View source for Josef Hoop

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1928 to 1945}}
{{good article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = 
| name                = Josef Hoop
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = Josef Hoop.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| order1              = [[List of heads of government of Liechtenstein|Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]]
| term_start1         = 4 August 1928
| term_end1           = 3 September 1945
| deputy1             = [[Ludwig Marxer]]<br/>[[Anton Frommelt]]<br/>[[Alois Vogt]]
| monarch1            = [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Johann II]]<br />[[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz I]]<br />[[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz Joseph II]]
| predecessor1        = [[Gustav Schädler]]{{Efn|[[Prince Alfred Roman of Liechtenstein]] as acting prime minister.<ref name="officehistory2" />}}
| successor1          = [[Alexander Frick]]
| birth_date          = 14 December 1895
| birth_place         = [[Eschen]], Liechtenstein
| death_date          = 19 October 1959 (aged 63)
| death_place         = [[Chur]], Switzerland
| party               = [[Progressive Citizens' Party]]
| religion            = 
| spouse              = {{marriage|Emilie Gstöhl|1920}}
| signature           = Josef Hoop Signature.png
| office2             = [[List of presidents of the Landtag of Liechtenstein|President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein]]
| termend2            = 19 October 1959
| termstart2          = January 1958
| monarch2            = Franz Joseph II
| successor2          = [[Martin Risch]]
| predecessor2        = [[David Strub]]
| parents             = [[Franz Josef Hoop]]<br>
Berta Batliner
| caption             = Hoop in 1945
}}
{{Josef Hoop sidebar}}
'''Franz Josef Hoop''' ({{IPAc-en|h|'|u|p}}, {{IPA|de|ˈjoːzɛf hˈoːp|lang|audio=De-Josef Hoop.oga}}; 14 December 1895 – 19 October 1959) was a Liechtensteiner diplomat and politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]] from 1928 to 1945. Hoop is best known for his efforts to retain Liechtenstein's [[Neutral country|neutrality]] and independence during [[World War II]]. Serving for seventeen years, he is the longest-serving prime minister in the country's history, ahead of his successor [[Alexander Frick]] by 79 days. He served under the reign of [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Johann II]], [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz I]] and [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz Joseph II]], making him the only prime minister to serve under three [[Prince of Liechtenstein|Princes of Liechtenstein]] consecutively.

==Early life and diplomatic career==

Hoop was born in [[Eschen]] on 14 December 1895 to [[Franz Josef Hoop]], a farmer and deputy member of [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Parliament]], and Berta Batliner; he was one of nine children.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Hoop Franz Josef, stv. Landtagsabgeordneter |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/personDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&persID=29477 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> He attended high school in [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]], [[Austria]], and for a short time afterwards attended school in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]]. After finishing his schooling there, Hoop took up post-secondary education at the [[University of Innsbruck]], where he devoted himself to the study of [[Oriental languages]]. He graduated in 1920 with a doctorate in [[philosophy]]. He was fluent in [[Arabic]].<ref name=":0" />

Hoop served as the [[attaché]] and [[chargé d'affaires]] at the Liechtenstein legation in [[Vienna]], headed by [[Prince Eduard of Liechtenstein]], from 1920 to 1923.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |date=31 December 2011 |title=Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evelin |first=Oberhammer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Liechtenstein, Eduard von |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Liechtenstein,_Eduard_von?marker=Prinz+Eduard+von+Liechtenstein |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> He worked towards the removal of [[visa requirements for Austrian citizens]] in Liechtenstein in 1922.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 1922 |title=Das österreichische Aussenministerium begrüsst die von der liechtensteinischen Regierung vorgeschlagene Aufhebung des Sichtvermerkzwanges |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=45602&eID=8 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> He also raised concerns over the low wages of the legation's staff, stating that it was not sufficient for them to properly feed and clothe themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1922 |title=Josef Hoop, Geschäftsträger in Wien, beschwert sich über die geringe Entlöhnung des Botschaftspersonals |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=45239&eID=8 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref>

