View source for Automated mining

{{short description|Removal of human labor from the mining industry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
'''Automated mining''' involves the removal of human labor from the [[mining]] process.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/rio-to-trial-automated-mining/story-e6frg9df-1111115351260 ''Rio to trial automated mining''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117205954/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/rio-to-trial-automated-mining/story-e6frg9df-1111115351260 |date=17 January 2015 }} at The Australian</ref> The [[Mining#Industry|mining industry]] is in the transition towards [[automation]]. It can still require a large amount of [[human capital]], particularly in the [[third world|developing world]] where labor costs are low so there is less incentive to increase efficiency. There are two types of automated mining: process and software automation, and the application of robotic technology to mining vehicles and equipment.

==Mine automation software==
In order to gain more control over their operations, mining companies may implement mining automation software or processes. Reports generated by mine automation software allow administrators to identify productivity bottlenecks, increase accountability, and better understand [[return on investment]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180810005358/en/Global-Mining-Automation-Software-Automation-Services-Equipment-Automation-Market-2018-2025---ResearchAndMarkets.com|title=Global Mining Automation (Software Automation, Services, Equipment Automation) Market 2018-2025 - ResearchAndMarkets.com|date=August 10, 2018|website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref>

==Mining equipment automation==
Addressing concerns about how to improve productivity and safety in the mine site, some mine companies are turning to equipment automation consisting of robotic hardware and software technologies that convert vehicles or equipment into autonomous mining units.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.raconteur.net/sustainability/automation-mining-efficiency/|title = How automation is transforming mining's efficiency|date = 27 April 2020|access-date = 6 February 2021|archive-date = 13 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210213174351/https://www.raconteur.net/sustainability/automation-mining-efficiency/|url-status = live}}</ref>

Mine equipment automation comes in four different forms: remote control, [[teleoperation]], driver assist, and full automation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/23/caterpillar-and-nasa-developing-autonomous-vehicles-to-mine-the-moon.html|title=Caterpillar's autonomous vehicles may be used by NASA to mine the moon and build a lunar base|website=[[CNBC]]|date=23 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025161343/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/23/caterpillar-and-nasa-developing-autonomous-vehicles-to-mine-the-moon.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Remote control===
Remote control mining equipment usually refers to mining vehicles such as [[excavators]] or [[bulldozers]] that are controlled with a handheld remote control. An operator stands in line-of-sight and uses the remote control to perform the normal vehicle functions. Because visibility and feel of the machine are heavily reduced, vehicle productivity is generally reduced as well using remote control. Remote control technology is generally used to enable mining equipment to operate in dangerous conditions such as unstable terrain, blast areas or in high risk areas of falling debris, or underground mining. Remote control technology is generally the least expensive way to automate mining equipment making it an ideal entry point for companies looking to test the viability of robotic technology in their mine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mineserv.co.uk/mts-mining.html |title=Technical safety, control, lighting and monitoring system for mining mobile plant |website=www.mineserv.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118025347/http://mineserv.co.uk/mts-mining.html |archive-date=2016-01-18}}</ref>

