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[[File:Dual_process_model_of_coping.png | thumb | right]]The '''dual process model of coping''' is a [[Conceptual model|model]] for [[Coping (psychology)|coping]] with [[grief]] developed by Margaret Stroebe and Henk Schut. This model seeks to address shortcomings of prior models of coping, and provide a framework that better represents the natural variation in coping experience on a day to day basis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The authors came up with a dual process model to better represent human grief. They explain that coping with [[Grief|bereavement]], a state of loss, can be a combination of accepting loss and confronting life changes that can be experienced simultaneously. This model suggests that healthy coping is done through the oscillation between this [[acceptance]] and [[confrontation]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It informs on how the combination of healthy emotional [[catharsis]] and changing perspective can be a good and healthy process to cope.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stroebe|first1=Margaret|last2=Schut|first2=Henk|date=1999|title=The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: Rationale and Description|journal=Death Studies|volume=23|issue=3|pages=197–224|doi=10.1080/074811899201046|pmid=10848151|hdl=1874/384090|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Being able to confront the situation and also deal with everyday life events allows the person to live their lives with desired states of stability in a [[Subjective well-being|subjective]] post-loss world in which bereaved persons find themselves (Parkes, 1993){{Full citation needed|date=April 2018}}.

==Coping==
Bereavement and the adjective 'bereaved' are derived from a verb, 'reave', which means "to despoil, rob, or forcibly deprive" according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Thus, a bereaved person is one who has been deprived, robbed, plundered, or stripped of someone or something that they valued. Reaction to this state or impact of loss is called grief. According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984),{{Full citation needed|date=April 2018}} coping strategies are the "constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing on or exceeding the resources of the person".

People vary in the ways they grieve and in the ways they cope. But acknowledging it and allowing themselves to go through the motions will allow them to cope in a healthy way. To cope with the loss, the person requires to relearn the world around them and simultaneously make a multifaceted transition from loving in presence to loving in absence (Attig, 2001).{{Full citation needed|date=April 2018}} A healthy relocation of the deceased internally and maintaining a healthy dynamic connectedness/relationship is observed to provide solace to the grieving, but the weightage differed in [[Cultural pluralism|pluralistic]] cultural settings. Grievers will go through times of extreme [[sadness]] and also times where they are numb to what has happened.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6ISrB6wpb0C&pg=PA71|title=Loss, Bereavement and Grief: A Guide to Effective Caring|author1=Spall|first=Bob|last2=Callis|first2=Stephen|date=January 1997|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-7487-3322-4|pages=71}}</ref>

Lack of appropriate coping can bring many ailments to a person, mental and physical.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Virginia E.|date=2010-12-01|title=The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: A Decade Later|journal=OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying|volume=61|issue=4|pages=269–271|doi=10.2190/OM.61.4.a|pmid=21058609|s2cid=28043675}}</ref> Healthy coping is achieved when the bereaved person is enabled to go forward with healthy, productive living by effortfully developing "new normals" to guide that living which is characterized by lesser stressful demands compared to the initial phase of grief. There are multiple ways to facilitate healthy coping and grieving. For instance, spirituality has been identified as a potential factor that could help facilitate healthy coping strategies and reduce the likelihood of developing [[Prolonged grief disorder|complicated grief]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Yongqiang |last2=Cotton |first2=Anna Cox |last3=He |first3=Longtao |last4=Wuest |first4=Leslie Grace |date=2021-08-01 |title=Spirituality-Integrated Interventions for Caregivers of Patients with Terminal Illness: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Outcomes |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01221-w |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=2939–2959 |doi=10.1007/s10943-021-01221-w |issn=1573-6571}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Tina M. |last2=Tofthagen |first2=Cindy S. |last3=Buck |first3=Harleah G. |date=2020-04-02 |title=Complicated Grief: Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Interventions |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15524256.2020.1745726 |journal=Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.1080/15524256.2020.1745726 |issn=1552-4256}}</ref>

