View source for Open Game

{{about-distinguish|the chess opening|open gaming|Open (sport)}}
{{Infobox chess opening
|openingname = Open Game
|image = {{Chess diagram
|
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|
}}
|moves=1.e4 e5
|ECO=C20–C99
|birth=
|nameorigin =
|parentopening = [[King's Pawn Game]]
|AKA= Double King's Pawn Opening <br />Double King's Pawn Game
|chessgid=21721&move=2&moves=e4.e5
}}
An '''Open Game''' (or '''Double King's Pawn Opening''') is a generic term for a family of [[chess openings]] beginning with the moves:
:1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|e4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5|e5]]
White has moved the king's pawn two squares and Black has replied in kind. The result is an Open Game. Other responses to 1.e4 are termed [[Semi-Open Game]]s or Single King's Pawn Games.

When written in lowercase, the term "open game" refers to a chess position where {{chessgloss|ranks}}, {{chessgloss|files}} and {{chessgloss|diagonals}} are open, and tending to more [[Chess tactic|tactical]] gameplay. It is possible that an Open Game may lead to a {{chessgloss|closed game}}.<ref>Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 279. ''open game''.</ref> 
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

==Analysis==
White opens by playing 1.e4, which is the most popular opening move and has many strengths – it immediately stakes a claim in the {{chessgloss|center}}, and frees two pieces (the [[queen (chess)|queen]] and king's [[bishop (chess)|bishop]]) for action. The oldest openings in chess follow 1.e4. [[Bobby Fischer]] wrote that 1.e4 is "Best by test." On the negative side, 1.e4 places a [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] on an undefended square and weakens the squares d4 and f4. If Black keeps the symmetry by replying 1...e5, the result is an Open Game {{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|page=279}} {{Harvcol|Watson|2006|pp=87–90}}.

==Variations==

===2.Nf3===
The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3 (the [[King's Knight Opening]]), attacking Black's king [[pawn (chess)|pawn]], preparing to [[Castling|castle]] {{chessgloss|kingside}}, and preparing for d2–d4. 

====2...Nc6====
Black's most common reply to 2.Nf3 is [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]]. This can lead to the [[Ruy Lopez]] (3.Bb5), one of the most popular openings at all levels of chess, and one of the most extensively analyzed.

The [[Italian Game]] (3.Bc4) is a popular alternative, usually leading to either the [[Giuoco Piano]] (3...Bc5) or the [[Two Knights Defense]] (3...Nf6).

The [[Scotch Game]] (3.d4) was popular in the 19th century and remains so at amateur level. After 3...exd4 White may either recapture with 4.Nxd4, usually leading to an equal game, or play the [[Scotch Gambit]] (4.Bc4), a dangerous tactical line against an unprepared opponent.

3.Nc3 Nf6, the [[Four Knights Game]], was often played in the late 19th to early 20th century. Less commonly, 3....g6 or ...Bb4, (the [[Three Knights Game]]), are possible.

The [[Ponziani Opening]] (3.c3) has never achieved widespread popularity but is occasionally used as a surprise weapon. Other third moves for White such as the [[Konstantinopolsky Opening]] (3.g3), and [[Inverted Hungarian Opening]] (3.Be2) are rarely played and offer White no advantage.

====Other second moves for Black====
Black's most popular alternative to 2...Nc6 is [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|2...Nf6]], usually leading to [[Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defense]], though White can avoid the extensive theory of the Petrov by playing 3.Nc3.

The [[Philidor Defense]] (2...d6) has the disadvantage of restricting the mobility of Black's king's bishop, and typically leads to solid but passive positions for Black. For this reason, it largely fell out of favor by the early 20th century as Black players sought more dynamic options; however, it is still occasionally seen at grandmaster level.

The [[Gunderam Defense]] (2...Qe7) is an offbeat choice which blocks the development of the king's bishop, and has never achieved widespread popularity.

