View source for Open form

{{Short description|Characteristic of Baroque art opposed to the "closed form" of the Renaissance}}
{{Other uses}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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 | header = Contrasting examples
 | image1 = PalaAnsidei.jpg
 | caption1 = Example of Renaissance "Closed Form": [[Raphael]]'s ''[[Ansidei Madonna]]''{{sfn|Witcombe|2013}}
 | image2 = Guercino - The Woman taken in Adultery - Google Art Project.jpg
 | caption2 = Example of Baroque "Open Form": [[Guercino]]'s ''The Woman taken in Adultery''{{sfn|Witcombe|2013}}
}}
'''Open form''' is a term coined by [[Heinrich Wölfflin]] in 1915 to describe a characteristic of [[Baroque painting|Baroque art]] opposed to the "closed form" of the [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]].{{sfn|Wölfflin|1915|loc=chapter 3}} Wölfflin tentatively offered several alternative pairs of terms, in particular "a-tectonic" and "tectonic" (also free/strict and irregular/regular), but settled on open/closed because, despite their undesirable ambiguity, they make a better distinction between the two styles precisely because of their generality. In an open form, which is characteristic of 17th-century painting, the style "everywhere points out beyond itself and purposely looks limitless", in contrast to the self-contained entity of a closed form, in which everything is "pointing everywhere back to itself".{{sfn|Wölfflin|1950|loc=124}} In general, the closed compositions of the 16th century are dominated by the vertical and horizontal, and by the opposition of these two dimensions. Seventeenth-century painters, by contrast, de-emphasize these oppositions so that, even when they are present, they lose their tectonic force. The diagonal, on the other hand, becomes the main device used to negate or obscure the rectangularity of the picture space.{{sfn|Wölfflin|1950|loc=125–126}}

Although the term first occurred only in this book, the foundations for this concept had already been articulated by Wölfflin in 1888,{{sfn|Wölfflin|1888}} in his earlier book ''Renaissance und Barock''.{{sfn|Kaletha|2004|loc=121, n79}} The closed/open pairing was one of five pairs of opposed categories to contrast the differences between the two periods. The others were the [[Line art|linear]] and the [[Painterliness|painterly]], [[Plane (geometry)|plane]] and [[Perspective (visual)|depth]], multiplicity and unity, and clearness and unclearness.{{sfn|Podro|2010}}

The concept was soon adopted in other fields. Although in Wölfflin's opinion architecture could only be tectonic and therefore "closed",{{sfn|Wölfflin|1950|loc=149}} the notion of openness found its way into the theory of architecture by 1932, when [[Helmuth Plessner]] gave a lecture on [[Modern architecture|modernist architecture]] in Germany to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the [[Deutscher Werkbund]].{{sfn|Plessner|2001}}

The essentially dynamic character of the [[Film|film medium]] was seen as an essentially open form, in contrast to the closed form of selected "[[Film still|stills]]" from the same film, which could be appreciated for their pictorial composition.{{sfn|Read|1945|loc=142}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
'''Sources'''
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kaletha|2004}}|reference=Kaletha, Holger. 2004. "Decomposition of the Sound Continuum: Serialism and Development from a Genetic-Phenomenological Perspective", translated by [[Jerome Kohl]]. ''[[Perspectives of New Music]]'' 42, no. 1 (Winter, 2004): 84–128.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Plessner|2001}}|reference=[[Helmuth Plessner|Plessner, Helmuth]]. [1932] 2001. "Wiedergeburt der Form im technischen Zeitalter. Vortrag auf der 25-Jahr-Feier des Deutschen Werkbundes am 14. Oktober 1932". In Helmuth Plessner, ''Politik—Anthropologie—Philosophie: Aufsätze und Vorträge'', edited by Salvatore Giammusso and Hans-Ulrich Lessing, 71–86. Übergänge 40. Munich: Fink. {{ISBN|9783770535163}}.}} English translation by Jonathan Blower, as "Rebirth of Form in the Technical Age". ''Art in Translation'' 3, no. 1 (March 2011): 37–52.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Podro|2010}}|reference=Podro, Michael. 2010. "Wölfflin, Heinrich". ''[[Grove Art Online]]'' (Accessed 28 September 2012).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Read|1945}}|reference=[[Herbert Edward Read|Read, Herbert Edward]]. 1945. ''A Coat of Many Colours: Occasional Essays''. London: George Routledge & Son.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Witcombe|2013}}|reference=Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E. 2013. "[http://arthistoryresources.net/baroque-art-theory-2013/wolfflin-renaissance-baroque.html Art & Theory in Baroque Europe: Renaissance & Baroque Style (Heinrich Wölfflin)]". Art History 344 (Fall). Sweet Briar, Virginia: Sweet Briar College (accessed 28 December 2015).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wölfflin|1888}}|reference=[[Heinrich Wölfflin|Wölfflin, Heinrich]]. 1888. ''[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/woelfflin1888 Renaissance und Barock: Eine Untersuchung über Wesen und Entstehung des Barockstils in Italien]''. Munich: Theodor Ackermann.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wölfflin|1915}}|reference=Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1915. ''Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: das Problem der Stilentwicklung in der neueren Kunst''. Munich, F. Bruckmann. Fifth edition, Munich: Hugo Bruckmann Verlag, 1921.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wölfflin|1950}}|reference=Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1950. ''Principles of Art History: The Problem of the Development of Style in Later Art'', translated by Marie D. Hottinger. New York: Dover Publications.}}

==Further reading==
* [[Umberto Eco|Eco, Umberto]]. ''The Open Work'', translated by Anna Cancogni, with an introduction by David Robey. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-63975-8}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-674-63976-6}} (pbk).

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[[Category:Art history]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture]]
[[Category:Film theory]]
[[Category:Music theory]]
[[Category:Composition in visual art]]