View source for RepRap

{{Short description|Self-replicating 3D printer initiative}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:First replication.jpg|thumb|All of the plastic parts for the machine on the right were produced by the machine on the left. Adrian Bowyer (left) and Vik Olliver (right) are members of the RepRap project.]]

'''RepRap''' (a contraction of ''replicating rapid prototyper'') is a project to develop low-cost [[3D printer]]s that can print most of their own components. As [[open design]]s, all of the designs produced by the project are released under a [[free software license]], the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name="license "/>

Due to the ability of these machines to make some of their own parts, authors envisioned the possibility of cheap RepRap units, enabling the manufacture of complex products without the need for extensive industrial infrastructure.<ref name="Pearce "/><ref name="buildosh "/><ref name="osl "/> They intended for the RepRap to demonstrate [[evolution]] in this process as well as for it to increase in number exponentially.<ref name="Jones, R. 2011" /><ref name="Sells "/> A preliminary study claimed that using RepRaps to print common products results in economic savings.<ref name="Wittbrodt "/>

The RepRap project started in [[England]] in 2005 as a [[University of Bath]] initiative, but it is now made up of hundreds of collaborators worldwide.<ref name="Jones, R. 2011 "/>

== History ==
[[file:Extrusion of hexagon 2nd layer closeup.jpg|thumb|RepRap 0.1 building an object]]
[[file:Firstpart1.jpg|thumb|First part ever made by a RepRap to make a RepRap, fabricated by the Zaphod prototype, by Vik Olliver (2007-09-13)]]
[[file:RepRap 10th Birthday party.jpg|thumb|A RepRap 10th Birthday celebration]]

RepRap was founded in 2005 by [[Adrian Bowyer]], a Senior Lecturer in [[mechanical engineering]] at the [[University of Bath]] in England. Funding was obtained from the [[Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council]].

On 13 September 2006, the RepRap 0.2 prototype printed the first part identical to its own, which was then substituted for the original part created by a commercial 3D printer. On 9 February 2008, RepRap 1.0 "Darwin" made at least one instance of over half its rapid-prototyped parts. On 14 April 2008, RepRap made an end-user item: a clamp to hold an [[iPod]] to the dashboard of a [[Ford Fiesta]] car. By September that year, at least 100 copies had been produced in various countries.<ref name="Power "/> On 29 May 2008, Darwin achieved self replication by making a complete copy of all its rapid-prototyped parts<ref name="Olliver "/> (which represent 48% of all the parts, excluding fasteners). A couple hours later the "child" machine had made its first part: a timing-belt tensioner.

In April 2009, electronic circuit boards were produced automatically with a RepRap, using an automated control system and a swappable head system capable of printing both plastic and conductive solder. On 2 October 2009, the second generation design, called Mendel, printed its first part. Mendel's shape resembles a [[triangular prism]] rather than a cube. Mendel was completed in October 2009. On 27 January 2010, the [[Foresight Institute]] announced the "Kartik M. Gada Humanitarian Innovation Prize" for the design and construction of an improved RepRap.<ref name="Gada Prize "/>

On 31 August 2010, the third generation design was named Huxley. It was a miniature of Mendel, with 30% of the original print volume. Within two years, RepRap and [[#Construction|RepStrap]] building and use were widespread in the technology, gadget and engineering communities.<ref name="Ingeniøren "/>

In 2012, the first successful Delta design, Rostock, had a radically different design.  The latest iterations used [[OpenBeam]]s, wires (typically Dyneema or Spectra fishing lines) instead of belts, and so forth, which also represented some of the latest trends in RepRaps.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

In early January 2016, RepRapPro (short for "RepRap Professional", and one commercial arm of the RepRap project in the UK) announced that it would cease trading on 15 January 2016. The reason given was congestion of the market for low-cost 3D printers and the inability to expand in that market. RepRapPro China continues to operate.<ref name="reprappro "/>

== Hardware ==

As the project was designed by Bowyer to encourage evolution, many variations have been created.<ref name="RepRap Family Tree "/><ref name="Chulilla "/> As an [[open source]] project, designers are free to make modifications and substitutions, but they must allow any of their potential improvements to be reused by others.

