View source for Powder flask

{{short description|Small container for gunpowder}}
[[File:Wallace CollectionDSCF7493.JPG|thumb|German antler and steel flask, {{c.|1570}}; the goddess [[Fortuna]] stands on a [[hedgehog]] upon a globe.]]
A '''powder flask''' is a small container for [[gunpowder]], which was an essential part of [[shooting]] equipment with [[muzzle-loading]] guns, before pre-made [[paper cartridge]]s became standard in the 19th century. They range from very elaborately decorated works of art to early forms of consumer [[packaging]], and are widely collected. Many were standardized military issue, but the most decorative were generally used for sporting shooting.<ref>Timeline; Landers</ref>

Although the term [[powder horn]] is sometimes used for any kind of powder flask, it is strictly a sub-category of flask made from a hollowed [[bovid]] [[horn (anatomy)|horn]]. Powder flasks were made in a great variety of materials and shapes, though [[ferrous metal]]s that were prone to give off sparks when hit were usually avoided. Stag [[antler]], which could be carved or engraved, was an especially common material, but wood and copper were common, and in India, [[ivory]]. 
[[File:Powder flasks 2.jpg|thumb|American 19th century: left for models by [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]], right for [[Remington Arms|Remington]]]]
Many types of early guns required two different forms of gunpowder (such as a [[flintlock]] with finer priming powder for the pan, and a coarser standard powder for the main charge), necessitating two containers, a main flask and a smaller '''priming flask'''.<ref>Garry, 192</ref>

Apart from the horns, common shapes were the Y formed by the base of an antler (inverted), a usually flattened pear shape with a straight spout (''poire-poudre'' or "powder pear" is a French term for these), a round flattened shape, and for larger flasks a triangle with concave rounded sides, which unlike the smaller flasks could be stood upright on a surface. Many designs (such as horn and antler types) have a wide sealed opening for filling, and a thin spout for dispensing. Various devices were used to load a precise amount of powder to dispense, as it was important not to load too much or too little powder, or the powder was dispensed into a powder measure or "charger" (these survive much less often).<ref>Fadala, 53-55</ref>  As early as ''c.'' 1600 a German flask had a silver spout with a "telescopic valve, adjustable for different sizes of powder charges".<ref>Grancsay (1929), 134.</ref>

==Use==
Although forms of pre-packed [[paper cartridge]]s go back to the Middle Ages,<ref>MacLachlan, 1955</ref> these were for several centuries made up by the shooter or a servant, rather than being mass-produced,<ref>As late as 1859 British soldiers were still expected to make up their own paper cartridges, following War Office instructions, with supplied bullets and other materials. See Browne, 83-85</ref> requiring a container for the gunpowder, which came loose. Unlike modern cartridges, these were not inserted into the gun themselves, but were rather a pre-measured amount of powder stored in a paper wrapper, sometimes with the ball included as well. Loading the gun involved tearing open the package, emptying the powder into the muzzle and pan, inserting the ball with the paper doubling as wadding, and then ramming home the charge. This was somewhat faster and more convenient than measuring out a powder charge each time, especially in a combat situation. However, there was no large-scale manufacturing of these cartridges until the 19th century, and even then the benefits mostly lay with military use; the added cost made them less popular with civilian shooters until the advent of the self-contained [[Cartridge (firearms)|metallic cartridge]] and the [[Breech-loading weapon|breech-loader]]. 

While loading a muzzleloader, an important safety concern was that when reloading a muzzle-loading gun soon after a shot there might be small pieces of wadding burning in the muzzle, which would cause the new load of powder to ignite as a flash. So long as no part of the loader faced the end of the barrel this was not likely to lead to serious injury, but if a spark reached the main supply in the powder flask a dangerous, even fatal, explosion was likely. General [[Sir James Pulteney, 7th Baronet]], was one such victim; he died in 1811 from complications after losing an eye when a powder flask accidentally exploded in his face in [[Norfolk]].<ref>Sylvanus, Urban (1811). The Gentleman's Magazine. part I. London: John Nichols and Son. p. 499</ref> [[Charles Kickham]], prominent in the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], grew up largely deaf and almost blind as the result of an explosion when he was 13, in about 1840.<ref>O’Sullivan, 347-349</ref>  Various precautions were taken in the design and use of powder flasks to prevent this from happening, and expensive examples from as early as the 16th century usually have springs to automatically close the dispensing spout (this is much less common with the cheaper horn type).<ref>Timeline, Landers, see also the other sources.</ref>

