View source for Amphitrite-class monitor

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=USS Monadnock BM-3 crossing the Pacific.jpg
|Ship caption={{USS|Monadnock|BM-3|6}}, a [[monitor (warship)|monitor]] of the ''Amphitrite'' class, crossing the Pacific Ocean during the [[Spanish–American War]].
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Builders=*{{nobreak|[[Continental Iron Works]] ([[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]], NY)}}<ref>Only to supply prefabricated parts to Burgess for ''Monadnock''.</ref>
*[[Harlan & Hollingsworth]]
*[[John Roach & Sons]]
*Phineas Burgess
*[[William Cramp & Sons]]
|Operators={{navy|United States}}
|Class before=
|Class after=[[USS Puritan (BM-1)|''Puritan'' class]]
|Subclasses=
|Built range=
|In commission range=1891–1919
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=5
|Total ships completed=4
|Total ships cancelled=
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships scrapped=4
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Monitor (warship)|Monitor]]
|Ship displacement={{cvt|3990|LT|lk=on}} (designed)
|Ship length=
*{{cvt|262|ft}} [[length overall|oa]]
*{{cvt|259|ft}} [[Waterline length|lwl]]
|Ship beam={{cvt|55|ft|6|in}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft={{cvt|14|ft|6|in}}
|Ship power=
*4 × single-ended [[steam boiler]]s
*{{cvt|1426|ihp|lk=in}} (produced on [[Sea trial|trials]])
|Ship propulsion=
*2 × [[Triple expansion]] ''(Monadnock)''
*2 × Compound ''(Others)''
|Ship speed=* {{cvt|12|kn|lk=on}} (designed)
*''Monadnock:'' {{cvt|11.5|kn}}
*''Others:'' {{cvt|10.5|kn}}
|Ship range={{cvt|1370|nmi|lk=on}} @ {{convert|10|kn}}<ref>Silverstone, p. 18.</ref>
|Ship complement=19 officers and 164 enlisted
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=
*4 × [[10"/31 caliber gun|{{cvt|10|in}}/30 caliber guns]]
*4 × [[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss|6-pounder {{cvt|57|mm}} guns]]
*2 × [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|3-pounder]] guns
*Various smaller
|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
*'''Iron armor'''
*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{cvt|7|–|5|in}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{cvt|1.75|in}}
*[[Gun turret|Turrets]]: {{cvt|11.5|in}}
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''''Amphitrite''-class monitors''' were a class of four [[U.S. Navy]] [[monitor (warship)|monitors]] ordered in the aftermath of the [[Virginius affair|''Virginius'' affair]] with Spain in 1873.<ref name=swann141-142>Swann, pp. 141–142.</ref> The four ships of the class included {{USS|Amphitrite|BM-2|2}}, {{USS|Monadnock|BM-3|2}}, {{USS|Terror|BM-4|2}}, and {{USS|Miantonomoh|BM-5|2}}.  A fifth ship originally of the same design, {{USS|Puritan|BM-1|2}}, was later fitted with extra armor and designated as a unique class.

''Puritan'' and the ''Amphitrite'' class were to remain under construction for an extraordinarily long period due both to design changes and to the reluctance of the [[US Congress]] to appropriate funds for their completion. Most of the vessels were only commissioned in the mid-1890s—more than twenty years after the commencement of construction.<ref name=bauer/> They were eventually to see active service in the [[Spanish–American War]].

==''Virginius'' affair==
{{main|Virginius affair}}
On 1 October 1873, the American-flagged [[merchant ship]] ''Virginius'' was intercepted by the [[Spanish Navy]] on suspicion of supplying provisions and personnel to a Cuban insurgency. A few days later, 53 crew and passengers of ''Virginius'' were summarily executed by the Spanish, including several Americans and [[British people|Britons]], creating a serious diplomatic crisis. While war was apparently imminent, a Spanish [[ironclad]] was coincidentally berthed in [[New York Harbor]], drawing attention to the fact that the U.S. Navy had not a single ironclad in serviceable condition for the defence of America's ports.<ref>Swann, p. 141.</ref>

==Design==
The ''Amphitrite''-class monitors were designed with a displacement of {{cvt|3990|LT}} but at [[Sea trial|trials]] {{USS|Miantonomoh|BM-5|2}} only had a displacement of {{cvt|3815|LT}}. They had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{cvt|262|ft}} and a [[Waterline length|length at the waterline]] of {{cvt|259|ft}}. They measured {{cvt|55|ft|6|in}} at the [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] with a {{cvt|14|ft|6|in}} [[Draft (hull)|draft]]. They were manned by a total crew of 19 officers and 164 enlisted men.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=453}}

