not-match-your-vendors-estimate/}}</ref> 467,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardware Ratings |url=https://ogs.state.ny.us/purchase/prices/7600021268PL_HardwareRatings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115005913/https://ogs.state.ny.us/purchase/prices/7600021268PL_HardwareRatings.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2022 |page=115 |date=December 18, 2008}}</ref> 475,<ref>{{cite news |title=Used IBM Mainframe Spot Prices |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/37058493/download-the-december-1998-issue-as-an-technology-news |work=Infoperspectives |issue=12 (volume 19) |date=November 1998 |page=17}}</ref> 480,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barrio |first1=Virginia |title=Centro de Proceso de Datos del Grupo BBV |url=https://www.computerworld.es/archive/centro-de-proceso-de-datos-del-grupo-bbv |website=[[computerworld]].es |language=Spanish |date=20 June 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Augusto Ornelas Filho |title=SISBACEN – CENTRAL BANK INFORMATION SYSTEM: AN INSTRUMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING BRAZIL'S EXCHANGE POLICY |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~ibi/minerva/Spring1999/Augusto.Ornelas.Filho/Augusto.Ornelas.Filho.html |date=Spring 1999}}</ref> 484.5,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cheryl Watson's Tuning Letter |url=https://www.watsonwalker.com/old/tl9806.pdf |pages=16, 17, 24 |date=1998}}</ref> and 485<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sandner |first1=Günther |last2=Spengler |first2=Hans |title=Die Entwicklung der Datenverarbeitung von Hollerith Lochkartenmaschinen zu IBM Enterprise-Servern |url=http://www.cedix.de/Literature/History/SandnerSpengler.pdf |page=114 (p. 115 of pdf) |language=German |date=2006}}</ref> MIPS exist. IBM's own publication also implies 485 MIPS,<ref>{{cite web |title=System/390 Parallel Sysplex Performance |url=https://archive.org/details/bunch-of-ibm-redbooks/sg244356/page/64/mode/2up |publisher=IBM |page=64 |date=December 1998}}<br />422/0.87 = 485 MIPS</ref> but later IBM rated it 510 MIPS.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fitch |first1=John L. |title=LSPR Background: zSeries Capacity Planning |url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/mktsupport/techdocs/zpcr_lspr.pdf |publisher=IBM |page=18 |date=March 2004}}</ref> For different workloads different ratings exist, calculated from IBM's LSPR ratings, which can change with OS and microcode updates.<ref name="watson"/> Hence confusion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subject: Processor Speed- C. Watson CPU chart |url=https://peach.ease.lsoft.com/SCRIPTS/WA-PEACH.EXE?A2=2011&L=MXG-L&D=0&S=a&P=3223804}}</ref> The rated MIPS should also not be confused with the theoretical maximum sustainable MIPS, which is 2817 for model 9X2.}} to become available in October.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM ES/9000 Water-Cooled Processor Enhancements: New Ten-Way Processor, Parallel Sysplex Capability, and Additional Functions |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUS194-084&infotype=AN&mhq=sysplex&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA |publisher=IBM |date=April 6, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stedman |first1=Craig |title=IBM's parallel mainframes take center stage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RxfG8f4hXgC&pg=PA89 |work=[[Computerworld]] |date=18 April 1994 |page=89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Announcement Overview April 6, 1994 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUS194-079&infotype=AN&mhq=sysplex&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA |publisher=IBM |date=April 6, 1994}}</ref>

====Models====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ES/9000 water-cooled models (9021-###)<ref name="MK.Ent9000" />
|-
! Model !! CPUs !! Sides !! Max storage<br />(main + [[Z/Architecture#IBM mainframe expanded storage|expanded]]) !! Max channels<br />(Max [[ESCON]]) !! Shipping from