There are many RepRap printer designs including:

* [[Prusa i3]]
* [[Hangprinter]]
* RepRap Fisher
* [[RepRap Snappy]]
* [[RepRap Morgan]]
* [[RepRap Ormerod]]
* RepRap Darwin
* RepRap Mendel

== Software ==
[[File:Adrian Bowyer - PopTech 2007.webm|thumb|Adrian Bowyer talking about the RepRap Project at [[Poptech]] 2007]]

RepRap was conceived as a complete replication system rather than simply a piece of hardware. To this end the system includes [[computer-aided design]] (CAD) in the form of a [[3D modeling]] system and [[computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM) software and drivers that convert RepRap users' designs into a set of instructions to the RepRap to create physical objects.

Initially, two CAM tool chains were developed for RepRap. The first, called "RepRap Host", was written in [[Java (programming language)|Java]] by lead RepRap developer Adrian Bowyer. The second, "Skeinforge",<ref name="Skeinforge "/> was written by Enrique Perez. Both are complete systems for translating 3D computer models into [[G-code]], the machine language that commands the printer.

Later, other programs like [[Slic3r]] and [[Cura (software)|Cura]] were created. Recently, the Franklin firmware was created to allow RepRap printers to be used for other purposes such as milling and fluid handling.<ref name="Wijnen "/>

Free and open-source 3-D modeling programs like [[Blender (software)|Blender]], [[OpenSCAD]], and [[FreeCAD]] are preferred in the RepRap community, but almost any CAD or 3D modeling program can be used with the RepRap, as long as it can produce [[STL (file format)|STL]] files (Slic3r also supports [[Wavefront .obj file|.obj]] and [[Additive Manufacturing File Format|.amf]] files). Thus, content creators make use of any tools they are familiar with, whether they are commercial CAD programs, such as [[SolidWorks]] and [[Autodesk AutoCAD]], [[Autodesk Inventor]], [[Tinkercad]], or [[SketchUp]] along with the [[libre software]].

== Replication materials ==
[[File:Robot 3D print timelapse on RepRapPro Fisher.webm|thumb|A timelapse video of a robot model (logo of [[Make (magazine)|Make magazine]]) being printed using [[Fused filament fabrication|FFF]] on a RepRap Fisher, a delta-style printer.]]

RepRaps print objects from [[acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]], [[Polylactic acid]] (PLA), [[Nylon]] (possibly not all extruders can), [[HDPE]], [[thermoplastic elastomer|TPE]] and similar [[thermoplastic]]s.

The mechanical properties of RepRap-printed PLA and ABS have been tested and are equivalent to the [[tensile strengths]] of parts made by proprietary printers.<ref name="Tymrak "/>

Unlike with most commercial machines, RepRap users are encouraged to experiment with materials and methods, and to publish their results. Methods for printing novel materials (such as ceramics) have been developed this way. In addition, several [[RecycleBots]] have been designed and fabricated to convert waste plastic, such as shampoo containers and milk jugs, into inexpensive RepRap filament.<ref name="RPJ "/> There is some evidence that using this approach of distributed recycling is better for the environment<ref name="Kreiger "/><ref name="voxelfab "/><ref name="Kreiger-2 "/> and can be useful for creating "[[fair trade]] filament".<ref name="Feeley "/>

In addition, 3D printing products at the point of consumption has also been shown to be better for the environment.<ref name="Kreiger-3 "/>

The RepRap project has identified [[polyvinyl alcohol]] (PVA) as a potentially suitable support material to complement its printing process, although massive overhangs can be made by extruding thin layers of the primary printing media as support (these are mechanically removed afterwards).

Printing electronics is a major goal of the RepRap project so that it can print its own circuit boards. Several methods have been proposed:

* [[Wood's metal]] or [[Field's metal]]: low-melting point metal alloys to incorporate electrical circuits into the part as it is being formed.
* Silver/carbon-filled polymers: commonly used to repair circuit boards and are being considered for use for electrically conductive traces.<ref name="plosone_Leight_Bradley "/>
* Direct extrusion of solder<ref name="first-reprapped-circuit "/>
* Conductive wires: can be laid into a part from a spool during the printing process

Using a [[Gas metal arc welding|MIG]] welder as a print head a RepRap [[deltabot]] stage can be used to print metals like [[steel]].<ref name="nytimes "/><ref name="Anzalone "/>