The [[Elephant Gambit]] (2...d5) and the [[Latvian Gambit]] (2...f5) are considered very risky for Black, with the latter usually seen only in correspondence play. The [[Damiano Defense]] (2...f6) may be met by either 3.Nxe5 or 3.Bc4 with advantage and is almost never seen.

===Other second moves for White===
The most popular alternatives to 2.Nf3 are 2.f4 (the [[King's Gambit]]), 2.Nc3 (the [[Vienna Game]]), and 2.Bc4 (the [[Bishop's Opening]]). These three openings have some similarities; some of the quieter lines in the Vienna and Bishop's Opening can [[transposition (chess)|transpose]] to positional variations of the King's Gambit Declined, when White plays f2–f4 before playing Nf3. The King's Gambit was popular in the nineteenth century with grandmaster and amateur alike. White offers a pawn for speedy development, as well as to attack Black's central outpost. The Vienna Game also frequently features attacks on the Black center by means of f2–f4.

In the [[Center Game]] (2.d4), White immediately opens the center, though if the pawn is to be recovered after 2...exd4, White must prematurely develop their queen. An alternative is to [[sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] one or two pawns by offering the [[Danish Gambit]] (3.c3).

The early development of the queen in the [[Danvers Opening]], also known as the [[Parham Attack]] (2.Qh5), is usually played only by amateurs, though [[Hikaru Nakamura]] has experimented with it in grandmaster tournaments and was able to achieve a reasonable position.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chess Opening explorer & Database| url=https://www.chess.com/analysis/game/master/1292334 | title=Nakamura–Sasikiran | publisher=chess.com| date= |accessdate=2022-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/apr/30/chess|title=Barden on Chess|last=Barden|first=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Barden|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> The [[Napoleon Opening]], 2.Qf3, has even less to recommend it as Black can easily block any mating threats without compromising their development. The [[Portuguese Opening]] (2.Bb5) and [[Alapin's Opening]] (2.Ne2) are offbeat tries for White, but neither gain any advantage against correct play. The [[Bongcloud Attack]] (2.Ke2) is considered a joke opening.
{{clear left}}

==Examples of Open Games==
{{div col}}
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 [[Ruy Lopez]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 [[Italian Game]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 [[Giuoco Piano]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 [[Evans Gambit]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 [[Two Knights Defense]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Be7 [[Hungarian Defense]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 without 3...Nf6 [[Three Knights Game]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 [[Four Knights Game]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 [[Scotch Game]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c3 [[Ponziani Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.g3 [[Konstantinopolsky Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Be2 [[Inverted Hungarian Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 [[Petrov's Defence]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 [[Philidor Defence]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5 [[Latvian Gambit]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d5{{chesspunc|!?}} [[Elephant Gambit]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qf6 [[Greco Defense]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f6 [[Damiano Defense]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.f4 [[King's Gambit]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 [[Vienna Game]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 [[Bishop's Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 [[Center Game]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 [[Danish Gambit]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.c3 [[Centre Pawn Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Ne2 [[Alapin's Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Qh5 [[Danvers Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Qf3 [[Napoleon Opening]]
* 1.e4 e5 2.Bb5 [[Portuguese Opening]]
{{div col end}}