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | H0 (340-based models)<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW IBM ENTERPRISE SYSTEM/9000 AND ES/3090-9000T WATER-COOLED PROCESSOR MODELS AND ASSOCIATED UPGRADES |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUS190-125&infotype=AN&subtype=CA&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&mhq=%22ibm%20system%209000%22 |publisher=IBM |date=September 5, 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enterprise System.9000 Models 330, 340, 500, 580, 620 and 720 Functional Characteristics and Configuration Guide |url=http://vtda.org/docs/computing/IBM/Mainframe/Hardware/System/GA22-7138-02_ESystem9000-330-720FunctionalCharConfig_Sep91.pdf |date=September 1991 |publisher=[[IBM]] |id=GA22-7138-01}}</ref>
|-
| 720 || 6 || rowspan="2" | 2 || rowspan="2" | 0.5+4&nbsp;GB || rowspan="2" | 128 (64) || rowspan="5" | September 1990
|-
| 620 || 4 
|-
| 580 || 3 || rowspan="4" | 1 || rowspan="2" | 0.25+2&nbsp;GB || rowspan="4" | 64 (32) 
|-
| 500 || 2 
|-
| 340 || 1 || 128+1024&nbsp;MB 
|-
| 330 || 1 || 128+512&nbsp;MB || "available by upgrade only"
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | H2 (520-based models)<ref name=m520b/>
|-
| 900 || 6 || rowspan="3" | 2 || rowspan="3" | 1+8&nbsp;GB ||  rowspan="3" |  256 (256) || September 1991
|-
| 860 || 5 || February 1992<ref name=feb92ship>{{cite news |last1=Ambrosio |first1=Johanna |title=IBM users welcome early shipments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xCDoTnlyocC&pg=PA61 |work=[[Computerworld]] |date=24 February 1992 |page=61}}</ref>
|-
| 820 || 4 || September 1991
|-
| 740 || 3 || 1 || rowspan="3" | 0.5+4&nbsp;GB ||  rowspan="3" |  128 (128) || rowspan="4" | February 1992<ref name=feb92ship/>
|-
| 660 || rowspan="2" | 2 || 2 
|-
| 640 || rowspan="2" | 1 
|-
| 520 || 1 || 0.25+2&nbsp;GB || 64 (64) 
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | H5 (711-based models)<ref name=h5/>
|-
| 9X2 || 10 || rowspan="6" | 2 || rowspan="6" | 2+8&nbsp;GB ||  rowspan="6" |  256 (256) || October 1994
|-
| 982 || 8 || February 1993
|-
| 972 || 7 || rowspan="5" | March 1993
|-
| 962 || 6 
|-
| 952 || 5 
|-
| 942 || 4 
|-
| 941 || 4 || 1 || rowspan="5" | 1+4&nbsp;GB ||  rowspan="5" |  128 (128) 
|-
| 832 || 3 || 2 || August 1993<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM RELEASE NEW ES/9000 |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ibm_release_new_es9000 |website=Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor |date=August 10, 1993}}</ref>
|-
| 831 || 3 || 1 || rowspan="4" | March 1993
|-
| 822 || 2 || 2 
|-
| 821 || 2 || rowspan="2" | 1 
|-
| 711 || 1 || 0.5+2&nbsp;GB || 64 (64) 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ES/9000 air-cooled standalone models (9121-###)<ref name="MK.Ent9000" /><ref>{{cite journal
 | last1     = Curran
 | first1    = B. W.
 | last2     = Walz
 | first2    = M.H.
 | date      = 1991
 | title     = IBM Enterprise System/9000 Type 9121 system controller and memory subsystem design
 | journal   = [[IBM Journal of Research and Development]]
 | url       = http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/c469af92ea9eceac85256bd50048567c/cba2661999b0bba285256bfa0067fc86!OpenDocument
 | publisher = IBM
 | volume    = 35
 | issue     = 3
 | page      = 357| doi = 10.1147/rd.353.0357
 }}</ref>
|-
! Model !! CPUs !! Sides !! Max storage<br />(main + [[Z/Architecture#IBM mainframe expanded storage|expanded]]) !! Max channels<br />(Max [[ESCON]]) !! Shipping from
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | 320-based models<ref name=ES9000_guide>{{cite web |title=ES/9000 Reference guide |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/390/GU20-0088_ES9000_Reference_Guide.pdf |publisher=IBM |id=GU20-0088}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IBM ANNOUNCEMENTS |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ibm_announcements_120 |website=Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor |date=October 9, 1991}} Note that the "Mb" here means megabyte, not megabit.</ref>
|-
| 610 || 4 || rowspan="3" | 2 || rowspan="3" | 512+1536&nbsp;MB || rowspan="3" | 96 (88) || rowspan="3" | March 1992
|-
| 570 || 3 
|-
| 490 || rowspan="3" | 2 
|-
| 480 || rowspan="7" | 1 || rowspan="5" | 256+768&nbsp;MB || rowspan="5" | 48 (44){{Efn|ESCON count was initially up to 36.<ref name=ES9000_guide/>}} || rowspan="2" | March 1991
|-
| 440 
|-
| 320 || rowspan="5" | 1 || rowspan="2" | September 1990
|-
| 260 
|-
| 210 || January 1991
|-
| 190 || 128+384&nbsp;MB || 32 (28){{Efn|ESCON count was initially up to 20.<ref name=ES9000_guide/>}} || March 1991
|-