The RepRap concept can also be applied to a milling machine<ref name="Kostakis "/> and to [[laser welding]].<ref name="Laureto "/>

== Construction ==

Although the aim of the project is for RepRap to be able to autonomously construct many of its own mechanical components soon using fairly low-level resources, several components such as sensors, stepper motors and [[microcontroller]]s cannot yet be made using the RepRap's 3D printing technology and so have to be produced independently. The plan is to approach 100% replication over a series of versions. For example, from the onset of the project, the RepRap team has explored a variety of approaches to integrating electrically-conductive media into the product. This would allow inclusion of [[electrical wiring|connective wiring]], [[printed circuit board]]s, and possibly [[Electric motor|motors]] in RepRapped products. Variations in the nature of the extruded, electrically-conductive media could produce electrical components with different functions from pure conductive traces, similar to the 1940s sprayed-circuit process Electronic Circuit Making Equipment (ECME), by [[John Sargrove]]. A related approach is [[printed electronics]]. Another non-replicable component is the threaded rods for linear motions. A current research area is in using replicated [[Sarrus linkage]]s to replace them.<ref name="New Scientist "/>

== Project members ==

The "Core team" of the project<ref name="Core Team "/> has included:

* Adrian Bowyer, Former Senior Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, [[University of Bath]]
* Ed Sells, University of Bath PhD "3D Printing: Towards a Self-Replicating Rapid Prototyping Machine"<ref name="Sells-2 "/>
* Vik Olliver, the first RepRap volunteer, the first to suggest using PLA as a printing material<ref name="Olliver-2 "/>
* [[Michael S. Hart]] (deceased 2011), creator of [[Project Gutenberg]], Illinois

== Goals ==
[[File:RepRap-printing-object.ogv|thumb|alt=Video of RepRap printing an object |Video of RepRap printing an object]]

The stated goal of the RepRap project is to produce a pure self-replicating device not for its own sake, but rather to put in the hands of individuals anywhere on the planet, for a minimal outlay of capital, a [[desktop manufacturing]] system that would enable the individual to manufacture many of the artifacts used in everyday life.<ref name="Jones, R. 2011 "/> From a theoretical viewpoint, the project aims to prove the hypothesis that "[[rapid prototyping]] and direct writing technologies are sufficiently versatile to allow them to be used to make a [[von Neumann universal constructor]]".<ref name="AMPS-Project "/>

== Education ==

RepRap technology has great potential in educational applications, according to some scholars.<ref name="Schelly "/><ref name="Grujović "/><ref name="Mercuri "/> RepRaps have already been used for an educational mobile robotics platform.<ref name="Gonzalez-Gomez "/> Some authors have claimed that RepRaps offer an unprecedented "revolution" in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] education.<ref name="Irwin "/> The evidence comes from both the low cost of [[rapid prototyping]] by students, and the fabrication of low-cost high-quality scientific equipment from [[open hardware]] designs forming [[open-source labs]].<ref name="buildosh" /><ref name="osl" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Electronics}}
* [[3D printing processes]]
* [[Comparison of 3D printers]]
* [[Disruptive technology]]
* [[Fab lab]]
* [[Fab@Home]]
* [[Recyclebot]]
* [[Self-replicating machine]]