===Teleoperated mining equipment===
Teleoperated mining equipment refers to mining vehicles that are controlled by an operator at a remote location with the use of cameras, sensors, and possibly additional positioning software. [[Teleoperation]] allows an operator to further remove themselves from the mining location and control a vehicle from a more protected environment. Joysticks or other handheld controls are still used to control the vehicle's functions, and operators have greater access to vehicle telemetry and positioning data through the teleoperation software. With the operator removed from the cab, teleoperated mining vehicles may also experience reduced productivity; however, the operator has a better vantage point than remote control from on-vehicle cameras and sensors and is further removed from potentially dangerous conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asirobots.com/teleoperated-mining-vehicles/|title=Teleoperated Mining Vehicles|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318171238/https://asirobots.com/teleoperated-mining-vehicles/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Driver assist===
"Driver assist" refers to partly automated control of mining machines. Only some of the functions are automated and operator intervention is needed. Common functions include both spotting assist{{clarify|date=May 2016}} and [[collision avoidance system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2018/7/autonomous-mining-trucks-and-equipment--connected-pit-vipers-are-every-miners-dream|title=Autonomous mining trucks and equipment – connected Pit Vipers are every miner's dream|date=26 July 2018|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923105811/https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2018/7/autonomous-mining-trucks-and-equipment--connected-pit-vipers-are-every-miners-dream|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Full automation===
"Full automation" can refer to the autonomous control of one or more mining vehicles. Robotic components manage all critical vehicle functions including ignition, steering, transmission, acceleration, braking, and implement control (i.e. blade control, dump bed control, excavator bucket and boom, etc.) without the need for operator intervention. Fully autonomous mining systems experience the most productivity gains as software controls one or more mining vehicles allowing operators to take on the role of mining facilitators, troubleshooting errors and monitoring efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartindustry.com/blog/smart-industry-connect/the-normal-everyday-autonomous-mine/|title=StackPath|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811153531/https://www.smartindustry.com/blog/smart-industry-connect/the-normal-everyday-autonomous-mine/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Benefits==
The benefits of mining equipment automation technologies are varied but may include: improved safety, better fuel efficiency, increased productivity, reduced unscheduled maintenance, improved working conditions, better vehicle utilization, and reduced driver fatigue and attrition. Automation technologies are an efficient way to mitigate the effects of widespread labor shortages for positions such as haul truck driver. In the face of falling commodity prices, many mining companies are looking for ways to dramatically reduce overhead costs while still maintaining site safety and integrity; automation may be the answer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/autonomous-mining-technology-zyfra/|title=How autonomous technology could make mining safer and more valuable|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411184035/https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/autonomous-mining-technology-zyfra/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Drawbacks==
Critics of [[Vehicular automation|vehicle automation]] often focus on the potential for robotic technology to eliminate jobs while proponents counter that while some jobs will become obsolete (normally the dirty, dangerous, or monotonous jobs), others will be created. Communities supporting underprivileged workers that rely on entry level mining positions are worried about and are calling for social responsibility as mining companies transition to automation technologies that promise to increase productivity in the face of falling commodity prices. Risk averse [[mining companies]] are also reluctant to commit large amounts of capital to an unproven technology, preferring more often to enter the automation scene at lower, more inexpensive levels such as remote control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mining.com/web/benefits-pitfalls-mining-automation/|title=The benefits and pitfalls of mining automation|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305010327/https://www.mining.com/web/benefits-pitfalls-mining-automation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Examples of autonomous mining equipment==