| 180 || {{Efn|The combined capacity of the main memory and expanded storage is 512&nbsp;MB.}} || 32 (28) || April 1992<ref name="180and200">{{cite web |title=IBM HAS 9121, 9221 AS/400-KILLERS; SUMMITS OUT NOW |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ibm_has_9121_9221_as400_killers_summits_out_now |website=Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor |date=February 11, 1992}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | 511-based models<ref>[https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUSC93-002&infotype=AN&mhq=IBM%20Compiler%20and%20Library%20for%20REXX%20on%20IBM%20Z&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA Announcement Letter Number C93-002 dated February 9, 1993]</ref>
|-
| 742 || 4 || rowspan="3" | 2 || rowspan="3" | 1+1&nbsp;GB{{Efn|Initial capacity. Increase to 1+7&nbsp;GB was scheduled for March 1994. |name=8gb}} || rowspan="3" | 128 || rowspan="3" | May 1993
|-
| 732 || 3 
|-
| 622 || rowspan="4" | 2 
|-
| 621 || 1 || 0.5+0.5&nbsp;GB{{Efn|Initial capacity. Increase to 0.5+3.5&nbsp;GB was scheduled for March 1994.|name=4gb}} || 64 || February 1993
|-
| 522 || 2 || 1+1&nbsp;GB{{Efn|name=8gb}} ||  || November 1993<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM DOES A BIT OF INFILLING WITH 9121 MODEL 522 |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ibm_does_a_bit_of_infilling_with_9121_model_522 |website=Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor |date=30 November 1993}}</ref>
|-
| 521 || rowspan="4" | 1 || rowspan="1" | 0.5+0.5&nbsp;GB{{Efn|name=4gb}} ||  || May 1993
|-
| 511 || rowspan="3" | 1 ||  ||  || February 1993
|-
| 411 ||  ||  || rowspan="2" | May 1993
|-
| 311 ||  ||  
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ES/9000 air-cooled rack-mounted models (9221-###)<ref name="MK.Ent9000" />
|-
! Model !! CPUs !! Max storage<br />(main + [[Z/Architecture#IBM mainframe expanded storage|expanded]]) !! Max channels<br />(Max [[ESCON]]) !! Shipping from
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | 170-based models<ref name=ES9000_guide/>
|-
| 200 || 2 || rowspan="5" | 256&nbsp;MB main || rowspan="2" | 24 (24) || Q3 1992<ref name="180and200"/>
|-
| 170 || rowspan="4" | 1 || Q4 1991
|-
| 150 || rowspan="3" | 12 (12) || rowspan="3" | December 1990{{Efn|ESA Option available from July 1991}}
|-
| 130 
|-
| 120 
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8" | 211-based models<ref name="model 211-based">{{cite web |title=IBM INTRODUCES FIVE NEW CMOS-BASED ES/9000s |url=http://fnctsrv0.chips.ibm.com/news/1994/94040503.html |publisher=IBM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018041819/http://fnctsrv0.chips.ibm.com/news/1994/94040503.html |archive-date=18 October 1996 |date=April 5, 1994}}</ref>
|-
| 421 || rowspan="2" | 2 || rowspan="5" | 512&nbsp;MB<ref>{{cite book |title=VSE/ESA Turbo Dispatcher Guide and Reference |id=SC33-6797-00 |publisher=IBM |url=https://publibfp.dhe.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/iestue00.pdfhttps://publibfp.dhe.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/iestue00.pdf |page=45 (p. 59 of pdf) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Young |first1=John L. |title=Exploring IBM's New Age Mainframes |url=https://www.tech-insider.org/mainframes/research/acrobat/960225.pdf |page=34 (p.41 of pdf)}}</ref> ||24 (24) || rowspan="5" | April 1994
|-
| 221 
|-
| 211 || rowspan="4" | 1 
|-
| 201 
|-
| 191 
|}

====ES/9000 features====
* [[ESCON]] fiber optic [[channel I/O|channels]]
* [[IBM Parallel Sysplex#Sysplex|Sysplex]] for synchronizing the systems to ease management
* Vector Facility: up to one [[vector processor]] per Central Processor available on the 9021 and 9121. First used on the 3090 to replace the IBM 3838 array processor announced in 1976 for System/370.<ref>{{cite web
 | last1      = IBM Corporation
 | title      = 1976
 | url        = https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1976.html
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050117192756/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1976.html
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = January 17, 2005
 | website    = IBM Archives: 1970s
 | date = 23 January 2003
 | access-date = Sep 20, 2018}}</ref>
* Up to one Integrated Cryptographic Feature (ICRF) per side was available on the 9021 for accelerating [[encryption]], succeeding the 3848 Cryptographic Unit.