== Notes ==

{{refs|refs=
<ref name="license">{{Cite web | url=http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRapGPLLicence | title=RepRapGPLLicence - RepRap}}</ref>
<ref name="Pearce">{{cite journal|doi=10.5539/jsd.v3n4p17|title=3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development|year=2010|last1=Pearce|first1=Joshua M.|last2=Morris Blair|first2=Christine|last3=Laciak|first3=Kristen J.|last4=Andrews|first4=Rob|last5=Nosrat|first5=Amir|last6=Zelenika-Zovko|first6=Ivana|journal=Journal of Sustainable Development|volume=3|issue=4|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="buildosh">{{cite journal | last1 = Pearce | first1 = Joshua M | year = 2012 | title = Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware | journal = Science | volume = 337 | issue = 6100| pages = 1303–1304 | doi=10.1126/science.1228183 | pmid=22984059| bibcode = 2012Sci...337.1303P | s2cid = 44722829 }}</ref>
<ref name="osl">J.M. Pearce, ''Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs'', Elsevier, 2014.</ref>
<ref name="Jones, R. 2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = R. | last2 = Haufe | first2 = P. | last3 = Sells | first3 = E. | last4 = Iravani | first4 = P. | last5 = Olliver | first5 = V. | last6 = Palmer | first6 = C. | last7 = Bowyer | first7 = A. | year = 2011 | title = Reprap-- the replicating rapid prototyper | journal = Robotica | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 177–191 | doi=10.1017/s026357471000069x| doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="Sells">Sells, E., Smith, Z., Bailard, S., Bowyer, A., & Olliver, V. (2009). Reprap: the replicating rapid prototyper: maximizing customizability by breeding the means of production. Handbook of Research in Mass Customization and Personalization.</ref>
<ref name="Wittbrodt">{{cite journal | last1 = Wittbrodt | first1 = B.T. | last2 = Glover | first2 = A.G. | last3 = Laureto | first3 = J. | last4 = Anzalone | first4 = G.C. | last5 = Oppliger | first5 = D. | last6 = Irwin | first6 = J.L. | last7 = Pearce | first7 = J.M. | year = 2013 | title = Life-cycle economic analysis of distributed manufacturing with open-source 3-D printers | url =https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02119705/file/Open-Source_Colorimeter.pdf| journal = Mechatronics | volume = 23 | issue = 6| pages = 713–726 | doi = 10.1016/j.mechatronics.2013.06.002 | s2cid = 1766321 }}  http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&context=materials_fp</ref>
<ref name="Power">{{cite web|author=Matthew Power |url=http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2008/09/mechanical_generation.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925172835/http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2008/09/mechanical_generation.php |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2008-09-25 |title=Mechanical Generation § |publisher=Seedmagazine |date=2008-09-23 |access-date=2010-06-04 }}</ref>
<ref name="Olliver">{{Cite tweet |author=Vik Olliver |user=VikOlliver |number=1398041308095209472 |title=Tomorrow is RepRap Day. On that day in 2008 a 3D printer first achieved self-replication. I may have assisted it slightly.}}</ref>
<ref name="Gada Prize">{{cite web|title=Gada Prizes|url=http://humanityplus.org/projects/gadaprize/|publisher=humanity+|access-date=25 April 2011|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729122052/http://humanityplus.org/projects/gadaprize/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Ingeniøren">{{cite web | title=Ingeniøren | url=http://ing.dk/tema/3d-print | publisher=Ingeniøren media | date=2012-09-26 | access-date=2012-09-26 | archive-date=15 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015224526/http://ing.dk/tema/3d-print | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="reprappro">{{cite web |url=http://www.reprappro.com |title=RepRap Professional Ltd. is now closed. |date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="RepRap Family Tree">[http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap_Family_Tree RepRap Family Tree]</ref>
<ref name="Chulilla">{{cite journal | last1 = Chulilla | first1 = J. L. | year = 2011 | title = The Cambrian Explosion of Popular 3D Printing | journal = International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence | volume = 1 | page = 4 }}</ref>
<ref name="Skeinforge">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120711231626/http://fabmetheus.crsndoo.com/wiki/index.php/Skeinforge Skeinforge]</ref>
<ref name="Wijnen">{{cite journal|doi=10.5334/jors.78|title=Free and Open-source Control Software for 3-D Motion and Processing|journal=Journal of Open Research Software|year=2016|volume=4|doi-access=free|last1=Wijnen |first1=Bas |last2=Anzalone |first2=Gerald C. |last3=Haselhuhn |first3=Amberlee S. |last4=Sanders |first4=P. G. |last5=Pearce |first5=Joshua M. |page=2 }}