Greenblatt has reviewed spousal [[mourning]] as being essential for transition. He describes four phases of mourning: the initial reaction of shock, numbness, denial and disbelief; followed by pining, yearning, depression then in a healthy environment resolution phase begins with emancipation from the loved one and readjustment to the new environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greenblatt|first=M.|date=1978-01-01|title=The grieving spouse|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=135|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.1176/ajp.135.1.43|pmid=337812|issn=0002-953X}}</ref>

In the dual process model, healthy coping can be understood as finding a proper balance between the loss oriented and restoration oriented process, ensuring that an individual has ample time to both acknowledge and process their grief while simultaneously finding distractions and new meaning.<ref name=":0" />

==Dual process model==
===Loss oriented===
The loss oriented process focuses on coping with bereavement, the loss itself, recognizing it and accepting it. In this process a person may express feelings of grief with all the losses that occur from losing their loved one.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fiore |first=Jennifer |date=2019 |title=A Systematic Review of the Dual Process Model of Coping With Bereavement (1999–2016) |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0030222819893139 |journal=OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying |language=en |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=414–458 |doi=10.1177/0030222819893139 |issn=0030-2228}}</ref> There will be many changes from work to family and friendships. There might also be [[demography|demographic]] changes and even [[economy|economic]] ones. Loss oriented coping has been identified as an especially important aspect of early-stage bereavement, and depending on how an individual copes can significantly impact future adjustment.<ref name=":0" /> It has also been identified that [[Rumination (psychology)|ruminating]] on feelings of loss might lead to distorted, [[Complicated grief disorder|complicated]] or [[Prolonged grief disorder|prolonged]] grief.<ref name=":2" />

The loss oriented process will bring on a lot of yearning, [[irritability]], despair, [[anxiety]] and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. During this process they are only concentrated on their pain that this loss has caused. Lack or denial of early adaptive acknowledgement that they will no longer speak to deceased or see them again might instigate compulsive and [[self-destructive behavior]]s. People attached with the deceased have to reconfigure their [[Identity (psychology)|identity]] as an autonomous being. These processes in a non-resilient griever can appear overwhelming, and associated guilt can be exported over friends and family in an assumptive effort which might affect [[interpersonal relationship]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fasse|first1=Léonor|last2=Zech|first2=Emmanuelle|date=2015|title=The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement in the test of the subjective experiences of bereaved spouses. An interpretative phenomenological analysis|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270581926|journal=OMEGA: Journal of Death and Dying|volume=74|issue=2|pages=212–238|doi=10.1177/0030222815598668|s2cid=145779481|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

In the context of disaster related losses or anticipated losses, such as climate change related losses, there is evidence that engaging with these emotional experiences in order to make meaning of them is a necessary step. Research indicates that without this process of reflecting on emotional experiences, it is not possible to transform them into more adaptive expressions, leading to poor mental health.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kieft|first1=J.|last2=Bendell|first2=J|year=2021|title=The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research
|url=https://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/5950
|journal=Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers
|volume=7|pages=1–39}}</ref>

===Restoration oriented===
In restoration-oriented process, an individual will tackle issues tangentially related to their loss, and will engage in activities that can help distract from grief and facilitate adjustment to a post-loss life.<ref name=":1" /> These include focusing on the new roles in their post loss reality and responsibilities in lives. The restoration-oriented process incorporates [[endurance]] through reconstruction of perspective by taking over grief; grieving thoughts are adjusted adaptively by creating new meanings with the deceased.