* (Each Central Processor accommodates one [[coprocessor]] at a time; the combined number of installed Vector Facilities and ICRFs cannot exceed the number of Central Processors.)
* The new models of the 9021 and 9121 from 1993 and 9221 from 1994 feature [[Lossless compression|data compression]] hardware.

====Logical partitioning====
{{main|Logical partition}}

Previously available only on [[IBM 3090]], Logical Partitions (LPARs) are a standard feature of the ES/9000 processors whereby IBM's ''Processor Resource/Systems Manager'' (PR/SM) [[hypervisor]] allows different operating systems to run concurrently in separate logical partitions (LPARs), with a high degree of isolation. Initially 7 partitions per a disconnected side were supported.<ref name="MK.Ent9000" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Processor Resource/Systems Manager Planning Guide |url=http://vtda.org/docs/computing/IBM/Mainframe/Hardware/System/GA22-7123-05_EnterpriseSystem9000ProcessorResourceSystemsManagerPlanningGuide.pdf |publisher=IBM |date=May 1991 |id=GA22-7123-05}}</ref> In December 1992 the LPAR capacity of the H2 (520-based) models was increased to 10 per a disconnected side. For example, a two-processor model 660 could now support up to 20 partitions instead of 14, if the two sides (each with one processor) are electrically isolated.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENHANCEMENTS FOR ES/9000 PROCESSOR MODELS 520, 640, 660, 740, 820, 860, AND 900 | date=16 June 1992 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS192-146/index.html&lang=en-ZZ |publisher=IBM}}</ref>

This was introduced as part of IBM's moving towards "lights-out" operation and increased control of multiple system configurations.

=== 9672 ===
[[File:IBM S-390 Parallel Enterprise Server-02-1998-gje.jpg|thumb|IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Gen4]]
Launched in 1994 first as the "Parallel Transaction Server" (alongside the 9673 "Parallel Query Server"),<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcement Overview April 6, 1994 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUS194-079&infotype=AN&mhq=sysplex&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA |publisher=IBM |date=April 6, 1994}}</ref> subsumed by the "Parallel Enterprise Server" launched later in the year,<ref>{{cite web
 | title      = Parallel Enterprise Server
 | url        = https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/48822/parallel-enterprise-server
 | website    = PC Magazine Encyclopedia
 | access-date = Sep 19, 2018}}</ref> the six generations of the IBM 9672 machines transitioned IBM's mainframes fully to [[CMOS]] microprocessors, as by a strategic decision no more ES/9000 ([[Bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]]-based except the 9221) models would be released after 1994. The initial generations of 9672 were slower than the largest ES/9000 sold in parallel, but the fifth and sixth generations were the most powerful and capable ESA/390 machines built by IBM.<ref>{{cite web
 | last       = Elliott
 | first      = Jim
 | title      = The Evolution of IBM Mainframes and VM
 | publisher  = SHARE Session 9140
 | date       = 2004-08-17
 | url        = http://www.linuxvm.org/Present/SHARE103/S9140jea.pdf
 | access-date = 2007-10-21}} Slide 28: "9672 to zSeries".</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Model !! Year Introduced !! Number of CPUs !! Performance (MIPS){{Efn|As warned by IBM, the MIPS ratings mostly are varying estimates by third parties.<ref name=lspr /> These are not comparable with [[Reduced instruction set computer|RISC]]-vendors' MIPS claims.}} !! Memory (GB)
|-
| G1 – 9672-R''n''1, 9672-E''nn'', 9672-P''nn''<ref>{{cite web
 | title      = S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Announcement
 | date = 23 January 2003
 | url        = http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP390G1.html
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050311004400/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP390G1.html
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = March 11, 2005
 | publisher  = IBM
 | access-date = 8 July 2011}}</ref> || 1994 || 1–6 || 15–66 || 0.125–2
|-
| G2 – 9672-R''n''2, 9672-R''n''3 || 1995 || 1–10 || 15–171 || 0.125–4
|-
| G3 – 9672-R''n''4 || 1996 || 1–10 || 33–374 || 0.5–8
|-
| G4 – 9672-R''n''5 || 1997 || 1–10 || 49–447 || 0.5–16
|-