===Diagrams===
{{Div flex row|justify-content=center}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |bl|  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Ruy Lopez]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Italian Game]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|  |nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |bd|  |pd|  |  |
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Giuoco Piano]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|  |nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |bd|  |pd|  |  | 
|  |pl|bl|  |pl|  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  | 
|pl|  |pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Evans Gambit]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Two Knights Defence]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|  |nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|bd|pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Hungarian Defence]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Be7
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |nl|  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Three Knights Game]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 without 3...Nf6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |nl|  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Four Knights Game]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Scotch Game]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |pl|  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|  |pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Ponziani Opening]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c3
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|pl|  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|  |pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Konstantinopolsky Opening]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.g3
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|bl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|[[Inverted Hungarian Opening]] 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Be2
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |nd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Petrov's Defence]] 2.Nf3 Nf6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Philidor Defence]] 2.Nf3 d6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|pd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Latvian Gambit]] 2.Nf3 f5
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pd|pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Elephant Gambit]] 2.Nf3 d5!?
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|  |kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |qd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Greco Defence]] 2.Nf3 Qf6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |pd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Damiano Defence]] 2.Nf3 f6
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | | 
| | | | |pd| | | 
| | | | |pl|pl| | 
| | | | | | | | 
|pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[King's Gambit]] 2.f4
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Vienna Game]] 2.Nc3 
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |nl|rl
|[[Bishop's Opening]] 2.Bc4 
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pd|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Center Game]] 2.d4 exd4
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pd|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |pl|  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Danish Gambit]] 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft| 
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |pl|  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Centre Pawn Opening]] 2.c3 
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|nl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|[[Alapin's Opening]] 2.Ne2
}} 
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |ql
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|  |kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Danvers Opening]] 2.Qh5
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |ql|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|  |kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Napoleon Opening]] 2.Qf3
}}
{{Chess diagram small|tleft|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |bl|  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |nl|rl
|[[Portuguese Opening]] 2.Bb5 
}}

{{Div flex row end}}

==See also==
* [[Closed Game]] (1.d4 d5)
* [[Flank opening]] (1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, and others)
* [[Irregular chess opening]]
* [[King's Pawn Game]]
* [[List of chess openings]]
* [[Semi-Closed Game]] (1.d4 other)
* [[Semi-Open Game]] (1.e4 other)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book
 |last1=Hooper 
 |first1=David  
 |authorlink1=David Vincent Hooper
 |last2=Whyld 
 |first2=Kenneth 
 |authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld
 |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]
 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
 |year=1996
 |edition=2nd
 |origyear=First pub. 1992
 |isbn=0-19-280049-3 }}
*{{cite book
 |last=Watson
 |first=John
 |author-link=John L. Watson
 |title=Mastering the Chess Openings, vol 1
 |year=2006
 |publisher=Gambit
 |isbn= 978-1-904600-60-2 }}

==Further reading==
{{Wikibooks|Chess Opening Theory|1. e4/1...e5|Open Game}}
* {{Citation
 |last1=Đurić|first1=Stefan|author-link=Stefan Đurić (chess player)
 |last2=Komarov|first2=Dimitri
 |last3=Pantaleoni|first3=Claudio
 |title=Chess Opening Essentials, vol 1: the complete 1.e4
 |year=2008
 |publisher=[[New In Chess]]
 |isbn= 978-90-5691-203-1}}
*{{Citation
 | author=Flear, Glenn
 | year=2010
 | title=Starting Out: Open Games
 | publisher=[[Everyman Chess]]
 | isbn=978-1-85744-630-2| author-link=Glenn Flear
 }}
*{{Cite book|title=How to beat the open games|last=Johnsen, Sverre |isbn=978-1911465232|location=London|oclc=1013725601|date = 2018-03-30}}
*{{Cite book|title=Bologan's black weapons in the open games : how to play for a win If white avoids the Ruy Lopez|last=Bologan, Victor |isbn=9789056915438|location=Alkmaar, The Netherlands|oclc=878505291|date = October 2014}}
*{{Cite book|title=Play 1e4 e5! : a complete repertoire for Black in the open game|last=Davies, Nigel, 1960-|date=2005|publisher=Everyman Chess|isbn=1857444019|location=London|oclc=71338396}}
*{{Cite book|title=Play the open games as Black : what to do when White avoids the Ruy Lopez|last=Emms, John.|date=2000|publisher=Gambit|isbn=1901983277|location=London|oclc=45466779}}
*{{Cite book|title=Opening repertoire : the open games with black|last=Lokander, Martin |date=7 January 2016 |isbn=9781781941942|location=London|oclc=922562228}}
*{{Cite book|title=Beating 1 e4 e5|last=Emms, John.|date=2009|publisher=Gloucester Publishers|isbn=9781857446173|location=London|oclc=646091310}}

{{chess}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chess openings|*Open Game]]
[[Category:Chess terminology]]