Modern manuals on muzzle-loading guns all say the flask should never be used to pour powder directly down the muzzle, to avoid dangerous overcharging and possible burst barrels,<ref>for example Fadala, 53.</ref> but from the English sporting press of the 18th and early 19th centuries, it is all too clear that this was then common practice, resulting in many accidents.<ref>See for example [https://books.google.com/books?id=8rUiOf2wNagC&pg=PA406 ''The Field Book''], William Hamilton Maxwell, 1833, or from the same year this letter to the English magazine ''The Sportsman's Cabinet, and Town and Country Magazine'' explaining graphically the need for such safety devices, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IXAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 google books].</ref> Some [[YouTube]] videos demonstrating loading maintain the old traditions.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lduSv16oeg example], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcBeS3AqjG4 another example, see 2nd comment]</ref> Instead, the powder should be poured into an intermediate container known as a charger or powder measure. Sometimes, the cap to the spout represented the measure, especially for priming flasks.<ref>Grancsay (1929), 133</ref> Sometimes, the spout itself was the measure, with a sliding device to shut off the supply at the base, as well as a cap. This type became the norm in the mid-19th century.<ref>Grancsay (1931), 77, German example about 1620; Landry</ref>
[[File:0 Pulvérin allemand - Musée de l'Armée à Paris 3.JPG|thumb|Priming flask, Germany (ca. 1600)]]
High-quality guns would often have come with a matching flask, chargers, and other accessories.<ref>[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O97393/powder-flask-unknown/ Victoria & Albert Museum], note on gun and flask in gallery</ref> Many flasks have small rings for a cord, which was slung around the neck to carry them, especially before large pockets on hunting clothes arrived in Europe in the 18th century. Some examples have original elaborate cords with knots and tassels.<ref>Grancsay (1929), 132-134</ref>

During roughly the 18th century, paper cartridges became more and more popular, and a higher proportion of flasks made were the smaller priming variety, which were still required. It appears that the [[British Army]] in the [[Peninsular War]], despite regulations specifying the issue of powder horns and priming flasks, found the former inferior in action to cartridges, with the measuring spout prone to get detached and lost, and informally switched to cartridges during the war.<ref>Haythornthwaite, 18-19</ref> The powder flask was finally rendered obsolete by the spread of [[breech-loading]] guns and the innovations brought about by [[John H. Hall (soldier)|Hall]], [[Christian Sharps|Sharps]], [[Christopher Miner Spencer|Spencer]], and the later development of self-contained cartridges that were developed and marketed successfully by [[Oliver Winchester]], after which manufactured cartridges or bullets became standard. Powder flasks were also used for priming naval cannon; such a flask would be as large as, or even larger than, a main flask for a personal sidearm. The large, rectangular boxes from which the main muzzle charges for cannon were scooped are called powder boxes; these were used either when making up cartridges in advance, or loading loose powder when firing.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

==Decoration==
[[File:1775 Scrimshaw Map of Boston Carved on Revolutionary War Powder Horn - Geographicus - BostonPowderHorn-1775.jpg|thumb|British soldier's [[powder horn]], 1775, engraved with a map of [[Boston, Massachusetts]] and "A Pox on rebels in ther crymes"]]
Most of the vast numbers of flasks made in the gun-using parts of the world during the [[Early Modern period]] were probably relatively plain and functional, and have not been preserved.  But those for the wealthy sportsman or soldier could have decoration of the highest quality,<ref>Timeline</ref> and many artisan-made horns have [[folk art]] engravings similar to [[skrimshaw]]. They are collected at various levels; early hand-made examples of high quality are expensive and may be found in local or military museums and those for the [[decorative arts]], while 19th century mass-produced examples in metal are a relatively cheap type of [[antique]] (though not always as old as claimed) and widely collected.<ref>Landers on popular collecting in the US; see the other references for museum collections.</ref>

===Europe===
Germany, in antler and other materials, and India, in ivory and even [[jade]], are the sources of especially richly decorated luxury flasks. A number of German flasks from the 16th and early 17th centuries are very richly carved with a wide variety of scenes, such as the emblematic figure illustrated. Antler was used for decorating a range of objects associated with hunting, from buttons to gunstocks, knife handles and [[saddle]]s decorated all over with carved slices of antler. The uniforms of the guards of German princes might include elaborate flasks, often decorated with heraldic designs.<ref>Grancsay (1929), 132-133</ref>
[[File:Indian - Powder Flask - Walters 71419 - Detail E.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the "composite animal" tip of an 18th-century ivory Indian flask]]

By the 19th century, stamped metal flasks with a central design in low relief are more common, and standard types by particular manufacturers dominate the field, some produced by gun or powder manufacturers and carrying branding or advertising. The pear shape has become dominant for smaller flasks, which are presumably mostly kept in a pocket.<ref>Landers</ref>

===Asia===
Ivory Indian flasks of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and post-Mughal periods, regarded as priming flasks, have a fish-like shape reflecting the tip of a tusk, and are often carved with animals (typically attacking each other) in high relief, with the bodies of the animals in the round at the narrow tip.<ref>[http://art.thewalters.org/detail/40388 "Powder Flask"], in the [[Walters Art Gallery]]</ref> The bodies of hunter and prey are closely and often illogically connected, forming what have been called "composite animal" forms, which have interested art historians. The Indian tradition of ivory carving (which was probably objectionable to Hindu patrons) was rather late-starting  apparently diffusing from a number of centres including a school of carving developed in the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]] of [[Goa]] from the 16th century onwards.<ref>Born, 93-96</ref> The flasks, from the 17th to early 19th centuries, have echoes of much older works in the [[Animal style]] especially associated with ancient [[Scythia]], and an intermediate tradition of objects, now lost, in perishable materials such as (in India) wood has been proposed.
<ref>Born, 95-111 (summary conclusion, 111)</ref> There are also obvious links with miniatures from [[Deccan painting]].  Collectors may use the Indo-Persian term ''barut-dan'' for flasks from these areas.