===Mine of the future===
[[Rio Tinto Group]] embarked on their Mine of the Future initiative in 2008. From a control center in Perth, Rio Tinto employees operate autonomous mining equipment in Australia's remote but mineral rich [[Pilbara|Pilbara region]]. The autonomous mining vehicles reduce the footprint of the mining giant while improving productivity and vehicle utilization. {{As of|June 2014}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_10603.aspx |title=''Press Release: Rio Tinto improves productivity through the world's largest fleet of owned and operated autonomous trucks'' |access-date=2014-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429095935/http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_10603.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rio Tinto's autonomous mining fleet reached the milestone of 200 million tonnes hauled. Rio Tinto also operate a number of autonomous blast hole drill rigs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_1719.aspx |title=''Rio Tinto and Atlas Copco announce autonomous drilling alliance'' |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506045354/http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_1719.aspx |archive-date=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Bingham Canyon Mine===
Located near [[Salt Lake City]], Utah, the [[Bingham Canyon Mine]] ([[Kennecott Utah Copper]]/Rio Tinto) is one of the largest open pit mines in the world and one of the world's largest copper producers. In April 2013, the mine experienced a catastrophic landslide that halted much of the mine's operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/news/second-landslide-hits-rio-s-bingham-canyon-mine-10 |title=Second landslide hits Rio's Bingham Canyon mine, 100 workers evacuated &#124; Mining Australia |accessdate=2013-09-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927014324/http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/news/second-landslide-hits-rio-s-bingham-canyon-mine-10 |archivedate=2013-09-27 }}</ref> As part of the cleanup efforts and to improve safety, mine administrators turned to remote control excavator, dozers and teleremote blast hole drills to perform work on the highly unstable terrain areas. Robotic technology helped Kennecott to reduce the steeper, more dangerous areas of the slide to allow manned vehicles access for cleanup efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bingham/|title=Bingham Canyon, Copper Mine, Utah, USA|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214051552/https://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bingham/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Automation of underground works in China ===
German company EEP Elektro-Elektronik Pranjic delivered and put into operation more than 60 sets of advanced automatic control for underground coal mining for the period ~ 2006–2016. For the first time completely deserted coal mining technology has been used by the Chinese concern «China National Coal Group Corp. (CME)» at the mine «Tang Shan Gou» ([[longwall mining]], shearers, three lava, depth 200 m), and at the mine «Nan Liang» (one plow, depth 100 m). Both coal mines have coal layer thickness 1–1.7 m. 
Monitoring the harvesting is carried out by means of video cameras (in real time with signal transmission over [[Optical fiber cable|optical fiber]]). Typically, an underground staff is required to monitor the production process and for carrying out repairs. Automation has improved the safety and economic performance.<ref name="Уголь-02-2016">{{cite journal|last=Song|first=Gang|date=February 2016|title=Experience in the implementation of process automation and data communication for underground coal mining on the example of China's coal industry [Опыт внедрения автоматизации процессов подземной добычи угля на примере китайской угольной промышленности]|journal=Ugol [Уголь], Russian Coal Journal|publisher=RF Ministry of Energy, Ugol' Journal Edition|location=Moscow|issue=2|pages=25–29|issn=0041-5790|doi=10.18796/0041-5790-2016-2-25-29|url=http://www.ugolinfo.ru/index.php?idmagyn=201602|language=ru|access-date=31 August 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911155136/http://www.ugolinfo.ru/index.php?idmagyn=201602|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Next Generation Mining===
[[BHP]] have deployed a number of autonomous mining components as part of their Next Generation Mining program. This includes autonomous drills <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itnews.com.au/news/bhp-billiton-hits-go-on-autonomous-drills-421008 |title="BHP Billiton hits go on Atlas Copco autonomous drills" |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822040424/http://www.itnews.com.au/news/bhp-billiton-hits-go-on-autonomous-drills-421008 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[autonomous trucks]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mining.com/two-aussie-mines-start-moving-all-their-iron-ore-with-driverless-trucks/|title=Two Aussie mines start moving all their iron ore with driverless trucks|date=October 18, 2015|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810115422/https://www.mining.com/two-aussie-mines-start-moving-all-their-iron-ore-with-driverless-trucks/|url-status=live}}</ref> in the Pilbara region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/australia/pilbara|title=Pilbara|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224212308/https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/australia/pilbara|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Autonomy in Europe ===
In March 2021, [[Ferrexpo|Ferrexpo plc]] announced that it had successfully deployed the first large scale autonomous mining trucks in Europe<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrexpo FY Results release|url=https://www.ferrexpo.com/system/files/uploads/financialdocs/ferrexpo-ar2020-rns-vf.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007194729/https://www.ferrexpo.com/system/files/uploads/financialdocs/ferrexpo-ar2020-rns-vf.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-07 }}</ref> with the conversion of its CAT 793D [[haul truck]]s. The company has used semi-autonomous drill rigs at its operations since 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrexpo investor presentation|url=https://www.ferrexpo.com/system/files/uploads/financialdocs/ferrexpo-ar2020-rns-vf.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007194729/https://www.ferrexpo.com/system/files/uploads/financialdocs/ferrexpo-ar2020-rns-vf.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-07 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Robotics]]
* [[Mechanization]]
* [[Environmental impact of mining]]
* [[Natural resource]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mining techniques}}

[[Category:Industrial automation]]
[[Category:Mining techniques]]