</ref>
<ref name="Tymrak">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.038|title=Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions|year=2014|last1=Tymrak|first1=B.M.|last2=Kreiger|first2=M.|last3=Pearce|first3=J.M.|journal=Materials & Design|volume=58|pages=242–246|s2cid=15552570 |url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/materials_fp/49}}</ref>
<ref name="RPJ">{{cite journal | last1 = Baechler | first1 = Christian | last2 = DeVuono | first2 = Matthew | last3 = Pearce | first3 = Joshua M. | year = 2013| title = Distributed Recycling of Waste Polymer into RepRap Feedstock | url = https://www.academia.edu/2643418 | journal = Rapid Prototyping Journal | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 118–125 | doi=10.1108/13552541311302978| s2cid = 15980607 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kreiger">Kreiger, M., Anzalone, G. C., Mulder, M. L., Glover, A., & Pearce, J. M. (2013). Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 1492, mrsf12-1492. [https://www.academia.edu/2921972/Distributed_Recycling_of_Post-Consumer_Plastic_Waste_in_Rural_Areas open access]</ref>
<ref name="voxelfab">[http://voxelfab.com/blog/2013/03/the-importance-of-the-lyman-extruder-filamaker-recyclebot-and-filabot-to-3d-printing/ The importance of the Lyman Extruder, Filamaker, Recyclebot and Filabot to 3D printing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318062517/http://voxelfab.com/blog/2013/03/the-importance-of-the-lyman-extruder-filamaker-recyclebot-and-filabot-to-3d-printing/ |date=2014-03-18 }} – VoxelFab, 2013.</ref>
<ref name="Kreiger-2">M. Kreiger, G. C. Anzalone, M. L. Mulder, A. Glover and J. M Pearce (2013). Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 1492, [https://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8851128 mrsf12-1492-g04-06] doi:10.1557/opl.2013.258. [https://www.academia.edu/2921972/Distributed_Recycling_of_Post-Consumer_Plastic_Waste_in_Rural_Areas open access]</ref>
<ref name="Feeley">{{cite journal | last1 = Feeley | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Wijnen | first2 = B. | last3 = Pearce | first3 = J. M. | year = 2014 | title = Evaluation of Potential Fair Trade Standards for an Ethical 3-D Printing Filament | journal = Journal of Sustainable Development | volume = 7 | issue = 5| pages = 1–12 | doi = 10.5539/jsd.v7n5p1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="Kreiger-3">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/sc400093k|title=Environmental Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Three-Dimensional Printing and Conventional Manufacturing of Polymer Products|year=2013|last1=Kreiger|first1=Megan|last2=Pearce|first2=Joshua M.|journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering|volume=1|issue=12|pages=1511–1519}}</ref>
<ref name="plosone_Leight_Bradley">Simon J. Leigh, Robert J. Bradley, Christopher P. Purssell, Duncan R. Billson, David A. Hutchins [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049365 A Simple, Low-Cost Conductive Composite Material for 3D Printing of Electronic Sensors]</ref>
<ref name="first-reprapped-circuit">[http://blog.reprap.org/2009/04/first-reprapped-circuit.html RepRap blog 2009] visited 2/26/2014</ref>
<ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/science/an-inexpensive-way-to-print-out-metal-parts.html?_r=0 An Inexpensive Way to Print Out Metal Parts] - The New York Times</ref>
<ref name="Anzalone">{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2293018|title=A Low-Cost Open-Source Metal 3-D Printer|year=2013|last1=Anzalone|first1=Gerald C.|last2=Chenlong Zhang|last3=Wijnen|first3=Bas|last4=Sanders|first4=Paul G.|last5=Pearce|first5=Joshua M.|journal=IEEE Access|volume=1|pages=803–810|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Kostakis">Kostakis, V., & Papachristou, M. (2013). Commons-based peer production and digital fabrication: The case of a RepRap-based, Lego-built 3D printing-milling machine. Telematics and Informatics.</ref>
<ref name="Laureto">{{cite journal|doi=10.3390/machines4030014|title=Open Source Laser Polymer Welding System: Design and Characterization of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Multilayer Welds|year=2016|last1=Laureto|first1=John|last2=Dessiatoun|first2=Serguei|last3=Ohadi|first3=Michael|last4=Pearce|first4=Joshua|journal=Machines|volume=4|issue=3|pages=14|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="New Scientist">{{cite journal | journal = New Scientist | date = 29 May 2010 | title = I, replicator }}</ref>
