View source for JOIDES Resolution

{{Short description|Ship built in 1978}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image               = [[File:Joides.jpg|300px|JOIDES Resolution in 2009]]
| Ship caption             = ''JOIDES Resolution''
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header              = 
| Ship country             = {{CYP}}
| Ship flag                = 
| Ship name                = ''JOIDES Resolution''
| Ship namesake            = [[HMS Resolution (1771)]]
| Ship owner               = Overseas Drilling Limited, a subsidiary of Siem Offshore AS
| Ship operator            = Siem Offshore AS
}}
|-
| Research operator:   
|''JOIDES Resolution'' Science Operator at Texas A&M University on behalf of the [[International Ocean Discovery Program]]
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header=yes
| Ship registry            = Limassol, Cyprus
| Ship builder             = Halifax Shipyard in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]
| Ship launched            = 1978
| Ship renamed             = * ''Sedco/BP 471'' (1978 – 1996)
* ''JOIDES Resolution'' (1996 – present)
| Ship refit               = 2009
| Ship homeport            = None
| Ship identification      = *{{IMO Number|7423081}}
*{{MMSI Number|209489000}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: 5BMM3
| Ship nickname            = JR
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header              = 
| Header caption           = 
| Ship class               = Special Service: Research Drilling Vessel
| Ship type                = Ocean-going Research Vessel
| Ship tonnage             = {{GT|10,282}}
| Ship displacement        = 9,992 – 18,636 ST
| Ship length              = 470.5 ft (143.4 m)
| Ship beam                = 70 ft (21.3 m)
| Ship height              = 202 ft (62 m)
| Ship draught             = 21 ft 8 in (6.6 m) reported max
| Ship draft               = 
| Ship depth               = 
| Ship hold depth          = 
| Ship decks               = 
| Ship deck clearance      = 
| Ship ramps               = 
| Ship [[ice class]]           = 1B
| Ship power               = {{cvt|9000|hp|lk=on}}
| Ship propulsion          = 
| Ship sail plan           = 
| Ship speed               = *{{convert|11.7|kn|lk=in}} average
*{{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} max
| Ship range               = 
| Ship endurance           = 75 Days
| Ship test depth          = 
| Ship boats               = 4
| Ship capacity            = 
| Ship complement          = 125
| Ship crew                = 65 + 60 Scientists/Technicians
| Ship time to activate    = 
| Ship notes               = 
}}
|}
[[image:Joides resolution odp.jpg|thumb|right|295px|Drillship ''JOIDES Resolution'' in 1988]]
The [[drilling riser|riserless]] research vessel '''''JOIDES Resolution''''' (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling), often referred to as ''the JR'', is one of the [[scientific drilling]] [[drillship|ships]] used by the [[International Ocean Discovery Program]] (IODP), an international, multi-drilling platform research program. ''JOIDES Resolution'' was previously the main research ship used during the [[Ocean Drilling Program]] (ODP) and was used along with the Japanese drilling vessel ''Chikyu'' and other mission-specific drilling platforms throughout the [[Integrated Ocean Drilling Program]]. She is the successor of ''[[Glomar Challenger]]''.

The ship was first launched in 1978 as ''Sedco/BP 471'', an oil exploration vessel. It was converted for scientific use 6 years later in 1984 and began working as the main research ship for ODP in January 1985. ''JOIDES Resolution'' was modernized during 2007–2008 and returned to active service in February 2009 following an extensive renovation of her laboratory facilities and quarters.

[[Texas A&M University]] (TAMU) acts as manager and science operator of ''JOIDES Resolution'' as a research facility for IODP. The ''JOIDES Resolution'' Science Operator (JRSO) is funded through a cooperative agreement with the US [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), with international contributions from 23 Program member countries. The ''JOIDES Resolution'' will end operations in August 2024 following the non-renewal of NSF support.

== Naming ==
''JOIDES Resolution'' is named after [[HMS Resolution (1771)|HMS ''Resolution'']], in which Captain [[James Cook]] made his [[Second voyage of James Cook|second]] and [[Third voyage of James Cook|third]] voyages of exploration in the Pacific in the 1770s.<ref>https://iodp.tamu.edu/publicinfo/ship_history.html#:~:text=The%20JOIDES%20Resolution%20is%20owned,Cook%20over%20200%20years%20ago. {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

== ''JOIDES Resolution'' capabilities ==
''JOIDES Resolution'' employs wireline coring and logging techniques to recover sequences of core and geophysical data from beneath the seafloor. ''JOIDES Resolution'' operates in water depths between {{convert|76|m|ft}} and nominally {{convert|5800|m|ft}}, and has reached a maximum depth of just over {{convert|2100|m|ft}} beneath the seafloor. The longest drill string deployment was {{convert|6919|m|ft}} while drilling in {{convert|5724|m|ft}} water depth. To date, ''JOIDES Resolution'' has recovered more than {{convert|322|km|mi}} of core.