| G5 – 9672-''nn''6 || 1998 || 1–10 || 88–1069 || 1–24
|-
| G6 – 9672-''nn''7 || 1999 || 1–12 || 178–1644 || 5–32
|}
<!-- If somebody knows years of first shipment, please turn this into a wikitable, with ES/9000 and Multiprise :) -->

In the course of the generations, CPUs added more instructions and increased performance. The first three generations (G1 to G3) focused on low cost.<ref name="g4">{{cite journal |last1=Webb |first1=Charles F. |last2=Liptay |first2=John S. |title=A high-frequency custom CMOS S/390 microprocessor |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |date=July 1997 |volume=41 |issue=4/5 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1147/rd.414.0463 |url=http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/414/webb.pdf |issn=0018-8646|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317153917/http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/414/webb.pdf |archive-date=2006-03-17 }}</ref> The 4th generation was aimed at matching the performance of the last [[Bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] model, the 9021-9X2. It was decided to be accomplished by pursuing high clock frequencies. The G4 could reach 70% higher frequency than the G3 at silicon process parity, but it suffered a 23% [[Instructions per cycle|IPC]] reduction from the G3.<ref name="g4"/> The initial G4-based models became available in June 1997,<ref>{{cite web |title=Family 9672+05 IBM System/390 Parallel Enterprise Server - Generation 4 | website=[[IBM]] | date=20 June 2006 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_sm/5/897/ENUS9672-_h05/index.html&lang=en&request_locale=en}}</ref> but it wasn't until the 370&nbsp;MHz model RY5 (with a "Modular Cooling Unit") became available at the end of the year that a 9672 would almost match the 141&nbsp;MHz model 9X2's performance.{{Refn|The performance gap between the 9X2 and RY5 reduced over time, as the OS and software were updated; at [[OS/390]] V1 R1, the 9X2's advantage was 8%,<ref name="v1r1">{{cite web |title=OS/390 V1 R1 LSPR ITR ratios for IBM processors |url=http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/lspr/os390t1.html |publisher=IBM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010608193855/http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/lspr/os390t1.html |archive-date=8 June 2001}}</ref> but at V2 R4 it was 4%.<ref name="v2r4">{{cite web |title=OS/390 V2 R4 LSPR ITR ratios for IBM processors |url=http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/lspr/os390b1.html |publisher=IBM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010608192334/http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/lspr/os390b1.html |archive-date=8 June 2001}}</ref>}} At 370&nbsp;MHz it was the second-highest clocked microprocessor at the time, after the [[Alpha 21164]] of [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]. The execution units in each G4 processor are duplicated for the purpose of error detection and correction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spainhower |first1=Lisa |last2=Gregg |first2=Thomas A. |title=G4: A Fault-Tolerant CMOS Mainframe |url=http://roc.cs.berkeley.edu/294fall01/readings/spainhowerG4.pdf |publisher=IBM}}</ref> Arriving in late September 1998,<ref>{{cite web |title=Family 9672+06 IBM System/390 Parallel Enterprise Server - Generation 5 IBM United States Sales Manual | date=30 June 2009 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=DD&subtype=SM&htmlfid=897/ENUS9672-_h06 |publisher=IBM}}</ref> the G5 more than doubled the performance over any previous IBM mainframe,<ref name="v1r1"/><ref name="v2r4"/> and restored IBM's performance lead that had been lost to [[Hitachi Data Systems|Hitachi]]'s Skyline mainframes in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM'S NEW G5 PROCESSES OVER 1B INTRUCTIONS PER SECOND |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/1998/07/31/ibms-new-g5-processes-1b-intructions-per-second/ |website=HPCwire |date=July 31, 1998 |quote=“This is the first time for a long time that IBM has recaptured the performance lead — and I don’t see that Hitachi will catch them.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prickett Morgan |first1=Timothy |title=IBM G5 MAINFRAMES GAIN PARITY WITH HITACHI SKYLINES |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ibm_g5_mainframes_gain_parity_with_hitachi_skylines |website=Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor |date=July 28, 1998}}</ref> The G5 operated at up to 500&nbsp;MHz, again second only to the DEC Alphas into early 1999. The G5 also added support for the [[IEEE 754]] floating-point formats.