View source for Qasr al-Azraq

{{Short description|Castle in Azraq, Zarqa Governorate, Jordan}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name                = Qasr al-Azraq
| partof              =
| location            = [[Azraq, Jordan]]
| image               = QasrAlAzraq.jpg
| image_size          = 300px
| caption             = Main entrance from inside
| pushpin_map         = Jordan
| pushpin_mapsize     = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Jordan
| coordinates         = {{coord|31.8802|36.8275|type:landmark_region:JO|format=dms|display=inline}}
| type                = fortress
| code                =
| height              =
| ownership           = Jordanian Ministry of Antiquities
| controlledby        = Jordanian Ministry of Tourism
| open_to_public      = yes
| condition           = partially ruined
| built               = early 4th century, rebuilt 1237 CE
| builder             = [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]
| used                = Roman Period, Umayyad Period, 13th–16th century, 1917–18
| materials           = [[Basalt]]
| demolished          =
| battles             =
| events              =
| current_commander   =
| past_commanders     = [[T.E. Lawrence]]
| garrison            =
| occupants           =
}}

'''Qasr al-Azraq''' ({{lang-ar|قصر الأزرق}}, "Blue Fortress") is a large fortress located in present-day eastern [[Jordan]]. It is one of the [[desert castle]]s,  located on the outskirts of present-day [[Azraq, Jordan|Azraq]], roughly {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Amman]].

Its strategic value came from the nearby oasis, the only water source in a vast desert region. The name of the fortress and associated town came from these. The settlement was known in antiquity as ''Basie'' and the Romans were the first to make military use of the site, and later an early [[mosque]] was built in the middle. It did not assume its present form until an extensive renovation and expansion by the [[Ayyubids]] in the 13th century, using locally quarried [[basalt]] which makes the castle darker than most other buildings in the area.

Later, it would be used by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] armies during that empire's hegemony over the region. During the [[Arab Revolt]], [[T.E. Lawrence]] based his operations here in 1917–18, an experience he wrote about in his book ''[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]''. The connection to "Lawrence of Arabia" has been one of the castle's major draws for [[Tourism in Jordan|tourists]].

==Architecture==
[[File:Stone door - Desert castle - Jordan.jpeg|200px|thumb|left|The stone door]]
The castle is constructed of the local black [[basalt]] and is a square structure with 80 metre long walls encircling a large central courtyard. In the middle of the courtyard is a small mosque that may date from [[Umayyad]] times. At each corner of the outer wall, there is an oblong tower. The main entrance is composed of a single massive hinged slab of granite, which leads to a vestibule where one can see carved into the pavement the remains of a Roman board game.<ref name="Rough Guide">{{cite web|title=Qasr Azraq|url=http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=87&xid=idh441406744_0261|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|access-date=June 12, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Although very heavy — 1 ton for each of the leaves of the main gate, 3 tons for single the other — these stone doors can quite easily be moved, thanks to palm tree oil. The unusual choice of stone can be explained by the fact that there is no close source of wood, apart from [[palm tree]] wood, which is very soft and unsuitable for building.

==History==

The strategic significance of the castle is that it lies in the middle of the [[Azraq (Jordan)|Azraq]] oasis, the only permanent source of fresh water in approximately {{convert|12000|km2|sqmi}} of desert. Several civilizations are known to have occupied the site for its strategic value in this remote and arid desert area.

The area was inhabited by the [[Nabataean]] people and around 200 CE fell under the control of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. The Romans built a stone structure using the local basalt stone that formed a basis for later constructions on the site, a structure that was equally used by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Umayyad]] empires.

Qasr al-Azraq underwent its final major stage of building in 1237 CE, when 'Izz ad-Din Aybak, an emir of the [[Ayyubids]], redesigned and fortified it. The fortress in its present form dates to this period.<ref name="Rough Guide" />

In the 16th century the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks stationed a garrison there, and [[T. E. Lawrence]] (Lawrence of Arabia) made the fortress his desert headquarters during the winter of 1917, during the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. His office was in the chamber above the entrance gatehouse.<ref name="Rough Guide" /> It had an additional advantage in modern warfare: the flat nearby desert was an ideal place to build an airfield.<ref name="Armageddon">{{cite book |title=Armageddon: 1918 |last=Falls |first=Cyril |author-link=Cyril Falls |year=1964 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=[[Philadelphia]] |isbn=978-0-8122-1861-9 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU-ta_6nSQgC&dq=Qasr%2BAzraq&pg=PA104 |access-date=June 12, 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Qasr Al-Azraq.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Inside the ruins of Qasr Azraq]]

According to Lawrence, "Azrak lay favourably for us, and the old fort would be convenient headquarters if we made it habitable, no matter how severe the winter.  So I established myself in its southern gate-tower, and set my six [[Hauran]]i boys...to cover with brushwood, palm-branches, and clay the ancient split stone rafters, which stood open to the sky."  Ali ibn el Hussein "took up his quarters in the south-east corner tower, and made that roof tight."  The postern gate was shut each night, "The door was a poised lab of dressed basalt, a foot thick, turning on pivots of itself, socketed into threshold and lintel.  It took a great effort to start swinging, and at the end went shut with a clang and crash which made tremble the west wall of the old castle."<ref name="TE">{{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=T.E. |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom |url=https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr |url-access=registration |date=1935 |publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. |location=Garden City |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr/page/414 414], 434-436}}</ref><ref name="Neil">{{cite book |last1=Faulkner |first1=Neil |title=Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI |date=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=9780300226393 |page=273,367–368,426}}</ref>

Lawrence wrote of their first night, "...when there rose a strange, long wailing round the towers outside.  Then the cries came again and again and again, rising slowly in power, till they sobbed round the walls in deep waves to die away choked and miserable.  Lawrence was told, "...the dogs of the [[Banu Hilal|Beni Hillal]], the mythical builders of the fort, quested the six towers each night for their dead masters...their ghost-watch kept our ward more closely than arms could have done."<ref name=TE/>{{rp|438}}

==Today==

Qasr al-Azraq is often included on day trips from Amman to the desert castles, along with [[Qasr Kharana]] and [[Qasr Amra]], both east of the capital and reached via Highway 40. Visitors can explore most of the castle, both upstairs and downstairs, except for some sections closed off while the rock is shored up. There is little interpretive material at the moment.

==See also==
*[[Desert castle]]s
*[[Jordanian art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Qasr Al-Azraq}}
* [https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Azraq%20Castle%20(Jordan) Photos of Azraq Castle] at the [[American Center of Research]]
*[https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/search.php?search=%21collection4917 Photos of Qasr al-Azraq] at the [[Manar al-Athar]] photo archive

{{Umayyad Desert Castles}}{{Castles in Jordan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1237]]
[[Category:Ayyubid architecture]]
[[Category:Castles in Jordan|Azraq]]
[[Category:Nabataean sites in Jordan]]
[[Category:Roman legionary fortresses in Jordan]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jordan]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate]]