View source for Information architecture

{{Short description|Structural design of shared information}}
{{Information science}}
'''Information architecture''' ('''IA''') is the structural design of shared [[information]] environments; the [[art]] and [[science]] of organizing and labelling [[website]]s, [[intranet]]s, [[online communities]] and [[software]] to support usability and findability; and an emerging [[community of practice]] focused on bringing principles of [[design]], [[architecture]] and [[information science]] to the digital landscape.<ref name = "What">{{Cite web|title = What is IA? |publisher = Information Architecture Institute |url = https://www.iainstitute.org/sites/default/files/what_is_ia.pdf  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728174722/https://www.iainstitute.org/sites/default/files/what_is_ia.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>  Typically, it involves a [[Scientific modelling|model]] or [[concept]] of [[information]] that is used and applied to activities which require explicit details of complex [[information system]]s. These activities include [[library]] systems and [[database]] development.

==Definition==
''Information architecture'' has somewhat different meanings in different branches of [[information system]]s or [[information technology]]:
# The structural design of shared information environments.{{Sfn | Morville | Rosenfeld | 2007}}{{Rp|4}}
# The art and science of organizing and labeling web sites, intranets, online communities, and software to support [[findability]] and [[usability]].<ref name="What"/><ref>Morville&nbsp;&amp; Rosenfeld (2000). p.&nbsp;4. "The art and science of shaping information products and experienced to support usability and findability."</ref>
# An emerging [[community of practice]] focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.{{Sfn | Morville | Rosenfeld | 2007}}{{Rp|4}}<ref>Resmini, A. & Rosati, L. (2012). A Brief History of Information Architecture. ''Journal of Information Architecture''. Vol. 3, No. 2. [Available at http://journalofia.org/volume3/issue2/03-resmini/]. Originally published in Resmini, A. & Rosati L. (2011). ''Pervasive Information Architecture''. [[Morgan Kaufmann]]. (Edited by the authors).</ref>
# The combination of organization, labeling, search and navigation systems within websites and intranets.{{Sfn | Morville | Rosenfeld | 2007}}{{Rp|4}}
# Extracting required parameters/data of Engineering Designs in the process of creating a knowledge-base linking different systems and standards.
# A blueprint and navigational aid to the content of information-rich systems.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Toms|first1=Elaine|author1-link=Elaine G. Toms|title=Information interaction: Providing a framework for information architecture|journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology|date=17 May 2012|volume=53|issue=10.1002/asi.10094|pages=855–862|doi=10.1002/asi.10094}}</ref>
# A subset of [[data architecture]] where usable data (a.k.a. information) is constructed in and designed or arranged in a fashion most useful or empirically holistic to the users of this data.
# The practice of organizing the information / content / functionality of a web site so that it presents the best user experience it can, with information and services being easily usable and findable (as applied to web design and development).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Information_architecture|title=Information Architecture|date=8 June 2023 |publisher=Mozilla Developer Network}}</ref>
# The conceptual framework surrounding information, providing context, awareness of location and sustainable structure.

=== Debate ===
The difficulty in establishing a common definition for "information architecture" arises partly from the term's existence in multiple fields.  In the field of [[systems design]], for example, information architecture is a component of [[enterprise architecture]] that deals with the information component when describing the structure of an enterprise.

While the definition of information architecture is relatively well-established in the field of systems design, it is much more debatable within the context of online information(i.e., websites). Andrew Dillon refers to the latter as the "big IA–little IA debate".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Dillon | first = A | year = 2002 | title = Information Architecture in JASIST: Just where did we come from? | journal = Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology | volume = 53 | pages = 821–23 | issue = 10 | doi = 10.1002/asi.10090 }}.</ref> In the little IA view, information architecture is essentially the application of [[information science]] to [[web design]] which considers, for example, issues of classification and information retrieval. In the big IA view, information architecture involves more than just the organization of a website; it also factors in [[user experience]], thereby considering [[usability]] issues of [[information design]].