The Liechtenstein legation in Vienna was closed in 1923.<ref name=":0" /> Hoop had resisted the closure of the legation, as he believed it would negatively affect relations with Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 1923 |title=Josef Hoop, Geschäftsträger in Wien, teilt mit, dass die Auflösung der Wiener Gesandtschaft sich ungünstig auf die Beziehungen zu Österreich auswirken werde |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=45248&eID=8 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> He visited Austrian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Austria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Alfred Grünberger]] regarding the closure, who had also privately opposed it. This led to Hoop being criticized in a letter by prime minister [[Gustav Schädler]], as Liechtenstein's government had already agreed to be represented diplomatically by Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 1923 |title=Die Regierung protestiert gegen die Vorsprache von Josef Hoop, Geschäftsträger in Wien, beim österreichischen Aussenminister wegen der Aufhebung der Wiener Gesandtschaft |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=45249&eID=8 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> He became a member of the [[Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein]] in 1921.{{Sfn|Risch|1959}} From 1924 to 1928, he worked for the Swiss [[Customs|customs administration]] in [[Geneva]] and [[St. Gallen]].<ref name=":0" />

==Prime Minister of Liechtenstein==
Hoop was the third [[List of heads of government of Liechtenstein|Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]], from 4 August 1928 to 3 September 1945.<ref name="officehistory2">{{Cite web |title=Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021 |url=https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216125957/https://www.regierung.li/files/attachments/Regierungsmitglieder-1862-2021-stand-0421.pdf?t=638338392447228367 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=www.regierung.li}}</ref> Early elections were called after [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Johann II]] forced the government of Gustav Schädler to resign in June 1928 as the result of an [[1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal|embezzlement scandal]] at the [[National Bank of Liechtenstein]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Sparkassaskandal |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Sparkassaskandal |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Historisches Lexikon |language=de}}</ref> The [[1928 Liechtenstein parliamentary election]] resulted with a win for the [[Progressive Citizens' Party]] and Hoop was appointed to serve as prime minister.{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1164}} As a result of the [[1930 Liechtenstein by-election]], the Progressive Citizens' Party became the first party to hold an [[absolute majority]] in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Landtag]] in its history.{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1182}}

=== Economic policy ===
During Hoop's tenure as Prime Minister, he oversaw the building of a {{cvt|23|km}} long [[Liechtenstein inland canal|inland canal]] to increase the percentage of arable land within the country and create job opportunities. The project was approved in 1930; construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haidvogl |first=Gertrud |date=31 December 2011 |title=Binnenkanal |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Binnenkanal |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> He had also given advice for businesses and industrial start-ups in Liechtenstein in order to bring employment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frey |first=Stefan |date=31 December 2011 |title=Arbeitsbeschaffung |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Arbeitsbeschaffung |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>

=== Spy affair ===
In January 1937, [[Carl Freiherr von Vogelsang]], the editor of ''[[Liechtensteiner Vaterland]]'' and a founding member of the [[Liechtenstein Homeland Service]], denounced Jews living in Liechtenstein in his publications and in letters sent to [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] officials. As a result, Hoop ordered a search of the offices of the ''Vaterland'' for any incriminating letters; Vogelsang promptly left the country.{{Sfn|Geiger|1997|p=371}}<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Schremser |first=Jürgen |date=31 December 2011 |title=Vogelsang, Carl Freiherr von |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Vogelsang,_Carl_Freiherr_von |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> A majority of the Landtag approved of Hoop's actions, but members of the [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]] called for his resignation over the issue, believing the search to be unconstitutional.{{Sfn|Geiger|1997|p=372}} It was decided that two special [[judge]]s would determine the legal implications of the case. Eventually, in July 1937, it was concluded by both judges that Hoop had not acted unconstitutionally by ordering the search against Vogelsang, and Hoop was subsequently legally [[Acquittal|acquitted]] of any wrong-doing.{{Sfn|Geiger|1997|p=373}}