<ref>Slegel, Timothy J. et al. (March–April 1999). {{cite journal|title=IBM's S/390 G5 Microprocessor Design|journal=[[IEEE Micro]]|year=1999 |pages=12–23| citeseerx=10.1.1.466.4970 |doi=10.1109/40.755464 |volume=19 |issue=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3215070|last1=Slegel |first1=T.J. |last2=Averill |first2=R.M. |last3=Check |first3=M.A. |last4=Giamei |first4=B.C. |last5=Krumm |first5=B.W. |last6=Krygowski |first6=C.A. |last7=Li |first7=W.H. |last8=Liptay |first8=J.S. |last9=MacDougall |first9=J.D. |last10=McPherson |first10=T.J. |last11=Navarro |first11=J.A. |last12=Schwarz |first12=E.M. |last13=Shum |first13=K. |last14=Webb |first14=C.F. }}</ref><ref name="G5_Hot_Chips">{{cite web |last1=Slegel |first1=Timothy J. |title=IBM S/390 G5 Microprocessor |url=https://old.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc10/2_Mon/HC10.S5/HC10.5.1.pdf |website=[[Hot Chips]] |date=August 17, 1998}}</ref> The thousandth G5 system shipped less than 100 days after the manufacturing began; the greatest ramping of production in S/390's history.<ref>{{cite web |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE IBM ES/9000, SYSTEM/390 AND zSERIES |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/sys390.pdf |publisher=IBM}}</ref> In late May 1999 the G6 arrived featuring [[copper interconnects]], raising the frequency to 637&nbsp;MHz, higher than the fastest DEC machines at the time.

===Other===
In September 1996 IBM launched the S/390 [[IBM Multiprise series|Multiprise]] 2000, positioned below the 9672.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Norris Parker |title=IBM'S NEW CMOS JUNIOR MAINFRAME TARGETS UNIX AND NT MARKETS |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/1996/09/13/ibms-new-cmos-junior-mainframe-targets-unix-and-nt-markets/ |website=HPCwire |date=September 13, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New S/390 Multiprise 2000 Servers |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&appname=Demonstration&htmlfid=897/ENUS196-193 |publisher=IBM |date=September 10, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IBM highlights 1996-1999 |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/1996-1999.pdf |publisher=IBM |page=2 |date=November 2004}}</ref> It used the same technology as the 9672 G3, but it fit half as many processors (up to five) and its off-chip caches were smaller. The 9672 G3 and the Multiprise 2000 were the last versions to support pre-XA [[System/370]] mode. In October 1997 models of Multiprise 2000 with an 11% higher performance were launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=New S/390 Multiprise 2000 Models |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=897/ENUS197-300&infotype=AN&subtype=CA&appname=skmwww |publisher=IBM |date=October 7, 1997}}</ref> The [[IBM Multiprise series#Multiprise 3000|Multiprise 3000]], based on the 9672 G5, became available in September 1999, featuring [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] buses.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM System/390 Multiprise 3000 Enterprise Server: Cost-Effective Platform |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS199-240/index.html |publisher=IBM |date=September 20, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fellows |first1=William |title=IBM Unveils Planter Follow-On to Multiprise Mainframes |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ibm_unveils_planter_follow_on_to_multiprise_mainframes |website=Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor |date=September 19, 1999}}</ref>