The ''Amphitrite''s were powered by [[compound steam engine]]s, except {{USS|Monadnock|BM-3|2}}, which used [[triple expansion]] engines, that drove two [[screw propeller]]s. Steam was generated by four single-ended [[steam boilers]] that were designed to generated {{cvt|1600|ihp|lk=on}} with a top speed of {{cvt|12|kn|lk=on}}, but on trials ''Miantonomoh'' only produced {{cvt|1425|ihp}} with a top speed of {{cvt|10.5|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=453}}

The ships were armed with [[main battery]] of four [[10"/31 caliber gun|{{cvt|10|in}}/30 caliber guns]], with 10-inch/31 caliber, later modified to 10-inch/35 caliber, guns being used on ''Miantonomoh''.{{sfn|Navweaps|2016}} The secondary battery consisted of four [[QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss#American service|6-pounder {{cvt|57|mm|1}} guns]]. The main [[belt armor]] was {{cvt|7|in}} in the middle tapering to {{cvt|5|in}} at the ends. The [[Gun turret#Warships|gun turrets]] were {{cvt|11.5|in}}. The ''Amphitrite''{{'}}s also had a {{cvt|1.75|in}} [[Deck (ship)|deck]].{{sfn|Friedman|1985|p=453}}

==Construction==
In the years following the [[American Civil War]], the US Congress had allowed the Navy to fall into disrepair as the nation focussed its energies on [[Reconstruction era|reconstruction]] and westward expansion.

===The Robeson subterfuge===
[[Secretary of the Navy]] [[George Robeson]] wasted no time in bringing the Navy's lack of readiness to the attention of Congress, which hastily allocated a million dollars for the overhaul of five of the larger twin-turret Civil-War era monitors—{{USS|Puritan|1864|2}}, {{USS|Amphitrite|1864|2}}, {{USS|Miantonomoh|1863|2}}, {{USS|Monadnock|1863|2}} and {{USS|Terror|1863|2}}. These vessels were in such poor condition however, that Robeson took it upon himself to use the money to build five entirely new monitors instead, under the guise of "repairing" the old ones. In furtherance of this scheme, he gave the new monitors identical names to the old, and authorized the scrapping of the latter to help pay for the new construction.<ref name=swann141-142/><ref name=danfsappendix>''Dictionary of American Fighting Ships'', Volume III, Appendix II, p. 787, [http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/monitors/new_navy.txt as reproduced] at Haze Gray and Underway website.</ref>

As the Navy's own shipyards lacked the capability to build ironclads at this time, Robeson approached four private shipyards—[[Harlan & Hollingsworth]], [[William Cramp & Sons]], [[John Roach & Sons]] and the [[Continental Iron Works]], and offered them his "repair" contracts for ''Amphitrite'', ''Terror'', ''Miantonomoh'' and ''Puritan'' respectively. A fifth contract, for ''Monadnock'', was accepted by a New York entrepreneur, Phineas Burgess. Continental Iron Works was the only firm to decline Robeson's offer, and consequently John Roach & Sons accepted the contracts to build both ''Puritan'' and ''Miantonomoh''. However, Continental Iron Works would still participate in construction of the monitors through its supply of prefabricated ship parts to Burgess. The terms for each contractor were identical—a set of three contracts which covered respectively the building of the frames, installation of hull plates, and installation of the engines and boilers. The third contract was left unsigned in each case until the first two had been fulfilled.<ref>Swann, p .142.</ref>

Since Robeson had been unable to secure funding for new warship construction, he hoped to be able to complete the ships from the Navy's annual repair and maintenance budget, but in the wake of the ''Virginius'' incident, the Navy increased the number of its personnel and also conducted a series of Naval demonstrations, all of which reduced available funds. Robeson resorted to cannibalizing many of the old Civil War era ironclads to sell as scrap to the shipbuilders in lieu of cash payments. The Cramp shipyard received four old monitors for scrapping, including {{USS|Otsego|1864|2}}. John Roach & Sons, which had its own iron mill and could directly recycle scrap iron, received the most ironclads for scrapping—the original ''Miantonomoh'' and ''Puritan'', in addition to the {{sclass|Casco|monitor||warship}}s {{USS|Cohoes|1867|2}}, {{USS|Casco|1864|2}}, {{USS|Chimo|1864|2}}, {{USS|Modoc|1865|2}}, {{USS|Napa|1864|2}}, {{USS|Nausett|1865|2}} and {{USS|Waxsaw|1865|2}}. The scrap value of ''Puritan'' was estimated at $43,000 and that of the ''Casco'' class from $7,000 to $20,000 each.<ref>Tyler, p. 51.</ref> Roach also received several other vessels for scrap including the [[screw frigate]] {{USS|Neshaminy|1865|2}} and the [[screw sloop]] {{USS|Severn|1867|2}}—fourteen ships in total, including the monitors.<ref>Swann, pp. 142–143.</ref>