== Onboard facilities ==
''JOIDES Resolution'' is a state-of-the-art “floating Earth science laboratory” equipped with analytical equipment, software, and databases that allow shipboard scientists to conduct research at sea as soon as cores are recovered. Virtual 360° tours of laboratory areas and a flyover video of the ship are available online [see External links.]

=== Laboratories ===
The laboratory space includes facilities for visually describing core at the macro- and microscale; microscopes for petrological sediment analysis and biostratigraphic assessment; instrumentation for measuring physical properties, paleomagnetism, and the geochemistry of pore waters, sediment, and rocks; and equipment for cutting and sectioning samples from rock and sediment cores. The downhole measurements laboratory is used as a staging and data-acquisition area for obtaining in situ records of subseafloor formation properties ranging from borehole well logs to formation temperature and pressure.

=== Other facilities ===
In addition to laboratories and technical resources, the ''JOIDES Resolution'' contains a conference room, offices, cabins (berths) for members of the crew and science parties, and a hospital, galley, and mess hall. A gym, movie room, and lounge with a small library are also provided.

== Technical advances ==
The capabilities of ''JOIDES Resolution'' and the tools and techniques used to address science objectives have been continually improved during the life span of the scientific ocean drilling program. Key recent operational innovations include development of a half-length advanced piston corer (HLAPC) and the drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool (HRT).

===Half-length advanced piston corer===
The HLAPC takes a {{convert|4.7|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} core rather than a standard {{convert|9.5|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} APC core. It was designed to potentially extend the depth of piston core penetration, allowing collection of cores suitable for high-resolution paleoceanography and paleoclimatology from greater depths. Since initial deployment in 2013, the HLAPC has increased the piston coring depth record to {{convert|490|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} below seafloor. The HLAPC was also the only coring tool to successfully recover unconsolidated sands from the Bengal Fan (Expedition 354) and in other environments where the lithology has proven difficult to recover using either the APC or extended core barrel (XCB) tools.

===Drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool===
Deep sediment holes, including those that penetrate basement rock below sediments, traditionally have required pre-drilling a deep hole and installing double and triple casing strings to stabilize the upper hole, requiring as long as 7–10 days. Starting in 2014 on Expedition 352, the approach of drilling-in a single casing string and reentry system with a mud motor and underreamer without pre-drilling a hole has resulted in casing the upper part of a hole in a shorter time (3–4 days). In 2015, a hydraulic release tool (HRT) was adapted to drill-in a reentry system with a short casing string to start a hole in bare rock seafloor at Southwest Indian Ridge (Expedition 360). The HRT and related hardware is now the standard drill-in casing system to establish a single casing string for deep sediment penetration.

==''JOIDES Resolution'' science operations==
Scientific ocean drilling allows researchers to access the records of millions of years of Earth's climatic, biological, chemical, and geological history that are buried beneath the ocean floor. Advances in our understanding of Earth's past can help us to better understand and predict its future, and can inform decision-making about important environmental issues facing society today.

===''JOIDES Resolution'' Science Operator===
''JOIDES Resolution'' is managed and operated by the JRSO, which is based at TAMU. TAMU has been science operator to ''JOIDES Resolution'' since 1983, managing the ODP from 1983 to 2003, partnering with the [[:de:Consortium for Ocean Leadership|Consortium for Ocean Leadership]] and [[Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory|Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] of [[Columbia University]] to co-manage the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program from 2004 to 2013, and managing the IODP from 2013 to present.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Keir |last2=Austin |first2=James |last3=Exon |first3=Neville |last4=Humphris |first4=Susan |last5=Kastner |first5=Miriam |last6=McKenzie |first6=Judith |last7=Miller |first7=Kenneth |last8=Suyehiro |first8=Kiyoshi |last9=Taira |first9=Asahiko |date=2019-03-01 |title=Fifty Years of Scientific Ocean Drilling |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.110 |s2cid=135374057 |issn=1042-8275|doi-access=free |hdl=1885/196759 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JRSO |first=IODP |title=About the JRSO |url=http://iodp.tamu.edu/about.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=iodp.tamu.edu |language=en}}</ref> In October 2014, the ''JOIDES Resolution'' Science Operator was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=JRSO |first=IODP |title=Reports and Program Plans |url=http://iodp.tamu.edu/publications/reports.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=iodp.tamu.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IODP |first=JRSO |date=2014-07-14 |title=IODP_JRSO_FY15_APP.pdf |url=http://iodp.tamu.edu/publications/PP/IODP_JRSO_FY15_APP.pdf |url-status= |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=IODP-JRSO FY15 Annual Program Plan}}</ref> JRSO responsibilities include overseeing the JR’s science operations; archiving data, samples, and logs collected by the current program; and producing and publicizing program publications, including expedition results, program plans, and fiscal reports.