The [[PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems#S/390 Integrated Server|S/390 Integrated Server]], an even lower-end S/390 system than Multiprise, shipped by the end of 1998. It emerged from a line of S/390-compatibility/coprocessor cards for PCs, but is a true S/390 system capable of server duties, having relegated the Pentium II to the role of an I/O coprocessor. It was the first S/390 server to support PCI. It had the same performance and 256&nbsp;MB maximum memory capacity as the 7 years older low-end 9221 model 170.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM System/390 Integrated Server: A Cost-Effective Platform | date=8 September 1998 |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/1/897/ENUS198-211/index.html&lang=en-ZZ |publisher=IBM |quote=The S/390 Integrated Server is for customers who do not require the I/O bandwidth and performance of the S/390 Multiprise.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prickett Morgan |first1=Timothy |title=IBM RUMORED TO REPLACE MULTIPRISE WITH I-SERVER |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/IBM+RUMORED+TO+REPLACE+MULTIPRISE+WITH+I-SERVER-a053927783 |date=February 22, 1999 |quote=[...] S/390 Integrated Server, which turned the PC-based P/390 into a full-fledged member of the S/390 family. This machine, which was supposed to ship in volume in early November, started shipping in late December [...]}}</ref>

From 1997 IBM also offered a "S/390 Application StarterPak", intended as a [[software development kit]] for developing and testing mainframe software.<ref>{{cite web |title=S/390 Application StarterPak Hardware Announcement |url=https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS197-290/index.html&lang=en-ZZ |publisher=IBM |date=September 30, 1997}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[IBM System/360]]
* [[IBM System/370]]
* [[IBM 30XX mainframe lines]]
** [[IBM 303X]]
** [[IBM 308X]]
** [[IBM 3090]]
* [[IBM Z]]

{{s-start}}
{{S-other|[[IBM mainframe]]s}}
{{s-bef|before=Late [[IBM System/370]]{{br}}([[IBM 3090]], [[IBM 4300|4300]] and [[IBM 9370|9370]] series)}}
{{s-ttl|title=IBM System/390|years=1990 - 2000}}
{| class="wikitable" style = "text-align: {{{align|center}}}; font-size: 75%;"
|'''ES/9000'''{{br}}1990-1994
|'''9672{{br}}Parallel Transaction Server{{br}}9673{{br}}Parallel Query Server'''{{br}}1994
|'''9672{{br}}Parallel Enterprise Server'''{{br}}1994-2000
|'''[[IBM Multiprise series|Multiprise]]'''{{br}}1996-2000
|'''[[PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems#S/390 Integrated Server|Integrated Server]]'''{{br}}1998-2000
|}
{{s-aft|after=[[IBM Z]]}}
{{s-end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|IBM System/390}}
* IBM
** [https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z IBM Z mainframe homepage]
** [https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z/hardware Current IBM Z mainframe servers]
** {{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/sys390.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126232459/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/sys390.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2006 |title=A Brief History of the IBM ES/9000, System/390 AND zSeries |work=IBM Archives }}
** [http://sysrun.haifa.il.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/images/2423PH9000.jpg IBM System/390 Photo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061840/http://sysrun.haifa.il.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/images/2423PH9000.jpg |date=2017-02-02 }}
* {{cite web |title=IBM System/390 (brochure) |id=GU20-0082 |publisher=BitSavers |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/390/brochures/GU20-0082_IBM_System_390_Brochure.pdf }}
* {{cite web |title=The IBM Enterprise System/9000 (brochure) |id=GU20-0084 |publisher=BitSavers |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/390/brochures/GU20-0084_The_IBM_Enterprise_System_9000.pdf }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.beagle-ears.com/lars/engineer/comphist/ibm360.htm |title=Generations of the IBM 360/370/3090/390 |first=Lars |last=Poulsen |work=Computer History — IBM System/360}} Multiple links and references.
* {{cite web |title=IBM S/390 Generation 5 Parallel Enterprise Server Microprocessor Mainframe  |date= |work=Jim Austin Computer Collection |publisher=UK Computer Museum |url=http://www.computermuseum.org.uk/fixed_pages/IBM_S390.html |access-date=2021-04-05}} Exterior and interior images of the IBM 390.
* {{cite web |title=Porting GCC to the IBM S/390 platform |date=2003 |work=GCC Summit |url=http://sourceware.org/pub/gcc/summit/2003/Porting%20GCC%20to%20the%20IBM%20S390.pdf }}
*{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Shirriff |title=Teardown of a logic chip from a vintage IBM ES/9000 mainframe |date=March 2021 |url=http://www.righto.com/2021/03/logic-chip-teardown-from-vintage-ibm.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:IBM System 390}}
[[Category:Computing platforms]]
[[Category:IBM System/360 mainframe line| 390]]
[[Category:32-bit computers]]