[[Edo period]] Japanese flasks (''kayaku-ire'') were made in the materials and styles that were already highly developed in Japan for the decoration of small personal objects including flasks, often using [[lacquer]]ed wood, which was a very suitable material.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:German - Flask for Priming Power with the Justice of Trajan - Walters 511334.jpg|German [[gilding|gilded]] copper flask for priming powder with spring and ''The Justice of Trajan'', 1530-1550
File:Eber-Pulverflasche-Buchsbaum-Silber-16Jhr2.jpg|German 16th century flask with dogs attacking a boar, wood mounted with silver, and spring
File:BLW Pistol & Powder Flask.jpg|Matching pistol and flask, German, probably 1579, both decorated with finely carved antler inlay
File:Wallace CollectionDSCF7494.JPG|French, c. 1590, antler and steel. The figure carries a gun and a flask on his belt
File:Powder Flask, 1630-1640, German, wood with engraved tortoiseshell - Art Institute of Chicago - DSC09720.JPG|German, 1630–1640, wood with engraved [[tortoiseshell]]
File:Prochownica XVI-XVIIw.jpg|16th or 17th century priming flask, Russian (?)
File:Gunpowder horn India Louvre R436.jpg|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] gem-encrusted [[jade]] flask, still with spring; 17th century
File:Joseph Wright (of Derby) - Fleetwood Hesketh - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Joseph Wright of Derby]], portrait of Fleetwood Hesketh, 1769. The flask in his pocket seems plain in design, as most probably were.
File:Red-lacquered gunpowder case, Edo period, 18th century, wood, lacquer and stag antler.JPG|Japanese, 18th century, [[lacquer]]ed wood and antler
File:Powder boxes in Muzeum Zagłębia.JPG|Assorted flasks in Poland, mostly 18th or 19th century
File:Indian - Primer - Walters 71418 - Back.jpg|Indian flask in ivory with [[amber]] and steel spring device, 18th/19th century
File:Powder flask - Framingham History Center - DSC00416.JPG|19th-century American manufacturer's metal flask 
File:69-11-C Powder Flask, USNYW (5476583626).jpg|[[United States Navy]] flask for priming naval cannon; after 1842
File:PBA LILLE Poire à poudre (fin 18ème siècle)..JPG|Powder flask (Powder horns )in [[w:Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille|"Palais des Beaux-Arts" of Lille]] France
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Born, Wolfgang, "Ivory Powder Flasks from the Mughal Period", ''Ars Islamica'', Vol. 9, (1942), pp.&nbsp;93–111, Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4515592 JSTOR]
*Browne, S. Bertram, ''A companion to the new rifle musket'', 1859 (2nd edn.), W. H. Allen & Co., London
*Fadala, Sam, ''The Complete Blackpowder Handbook'', 2006, Gun Digest Books, {{ISBN|0896893901}}, 9780896893900, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzxyneq43AEC&pg=PA55 google books]
*Garry, James, ''Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition'', 2012, University of Oklahoma Press, {{ISBN|0806188006}}, 9780806188003
*"Grancsay (1929)", Grancsay, Stephen V., "A Gift of Powder Flasks", ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'', Vol. 24, No. 5 (May, 1929), pp.&nbsp;132–134, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3255761 JSTOR]
*"Grancsay (1931)", Grancsay, Stephen V., "A Silver-Mounted Powder Horn", ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'', Vol. 26, No. 3, Part 1 (Mar., 1931), pp.&nbsp;76–77, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3256449 JSTOR]
*Haythornthwaite, Philip J., ''British Rifleman: 1797-1815'', 2002, Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|184176177X}}, 9781841761770
*Landers, David, [http://www.gunmart.net/militaria/article/powder_flasks1 "Powder flasks"], Gun Mart magazine website, accessed July 30, 2013
*McLachlan, Sean, ''Medieval Handgonnes'', 2010, Osprey Publishing (page numbers per online preview), {{ISBN|1849081557}}, 9781849081559, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iiMZy63fb04C&dq=medieval+gun+cartridges&pg=PA1955 google books]
*"O'Sullivan", Dr. Mark F. Ryan,''Fenian Memories'', Edited by T.F. O'Sullivan, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd, Dublin, 1945
*"Timeline", "Powder flask [German] (2007.479.2)", In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–, [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2007.479.2 (updated April 2009)]

==Further reading==
*Ray Riling, ''The Powder Flask Book'', 1953, the standard work on 19th-century American flasks.

{{Commons category|Gunpowder flasks}}

[[Category:Early firearms]]
[[Category:Containers]]
[[Category:Firearm components]]
[[Category:Gunpowder]]