===The IODP Science Plan===
With input from hundreds of international scientists, long-range science plans are developed to guide multidisciplinary international collaboration on scientific ocean drilling. These plans comprise a set of critical scientific questions that require drilling deep below the ocean floor. The IODP Science Plan for 2013–2023, ''Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future,'' focuses on challenges in four areas.

• Climate and ocean change: reading the past, informing the future

• Biosphere frontiers: deep life, biodiversity, and environmental forcing of ecosystems

• Earth connections: deep processes and their impact on Earth's surface environment

• Earth in motion: processes and hazards on human time scales

The themes and challenges outlined in the IODP Science Plan are addressed by drilling expeditions that result from peer-reviewed proposals that are evaluated by the Science Evaluation Panel and an external review committee. The highest priority proposals are forwarded to the ''JOIDES Resolution'' Facility Board (JRFB), which then works with the JRSO to set an expedition schedule that most efficiently and effectively achieves the proposals’ objectives. The JRFB and NSF review and approve the JRSO Annual Program Plans, which comprise tasks and budget requests in support of the scheduled expeditions.

===Optimized expedition scheduling===
The JRSO and the JRFB have worked together to set a regional ship track, communicating to the science community the planned areas for ''JOIDES Resolution'' operations in future years. As a result of this regional planning, ''JOIDES Resolution'' has been able to address several science plan themes on multiple, complementary expeditions. For example, Expeditions 350, 351, and 352, as well as Expedition 371 addressed the fundamental question of how the subduction process initiates. Likewise, two years of drilling in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans resulted in multiple expeditions that address the origin and initiation of the Monsoon climate system. Four planned drilling expeditions in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean will improve our understanding of how the Antarctic Ice Sheet responds to climatic forcing. These groups of expeditions form virtual missions that make it possible to address science questions that are beyond the scope of an individual expedition.

===End of operations ===
In March 2023, the U.S. National Science Foundation announced that it would no longer continue its funding in support of the ''JOIDES Resolution'' due to increasing cost of operation.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Announcement of the Non-Renewal of the JOIDES Resolution Operations and Maintenance Cooperative Agreement |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=306986&org=OCE |location= |publisher= |agency=National Science Foundation |date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-10-17}}
</ref> The last expedition is scheduled to conclude in August 2024, after which the ship will begin a demobilization period in Amsterdam.

The ship embarked on its last expedition ([[International Ocean Discovery Program|IODP]] Expedition 403) in June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=van Deelen |first1=Grace |title=The JOIDES Resolution Embarks on Its Final Expedition |url=https://eos.org/articles/the-joides-resolution-embarks-on-its-final-expedition |website=Eos |publisher=American Geophysical Union |date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Though there are no concrete plans for its replacement, repositories for the ship's collected cores will be maintained at Texas A&M, the [[University of Bremen]], and [[Kōchi University]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wei-Haas |first1=Maya |title=Dismantling the Ship That Drilled for the Ocean's Deepest Secrets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/26/science/drilling-ship-science-joides-resolution.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

== Legacy expeditions ==
''JOIDES Resolution'' has been conducting scientific ocean drilling expeditions since 1985. During the Ocean Drilling Program (1985–2003), ''JOIDES Resolution'' conducted 111 expeditions and drilled 669 sites. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003–2013), ''JOIDES Resolution'' conducted 35 expeditions and drilled 145 sites. Highlights of Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program expeditions can be found in the final technical reports for those programs (see References). Monitoring of boreholes began with the installation of a broadband seismometer in Hole 794D in 1989 during the Ocean Drilling Program. Subsequently, more than 30 long-term borehole observatories ranging from simple to complex have been installed.

== Coring statistics ==

Detailed ''JOIDES Resolution'' coring statistics by program are available online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=JRSO |first=IODP |title=JOIDES Resolution Coring Statistics |url=https://iodp.tamu.edu/publicinfo/ship_stats.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=iodp.tamu.edu}}</ref> The following tables include overall statistics and highlights.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program
! Expeditions completed
! Operations days
! Miles traveled
! Sites visited
! Holes drilled
! Cores recovered
! Meters of core recovered
|-
| International Ocean Discovery Program (October 2013–April 2023; Expeditions 349–398P)
| 42
| 2,213
| 191,472
| 191
| 526
| 13,483
| 77,117
|-
| Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003–2013)
| 31
| 1,836
| 126,889
| 145
| 439
| 8,491
| 57,289
|-
| Ocean Drilling Program (1985–2003)
| 111
| 6,591
| 355,781
| 669
| 1,797
| 35,772
| 222,704
|-
| Total to date*
| 161
| 9,565
| 538,752
| 905
| 2,500
| 51,632
| 322,616
|}
Note: *Data is updated through April 2023.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program
! Northernmost site
! Southernmost site
! Shallowest water depth
! Deepest water depth
! Deepest hole
|-
| International Ocean Discovery Program*
| 68.8 deg N
| 76.6 deg S
| 87 m
| 5,012 m
| 1,806 m
|-
| Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
| 67 deg N
| 66.4 deg S
| 95.5 m
| 4,479 m
| 1,928 m
|-
| Ocean Drilling Program
| 80.5 deg N
| 70.8 deg S
| 37.5 m
| 5,980 m
| 2,111 m
|}
Note: *Data is updated through April 2023.