=== Foreign policy and World War II ===
{{see also|Liechtenstein in World War II}}In 1936, Hoop led the signature of an [[extradition]] treaty being signed between [[Liechtenstein–United States relations|Liechtenstein and the United States]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 1936 |title=U.S. and Liechtenstein sign extradition pact |work=The Morning Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49186137/the-morning-post/ |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> After the rise of Nazi Germany in 1933 and the introduction of anti-Jewish laws in the country, Liechtenstein experienced a large rise in Jewish immigrants from Central and Western Europe. Hoop's government supported the naturalization of the refugees under a new citizenship law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 1933 |title=Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41700&eID=1 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> In doing so, Liechtenstein faced attacks from the German press and from domestic sources, such as the [[Liechtenstein Homeland Service]]. These were bolstered by the fact that [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz I]]'s wife, [[Princess Elsa of Liechtenstein]], was of Jewish descent.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=3 July 1933 |title=Nazi Group Formed in Lichtenstein |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/03/archives/nazi-group-formed-in-lichtenstein.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012124902/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/03/archives/nazi-group-formed-in-lichtenstein.html |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 1933 |title=Die liechtensteinische Regierung protestiert gegen die deutsche Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41287&eID=1 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 1938 |title=NAZIS IN CABINET IN LIECHTENSTEIN; Prince Franz Joseph, the New Ruler, Names Them Though Pledging Independence HITLER MOVEMENT GAINS Its Growing Strength Was One Reason for Abdication of Franz 1, Old Sovereign |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/01/archives/nazis-in-cabinet-in-liechtenstein-prince-franz-joseph-the-new-ruler.html |access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>  The  [[Rotter kidnapping|1933 Rotter kidnapping]] was designed to be an impetus for the formation of an organized Liechtenstein Nazi group, but it instead held back efforts for a time.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite web |last= |date=16 August 2021 |title=Rotter-Entführung |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Rotter-Entführung |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Hoop personally attempted to temper relations with Germany through the use of private contacts and actively downplayed the threat of [[national socialism]] within Liechtenstein.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 1933 |title=Regierungschef Josef Hoop bemüht sich über private Kontakte, der deutschen Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein entgegenzutreten |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41288&eID=1 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1933 |title=Regierungschef Josef Hoop versichert Prinz Alois von Liechtenstein, dass von der Gründung der Ortsgruppe Liechtenstein der NSDAP keine Gefahr ausgehe |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41487&eID=1 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> [[File:Hoop Vogt Schaedler Marxer 1938.jpg|thumb|Hoop (centre-right) with [[Alois Vogt]], [[Otto Schaedler]], and [[Ludwig Marxer]], around 1938]]In the wake of the [[Anschluss|Anschluss of Austria]], Hoop and the Progressive Citizens' Party participated in the coalition government formed alongside the [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]], with the goal of preventing government deadlock and retaining Liechtenstein's neutrality. Franz Joseph II oversaw the coalition.{{Efn|[[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz I]] was still officially [[Prince of Liechtenstein]] at this time; he made Franz Joseph his regent following the [[Anschluss|Anschluss of Austria]] and moved to a family estate in [[Czechoslovakia]]. He died on 25 July 1938 and Franz Joseph II formally succeeded him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 1938 |title=Prince Franz to Return to Estate |page=216 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49178617/kenosha-news/ |title=Oldest Former Ruler Succumbs |date=26 July 1938 |work=Kenosha News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420233456/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49178617/kenosha-news/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|name=}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tikkanen |first=Amy |date=21 April 2023 |title=Francis Joseph II, prince of Liechtenstein |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/prince-title |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Streitwireless |first=Clarence |date=10 April 1938 |title=GUARANTEE SOUGHT BY LIECHTENSTEIN; Principality Wants to Join Switzerland if Powers Fail to Back Independencece GERMAN INVASION FEARED |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/10/archives/guarantee-sought-by-liechtenstein-principality-wants-to-join.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfried |date=31 December 2011 |title=Patriotic Union (VU) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Vaterländische_Union_%28VU%29 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> [[Alois Vogt]], the secretary of Patriotic Union, was appointed as [[Prime Minister of Liechtenstein|Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]], replacing [[Anton Frommelt]].<ref name="präsidenten" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Schremser |first=Jürgen |date=31 December 2011 |title=Vogt, Alois |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Vogt,_Alois |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Hoop rejected the fascist tendencies of the Liechtenstein Homeland Service, which was one the merger parties of the Patriotic Union;<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943 |url=https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=421174076f221000996d610c1957690b |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics |language=de}}</ref>  the party later faced suspicion after the [[German National Movement in Liechtenstein]] [[1939 Liechtenstein putsch|attempted a coup]] in 1939.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Anschlussputsch |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Anschlussputsch |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>