The restoration process is a confrontation process that allows the person to adjust to a world without the deceased. People in this process can feel subjective oscillations of [[pride]] and grief related [[stressor]]s in the avoidance [[mentalization]]. This process allows the person to live their daily life as a changed individual without being consumed by the grieving they are facing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=Kate M.|last2=Gibbons|first2=Kerry|last3=MacKenzie-Smith|first3=Suzanna|date=2010-12-01|title=Loss and Restoration in Later Life: An Examination of Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement|journal=OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying|volume=61|issue=4|pages=315–332|doi=10.2190/OM.61.4.d|pmid=21058612|s2cid=7474544}}</ref><ref name="Jeffreys2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrr1eB4lsuEC&pg=PA46|title=Helping Grieving People: A Handbook for Care Providers|author=Jeffreys|first=J. Shep|date=2004-12-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94138-3|page=46}}</ref> William Worden calls this the four tasks of grief.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grief counseling and grief therapy : a handbook for the mental health practitioner|last=Worden|first=J. William|date=2009|publisher=Springer Pub. Co|isbn=978-0826101204|edition= 4th|location=New York, NY|oclc=307513848}}</ref> Therese A. Rando calls the letting go process as emancipation from bondage due to the strength required for change and recovery.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Again, in the context of disaster related losses or anticipated losses due to climate change, the process of reflecting on and making meaning of emotional experiences leads to growth in resilience, psychological flexibility, increased community engagement and greater solidarity. It is the emotional processing component of this grief that supports the action and restoration that occurs in responses to these losses.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kieft|first1=J.|last2=Bendell|first2=J|year=2021|title=The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research
|url=https://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/5950
|journal=Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers
|volume=7|pages=1–39}}</ref>

=== Oscillation ===
Addressing limitations of other models of grief, such as the [[five stages of grief]], the authors designed the dual process model of coping to help depict a more accurate experience of grief and bereavement in everyday life. This model is based on the idea that individuals will contend with multiple stressors following a significant loss, and will not be able to deal with one isolated issue at a time.<ref name=":0" /> Bereaved individuals may even experience gaps and fluctuations in the amount of grief they experience daily.<ref name=":1" />

The role of [[oscillation]] in the dual process model is to suggest that grieving individuals will regularly transition between the loss oriented and restoration oriented process.<ref name=":1" /> Jennifer Fiore, in a 2019 systematic review, describes this process of oscillation as an element of the dual process model of coping that is crucial for an individual to cope with their loss in a healthy manner. Oscillation between these two processes allows for an individual to address two distinct areas of life post-loss that are foundational for healthy coping.<ref name=":0" />

While understood to be an essential part of the dual process model, oscillation is also not fully understood by present research. Fiore's 2019 systematic review acknowledged that there is currently no consensus about the optimal balance between loss oriented and restoration oriented coping.<ref name=":0" /> However, it is generally understood that an individual will prioritize the loss-oriented process early into the grieving process, and will gradually prioritize the restoration-oriented process more as time progresses.<ref name=":1" />

Oscillation has also been observed to be influenced by culture and individual characteristics. Different cultural norms and personal preferences may guide individuals to prioritize one type of process over another, making oscillation a dynamic aspect of the dual process model.<ref name=":1" />

==Conclusion==
The dual process model of coping takes into consideration that most will have multiple stressful life events while they are coping with bereavement. Their lives will continue and so will the problems associated with it, confounded by the newfound loss that an individual may be contending with. There will be many situations that will take them away from grieving, necessitating a balance between coming to terms with one's loss, while simultaneously tending to establishing new social aspects of life that transcend their grief.<ref name=":0" /> These situations can either benefit them or affect them negatively if they allow them to. Being aware and prepared to change can allow them to continue and deal with post-loss life events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Stroebe|first1=Margaret|last2=Schut|first2=Henk|date=2010-12-01|title=The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: A Decade on|journal=OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying|volume=61|issue=4|pages=273–289|doi=10.2190/OM.61.4.b|pmid=21058610|hdl=1874/386135|s2cid=39679831|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Death anxiety]]
* [[Survivor guilt]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book|author=Phyllis R. Silverman|title=Widow to Widow: How the Bereaved Help One Another|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFmTAgAAQBAJ|date=23 November 2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-93780-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Robert J. Kastenbaum|title=Death, Society, and Human Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_o5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA843|date=22 July 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-34894-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Don Rosenstein & Justin Yopp|title=The Group: Seven Widowed Fathers Reimagine Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXI8DwAAQBAJ|date=2 January 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-190-64956-2}}

[[Category:Grief]]
[[Category:Counseling]]