== ''JOIDES Resolution'' outreach ==
''JOIDES Resolution'' is used as a platform for education and outreach. Onboard Education/Outreach Officers sail on each expedition, and JRSO personnel are available to assist with ship-to-shore video conferencing, port call tours, and outreach efforts. The inaugural School of Rock workshop (Hands-on Research Experiences for Earth and Ocean Science Educators) was held on board ''JOIDES Resolution'' in 2005, and the ship continues to be used for School of Rock workshops when it is available on transits or during maintenance periods.

==See also==
*[[Deep Sea Drilling Project]]
*[[Ocean Drilling Program]]
*[[Integrated Ocean Drilling Program]]
*[[International Ocean Discovery Program]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*Bickle, M., Arculus, R., Barrett, P., DeConto, R., Camoin, G., Edwards, K., Fisher, F., Inagaki, F., Kodaira, S., Ohkouchi, N., Pälike, H., Ravelo, C., Saffer, D., and Teagle, D., 2011. [http://www.iodp.org/Science-Plan-for-2013-2023/ ''Illuminating Earth's Past, Present and Future—The Science Plan for the International Ocean Discovery Program 2013–2023''] Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program). 
*Consortium for Ocean Leadership, 2007. [http://oceanleadership.org/bigger-better-us-scientific-ocean-drilling-ship-for-integrated-ocean-drilling-program/ Bigger, better U.S. scientific ocean drilling ship for Integrated Ocean Drilling Program]. 
*Humphris, S.E., and Koppers, A.A.P., 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO260001 Planning for future ocean drilling with the ''JOIDES Resolution'']. ''Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,'' 94(26):229–230. 
*Integrated Ocean Drilling Program U.S. Implementing Office, 2014. [http://iodp.tamu.edu/publications/FTR_FY14.pdf ''Final Technical Report: U.S. Implementing Organization.''] 
*Koppers, A., [[Rosalind Coggon|Coggon, R.]], et al., 2020. [https://www.iodp.org/2050-science-framework/ 2050 Science Framework: Exploring Earth by Scientific Ocean Drilling.]
*NSF, 2009. [https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=114060&org=NSF&from=news U.S. scientific ocean drilling vessel sets sail for science sea trials]. News Release 09-009. 
*Ocean Drilling Program, 2007. [http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/ODP_Final_Technical_Report.pdf ''Ocean Drilling Program Final Technical Report 1983–2007.'']
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|IMO 7423081}}
* [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:122396/mmsi:209489000/imo:7423081/vessel:JOIDES_RESOLUTION ''JOIDES Resolution''], [[MarineTraffic]]. Accessed 2 February 2023.
* [http://joidesresolution.org/pop-updrill-down-science/ ''In Search of Earth's Secrets'' pop-up/drill-down traveling exhibit]
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/expeditions.html IODP JRSO information by expedition]
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/index.html IODP expedition schedule for the ''JOIDES Resolution'']
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/sitesumm.html ''JOIDES Resolution'' daily reports, weekly reports, and site summaries]
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/publicinfo/drillship.html ''JOIDES Resolution'' history and drilling highlights]
* [http://joidesresolution.org/jr-vessel-tour/ ''JOIDES Resolution'' vessel tour]
* [http://www-odp.tamu.edu/resolutn.html ''JOIDES Resolution'' drill ship (old official website)]
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/ ''JOIDES Resolution'' Science Operator (official website)]
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/publicinfo/ship_stats.html ''JOIDES Resolution'' coring statistics]
* [http://JOIDESResolution.org education website]
* [http://iodp.tamu.edu/outreach/SOR.html ''JOIDES Resolution'' outreach: School of Rock]
* [http://publications.iodp.org/ IODP publications]
* [http://www.odplegacy.org/program_admin/long_range.html Legacy long-range planning reports]
* [http://www.odplegacy.org/operations/overview.html ODP legacy website]

[[Category:Research vessels of the United States]]
[[Category:Drillships]]