Starting from 1938, the Hoop government was faced with Swiss pressure to transfer the [[Ellhorn]] mountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer, he argued that Liechtenstein should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as through the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents in [[Balzers]], and was not approved by Franz Joseph II.{{Sfn|Geiger|1997|pp=300–311}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meier |first=Günther |date=11 December 2023 |title=Die Angst vor feindlichen Truppen: Wie die «Loreley des Alpenrheins» den Besitzer wechselte |url=https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/die-angst-vor-feindlichen-truppen-wie-die-loreley-des-alpenrheins-den-besitzer-wechselte-ld.1769481 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> Also facing unofficial objections from Nazi Germany, Hoop was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Ellhorn |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Ellhorn |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>
[[File:Franz Josef II Berlin 1939.jpg|thumb|Hoop (behind Franz Joseph II) outside the [[Reich Chancellery]] in [[Berlin]] on 2 March 1939]]
Throughout [[World War II]], Hoop considered friendly, non-binding, non-provocative diplomacy to be appropriate towards Nazi Germany, supplemented by courtesy gestures. In March 1939, he, along with Franz Joseph II, made an official visit to [[Berlin]], where they met [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]. They discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Prince Franz Josef II visits Adolf Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.liechtenstein-institut.li/news/furst-franz-josef-ii-besucht-adolf-hitler-berlin |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=[[Liechtenstein Institute]] |language=de}}</ref> Franz Joseph II later reminisced on the visit, stating that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place in order to "flatter Hitler's ego".<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 1989 |title=Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> In 1940, during a lecture in [[Stuttgart]], Hoop showed respect for the German armies.<ref name=":0" /> At the same time, he tied the country as closely as possible to [[Switzerland]] during the war in hopes of retaining Liechtenstein's neutrality.<ref name=":4" /> He achieved the de facto inclusion of Liechtenstein into the Swiss national supply. Hoop did not consider the reformation of the [[Liechtenstein Army]] to avoid provocation. During the war, he worked closely with Franz Joseph II.<ref name=":0" />

=== Resignation ===
{{Further information|First Russian National Army}}

In September 1945, after seventeen years as Prime Minister, Hoop formally resigned due to a worsening heart condition and his desire to move on from the role.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 September 1945 |title=Liechtenstein gets a new boss |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/nice/southern-france-stars-and-stripes/1945/09-06/page-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505133348/https://newspaperarchive.com/long-beach-independent-oct-20-1959-p-15/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=Stars and Stripes Newspaper Southern France |location=Nice |pages=4}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=4 September 1945 |title=Liechtenstein Gets New Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/09/04/archives/liechtenstein-gets-new-chief.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505132924/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/09/04/archives/liechtenstein-gets-new-chief.html |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He also remarked that Franz Joseph II had pressured him to do so, as the prince believed that post-war Liechtenstein required a change in leadership. This belief stemmed from an ongoing diplomatic crisis involving the pro-Axis [[First Russian National Army]] led by General [[Boris Smyslovsky]], which had taken refuge in Liechtenstein a few months prior.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 1945 |title=LIECHTENSTEIN IN CRISIS; Principality's Cabinet Cites Lack of 'Freedom of Action' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/07/21/88263866.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818218,00.html ARGENTINA: Last of the Wehrmacht&nbsp;– Monday, Apr. 13, 1953] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823213050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818218,00.html|date=23 August 2013}}</ref> This de facto dismissal of Hoop angered many within the [[Progressive Citizens' Party]].<ref name=":0" /> He was succeeded by [[Alexander Frick]].<ref name="officehistory2" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" />

==Later life==
[[File:Opening of the new Landesbank building 1953.jpg|thumb|Hoop (second from left) at the opening of the new Landesbank building on 28 November 1953]]
In 1946, Hoop testified as a witness against the leaders of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein after they were charged for their 1939 coup attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 1945 |title=Josef Hoop sagt als Zeuge über die Tätigkeit von Friedrich Bock als Leiter der NSDAP-Ortsgruppe Liechtenstein aus |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41474&eID=1 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> Multiple members of Hoop's government were [[indicted]] for their actions during the Second World War, notably his former Deputy Alois Vogt, but Hoop was never charged of anything.<ref name=":5" />

After resigning as prime minister, Hoop soon went on to study law at the [[University of Zurich]] and then at the [[University of Innsbruck]] in 1946, where he graduated and received a doctorate in 1948. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer in [[Vaduz]].<ref name=":0" />