In spite of these ad hoc measures, Robeson soon ran out of money. In 1876, he was forced to ask Congress for an appropriation of $2,300,000 to complete the five new monitors. A few days before leaving office, he decided to sign the third (machinery) contracts for all five vessels, in hope that the incoming administration would honor them. He also awarded a new $997,642 contract to Roach for the fitting of additional armor to ''Puritan''.<ref>Swann, p. 143.</ref>

===Cancellation of contracts, 1877===
[[File:USS Monadnock before launch 1883.jpg|thumb|left|300px|USS ''Monadnock'' prior to her launch at the Burgess shipyard, [[Vallejo, California]], 19 September 1883. ''Monadnock'' is the only known ship to have been built by Burgess.]]

When the [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Hayes administration]] came to power in 1877, it appointed a new Secretary of the Navy, [[Richard W. Thompson]], to replace Robeson. Thompson was shocked to discover the total indebtedness of the Navy to be in excess of seven million dollars, and he quickly slashed expenditures across the board by fifty percent. Considering the ''Amphitrite''-class contracts signed by Robeson in his last days in office to be illegal, Thompson initiated an independent review. An ''ad hoc'' committee confirmed his opinion, and the contracts for all five monitors were cancelled.<ref>Swann, pp. 143–148.</ref>

The four shipyards which had contracted to build the monitors were now forced to retain the cancelled ships in an unfinished state on their slipways at their own expense, while their debts went unpaid. Roach, for example, was owed in excess of $500,000 by the Navy, the interest alone for which amounted to $30,000 per annum. He was even compelled by the government to retain a watchman, again at his own expense, to guard the unfinished warships.<ref>Swann, pp. 148–149.</ref> The shipyard of Phineas Burgess, set up in [[Vallejo, California]] specifically to build ''Monadnock'', was forced into receivership by the cancellation. Burgess' heirs sued the government for compensation and in 1897 won a settlement of $129,311.45.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1897/09/04/archives/electro-pneumatic-stock-panic-among-curbstone-brokers-over-a-report.html Receiver of a United States Warrant], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 4 September 1897.</ref>

===Reinstatement of contracts, 1880s===
By the time the [[James A. Garfield|Garfield administration]] assumed office in 1881, the Navy's condition had deteriorated still further. A review conducted on behalf of the new Secretary of the Navy, [[William H. Hunt]], found that of 140 vessels on the Navy's active list, only 52 were in an operational state, of which a mere 17 were iron-hulled ships, including 14 ageing Civil War era ironclads. Hunt recognized the necessity of modernizing the Navy, and set up an informal advisory board to make recommendations.<ref>Swann, pp. 152–154.</ref>

Following this board's recommendations, Congress in August 1882 tentatively authorized the completion of the ''Amphitrite''-class monitors to the launching stage, including the installation of engines and boilers. It also set up a permanent Naval Advisory Board to make further recommendations.<ref>Swann, pp. 168–170.</ref> The new Board eventually recommended the construction of several new [[protected cruiser]]s and a dispatch vessel, as well as the completion of the ''Amphitrite''-class monitors including the extra armor for ''Puritan''. Congress approved these recommendations on 3 March 1883.<ref>Swann, pp. 174–175.</ref>

===Naval yard delays, 1883–1896===
[[File:USS Miantonomoh BM-5 gun fitting 1890.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Fitting the main guns to a turret of USS ''Miantonomoh'' at the [[New York Navy Yard]], circa 1890]]
After their launching, Congress decided to have the five monitors completed at the Navy's own shipyards. ''Amphitrite'' was transferred from the Harlan & Hollingsworth shipyard to the [[Norfolk Navy Yard]] in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]; ''Monadnock'' from the Burgess yard to the [[Mare Island Navy Yard]] in [[Solano County, California]]; while ''Terror'' from William Cramp & Sons and ''Miantonomoh'' and ''Puritan'' from John Roach & Sons were all taken for completion to the [[New York Navy Yard]] in [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]].<ref name=bauer>Bauer and Roberts, p. 99. [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97590393 Extract].</ref>