<ref name="Core Team">[http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRapWiki:The_Core_Team "The Core Team - who we are"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406090137/http://reprap.org/wiki/RepRapWiki%3AThe_Core_Team |date=2013-04-06 }}, reprap.org/wiki</ref>
<ref name="Sells-2">{{cite web | url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/interview-ed-sells-reprap-opened-multi-billion-dollar-industry-now-known-3d-printing-133978/ | title=Interview: Ed Sells, RepRap 'opened up a multi-billion dollar industry now known as 3D printing' | date=31 May 2018 |first1=Michael |last1=Petch  |website=3D Printing Industry | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111527/https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/interview-ed-sells-reprap-opened-multi-billion-dollar-industry-now-known-3d-printing-133978/ | archive-date=2020-07-28 }}</ref>
<ref name="Olliver-2">{{cite web | url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/interview-vik-olliver-first-reprap-volunteer-didnt-just-build-3d-printer-133892/ | title=Interview: Vik Olliver, the first RepRap volunteer – 'We didn't just build a 3D printer' | date=29 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221110108/https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/interview-vik-olliver-first-reprap-volunteer-didnt-just-build-3d-printer-133892 | archive-date=2020-02-21 }}</ref>
<ref name="AMPS-Project">{{cite web | url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/idmrc/themes/projects/amps/AMPS-Project-RepRap.pdf | title=RepRap—the Replication Rapid Prototyper Project, IdMRC | access-date=2007-02-19 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406095923/http://www.bath.ac.uk/idmrc/themes/projects/amps/AMPS-Project-RepRap.pdf | archive-date=2012-04-06 }}</ref>
<ref name="Schelly">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jvlc.2015.01.004| title=Open-source 3-D printing technologies for education: Bringing additive manufacturing to the classroom| journal=Journal of Visual Languages & Computing| volume=28| pages=226–237| year=2015| last1=Schelly| first1=Chelsea| last2=Anzalone| first2=Gerald| last3=Wijnen| first3=Bas| last4=Pearce| first4=Joshua M.| url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/materials_fp/47}}</ref>
<ref name="Grujović">Grujović, N., Radović, M., Kanjevac, V., Borota, J., Grujović, G., & Divac, D. (2011, September). 3D printing technology in education environment. ''In 34th International Conference on Production Engineering'' (pp. 29-30).</ref>
<ref name="Mercuri">Mercuri, R., & Meredith, K. (2014, March). An educational venture into 3D Printing. In Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC), 2014 IEEE (pp. 1-6). IEEE.</ref>
<ref name="Gonzalez-Gomez">Gonzalez-Gomez, J., Valero-Gomez, A., Prieto-Moreno, A., & Abderrahim, M. (2012). A new open source 3d-printable mobile robotic platform for education. In ''Advances in autonomous mini robots'' (pp. 49-62). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.</ref>
<ref name="Irwin">J. Irwin, J.M. Pearce, D. Opplinger, and G. Anzalone. [https://www.academia.edu/9647945/The_RepRap_3-D_Printer_Revolution_in_STEM_Education The RepRap 3-D Printer Revolution in STEM Education], ''121st ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, IN''. Paper ID #8696 (2014).</ref>
}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* [http://fplreflib.findlay.co.uk/articles/8217%5CRevolutionary.pdf Replication revolutionary]. ''New Electronics'', 12 December 2006.
* [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7165 3D printer to churn out copies of itself]. Celeste Biever, ''New Scientist'', 18 March 2005
* [http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/06/02/tech.reprap/index.html The machine that can copy anything]. Simon Hooper, [[CNN]], 2 June 2005
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050802085932/http://www.knowprose.com/node/2041 Self Replicating Robots And The Developing World]. KnowProSE.com, 5 June 2005
* [http://www.monochrom.at/taugshow/taugshow6.htm Interview with Vik Olliver about RepRap], September 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211041428/http://www.agoravox.com/article.php3?id_article=5006 Chinese Growth Hurdles toward a New Great Wall]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/spark/blog/2007/10/interview_with_adrian_bowyer_3.html Canadian Broadcasting Corporation audio interview with Adrian Bowyer]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|RepRap}}

* {{Official website|http://reprap.org/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117133358/http://poptech.org/popcasts/adrian_bowyer__poptech_2007 Video of a talk by Adrian Bowyer] on RepRap

{{3d printing}}

[[Category:RepRap project| ]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Somerset]]
[[Category:University of Bath]]
[[Category:Open-source hardware]]