Hoop later served as a board member for the [[National Bank of Liechtenstein]] and president of the Liechtenstein Constitutional Court.<ref name=":0" /> He was also elected to the Landtag in the [[1957 Liechtenstein general election|1957 general election]], where he served until his death in 1959.{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}} He was [[List of presidents of the Landtag of Liechtenstein|President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein]] from 1958 to 1959.<ref name="präsidenten">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Mitglieder - Präsidenten |url=https://www.landtag.li/praesidenten.aspx?nid=4159&groupnr=4159 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123617/https://www.landtag.li/praesidenten.aspx?nid=4159&groupnr=4159 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |language=de}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Hoop married Emilie Gstöhl (27 February 1898 – 11 February 1997) in 1920; they had no children.<ref name=":0" /> His niece, [[Emma Eigenmann]] was the first female to serve in the Landtag of Liechtenstein; she served from 1986 to 1993.{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}}<ref name="HL">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2011 |title=Eigenmann-Schädler, Emma |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Eigenmann-Sch%C3%A4dler,_Emma |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>

Hoop, a habitual smoker throughout his adult life, died on 19 October 1959 due to [[heart failure]] following a surgery, at the age of 63 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 1959 |title=DR. JOSEF HOOP, 64, DEAD; |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/20/archives/dr-josef-hoop-64-dead-president-of-the-liechtenstein-parliament-was.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515183533/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/20/archives/dr-josef-hoop-64-dead-president-of-the-liechtenstein-parliament-was.html |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 1959 |title=Parliament Chief Dies |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/california/long-beach/long-beach-independent/1959/10-20/page-15/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=[[Long Beach Independent]] |location=Long Beach, California |page=15}}</ref> He was buried in his home-town of Eschen and his funeral was attended by both Franz Joseph II and [[Princess Gina of Liechtenstein]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Gerhard |date=5 October 2012 |title=Franz Josef Hoop |url=https://oecv.at/Biolex/Detail/12100801 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Österreichische Cartellverband |language=de}}</ref> A street in Eschen is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 September 2013|language=en|title=Dr. Josef Hoop Straße, 9492 Eschen|url=http://map.search.ch/9492-eschen/dr.josef-hoop-str.|website=map.search.ch}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

Hoop was regarded highly by Franz Joseph II due to his efforts to protect Liechtenstein's independence during [[World War II]]. He once said in retrospect that "Hoop saved the country".<ref name=":0" /> [[Martin Risch]], a member of the Liechtenstein Historical Association and Hoop's successor as President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein, described him as "one of the finest men to serve within Liechtenstein, for his long-term service in the country".{{Sfn|Risch|1959}}

=== In popular culture ===
Josef Hoop was portrayed by French actor [[Pierre Vaneck]] in the film ''[[Vent d'est]]'', released in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VENT D'EST (1993) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7bd6bab4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213703/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7bd6bab4 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |website=BFI}}</ref>

== Honours ==

* {{flag|Liechtenstein}}: [[Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein|Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein]] (1937)<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Nohlen |first=Dieter |author-link=Dieter Nohlen |title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook |last2=Stöver |first2=Philip |date=2010 |isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7 |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vogt |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Vogt (historian) |title=125 Jahre Landtag |date=1987 |publisher=Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein |location=Vaduz |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |url= |title=Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939 |publisher=[[Liechtenstein Institute]] |year=1997 |isbn=3-906393-28-3 |edition=1st |location=[[Zürich]] |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |url= |title=Kriegszeit, Liechtenstein 1939 bis 1945, 2 Bände, illustriert |publisher=[[Chronos Verlag]] |year=2010 |edition=1st |location=[[Zürich]] |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |last=Risch |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Risch |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_59/236/LOG_0007/ |title=Dr. Josef Hoop |publisher=[[Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein]] |year=1959 |volume=59 |language=de}}

==See also==

* [[Josef Hoop cabinet (disambiguation)|Josef Hoop cabinet]]
* [[Politics of Liechtenstein]]
* [[History of Liechtenstein]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box|
 before = [[Gustav Schädler]] |
 title = [[Head of Government of Liechtenstein]]|
 years = 1928–1945 |
 after = [[Alexander Frick]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{LiechtensteinPrimeMinisters}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoop, Josef}}
[[Category:Heads of government of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Landtag of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Members of the Landtag of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Progressive Citizens' Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Liechtenstein politicians]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:University of Innsbruck alumni]]
[[Category:Liechtenstein lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century lawyers]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Liechtenstein diplomats]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:19th-century Liechtenstein people]]
[[Category:People from Eschen]]
[[Category:Liechtenstein people of World War II]]