Following their transfer to the Navy yards, the ships were to suffer even longer delays due to repeated design changes, and construction proceeded at a snail's pace.<ref name=amph>[http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a8/amphitrite-ii.htm ''Amphitrite'' II], DANFS.</ref> A major redesign occurred in 1886, when it was decided to fit each vessel with four 10-inch breechloading cannon, and another redesign occurred in 1889.<ref name=bauer/> The first of the five monitors to be fully commissioned was ''Miantonomoh'', on 27 October 1891; however, the other four vessels were not to enter service until 1895–96, more than two decades after the commencement of their construction in 1874–75.<ref name=bauer/>

==In service==
[[File:USS Amphitrite BM-2 NH58949.jpg|thumb|left|300px|{{USS|Amphitrite|BM-2|6}}, lead ship of the ''Amphitrite'' class, at the Boston Navy Yard, 1890s]]
By the 1890s, the monitor concept was well and truly obsolete, if indeed it had ever been optimal. Monitor warships suffered a variety of well known defects, the most obvious of which was the type's poor suitability to oceangoing service, due mainly to the very low [[Freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]]—a feature originally included as a means of reducing the vessel's exposure to enemy fire. Other problems which diminished the type's practicality for seagoing service were the low speed and short range due to a lack of space for fuel. An additional problem was the lack of ventilation which often made for almost unbearable heat below deck (the engine room of one particular monitor once recorded a temperature of {{convert|200|F|abbr=on}}). On the positive side, monitors were considered stable gun platforms and could generally be fitted with larger guns than more conventional vessels of an equivalent tonnage.

The ''Amphitrite'' class suffered from all the usual monitor defects (as did ''Puritan'' which was eventually redesignated as a unique class due to her extra armor), and their combat limitations quickly became evident during the [[Spanish–American War]]. For example, during one sortie to [[Puerto Rico]], USS ''Amphitrite'' had to be taken under tow as she lacked the fuel reserves to travel there under her own steam, reducing the speed of the entire fleet to a mere seven knots. Having arrived at the destination, ''Amphitrite''{{'}}s heavy guns proved effective against shore defences, but the heat within the ship was so oppressive during the 2{{frac|1|2}} hour bombardment that the crew found it almost impossible to continue manning their posts, and one of the gunners actually died of heat exhaustion.<ref name=amph />

''Monadnock'', meanwhile, earned the distinction of becoming one of only two U.S. Navy monitors ever to cross the Pacific Ocean when she sailed for the [[Philippines]] theater in the same year, after which she remained in the Far East for the rest of her career.<ref name=danfsappendix/><ref name=mon>[http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m13/monadnock-ii.htm ''Monadnock'' II], DANFS.</ref> The other ''Amphitrite''s were withdrawn from frontline service after the war, and became training ships. USS ''Amphitrite'' saw some service in home waters during [[World War I]], and was the last of the ''Amphitrite'' class to be decommissioned, on 31 May 1919.<ref name=amph/><ref name=mon/><ref>[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/terror-ii.html ''Terror'' II], DANFS</ref><ref>[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/miantonomoh-ii.html ''Miantonomoh'' II], DANFS</ref>

==See also==
* {{USS|Puritan|BM-1}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1= Bauer |first1= K. Jack |last2= Roberts |first2= Stephen S. |date= 1991 |title= Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants |location= Westport, CT |publisher= Greewood Press |page= 99 |isbn= 9780313262029}} 
* ''[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]'' (DANFS), [[Naval Historical Center]].
* Silverstone, Paul H. (2006): ''The New Navy, 1883–1922'', CRC Press, {{ISBN|978-0-415-97871-2}}, p.&nbsp;18.
* Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr. (1965): ''John Roach, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor 1862–1886'' – United States Naval Institute (reprinted 1980 by Ayer Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-405-13078-6}}).
* Tyler, David B. (1958): ''The American Clyde: A History of Iron and Steel Shipbuilding on the Delaware from 1840 to World War I'', University of Delaware Press (reprinted 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-87413-101-7}}).
* {{Cite book
  |last = Friedman
  |first = Norman
  |authorlink = Norman Friedman
  |year = 1985
  |title = U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History
  |publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]]
  |location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
  |isbn = 978-1-59114-247-8
  }}
* {{cite web 
  |url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_10-30_mk1.php
  |title=United States of America 10"/31 (25.4&nbsp;cm) Mark 1 Mod 0 and Mod 1 10"/35 (25.4&nbsp;cm) Mark 1 Mod 2 10"/30 (25.4&nbsp;cm) Mark 2 
  |publisher=Navweaps 
  |date= 25 July 2016
  |access-date= 16 August 2016
  |ref = {{sfnRef|Navweaps|2016}}
  }}

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{{Amphitrite class monitor}}
{{USN monitors}}

[[Category:Monitor classes]]
[[Category:Amphitrite-class monitors| ]]