==Notable people in information architecture==

*[[Richard Saul Wurman]], credited with coining the term information architecture in relation to the design of information
*[[Peter Morville]], president of Semantic Studios and co-author of ''Information Architecture for the World Wide Web'' (1998, 2002, 2006, 2015)
*[[Louis Rosenfeld]], founder of Rosenfeld Media and co-author of ''Information Architecture for the World Wide Web'' (1998, 2002, 2006, 2015)
*[[Jesse James Garrett]], co-founder of Adaptive Path and author of ''The Elements of User Experience'' (2002)
*[[Christina Wodtke]], author of ''Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web'' (2003)

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* {{annotated link|Applications architecture}}
* {{annotated link|Card sorting}}
* {{annotated link|Chief experience officer}}
* {{annotated link|Content management}}
* {{annotated link|Content strategy}}
* {{annotated link|Controlled vocabulary}}
* {{annotated link|Data management}}
* {{annotated link|Data presentation architecture}}
* {{annotated link|Digital humanities}}
* {{annotated link|Ecological interface design}}
* {{annotated link|Enterprise information security architecture}}
* {{annotated link|Faceted classification}}
* {{annotated link|Human factors and ergonomics}}
* {{annotated link|Informatics}}
* {{annotated link|Interaction design}}
* {{annotated link|Process architecture}}
* {{annotated link|Site map}}
* {{annotated link|Social information architecture}}
* {{annotated link|Tree testing}}
* {{annotated link|User experience design}}
* {{annotated link|Knowledge visualization}}
* {{annotated link|Wayfinding}}
* {{annotated link|Web graph}}
* {{annotated link|Web literacy}} 
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book | last1 = Wurman | first1 = Richard Saul | isbn = 1-888-00138-0 | year = 1997 | title = Information Architects | edition = 1st | publisher = Graphis Inc. }}
* {{Cite book | last2 = Rosenfeld | first2 = Louis | author2-link = Lou Rosenfeld | last1 = Morville | first1 = Peter | author1-link = Peter Morville | isbn = 978-0-596-52734-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/informationarchi00morv | url-access = registration | quote = information architecture. | year = 2007 | title = Information architecture for the World Wide Web | edition = 3rd|publisher = O'Reilly & Associates | place = Sebastopol, CA }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Wodtke | first1 = Christina | author1-link = Christina Wodtke | isbn = 978-0-321-60080-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp40QFGCU2sC | year = 2009 | title = Information Architecture - Blueprints for the Web | edition = 2nd | publisher = New Riders }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Resmini | first1 = Andrea | last2 = Rosati | first2 = Luca | isbn = 978-0-123-82094-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ntWc13nSiNkC | year = 2011 | title = Pervasive Information Architecture - Designing Cross-channel User Experiences | edition = 1st | publisher = [[Morgan Kaufmann]]}}
* {{cite book | last1=Van Dijck | first1 = Peter |title=Information Architecture for Designers: Structuring Websites for Business Success |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy2sb0r_udYC|date=August 1, 2003| publisher=Rotovision|isbn=9782880467319}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author1=Sue Batley|title=Information Architecture for Information Professionals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6g0PAQAAMAAJ|date=January 2007| publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-1-84334-233-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Wei Ding|author2=Xia Lin|title=Information Architecture: The Design and Integration of Information Spaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wy3RhKoWWQC|date= 15 May 2009 | publisher=Morgan & Claypool |isbn=978-1-59829-959-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Earl Morrogh|title=Information Architecture: An Emerging 21st Century Profession
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzlmQgAACAAJ|year=2003| publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=9780130967466}}
* {{cite book|author1=Alan Gilchrist|author2=Barry Mahon|title=Information Architecture: Designing Information Environments for Purpose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akxqAAAAMAAJ|year=2004| publisher=Facet|isbn=9781856044875}}

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[[Category:Information architecture| ]]
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