View source for Extriplex

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Atriplexcalifornica.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Extriplex californica]]''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Extriplex
|authority = [[Elizabeth H. Zacharias|E. H. Zacharias]] (2010)
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 
* ''[[Extriplex californica]]'' {{small|(Moq.) E.H.Zacharias}}
* ''[[Extriplex joaquinana]]'' {{small|(A.Nelson) E.H.Zacharias}}
|subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77112320-1 ''Extriplex'' E.H.Zacharias]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 5 April 2024.</ref>
|synonyms =  
*''Atriplex'' <small>[unranked]</small> ''Californicae'' <small>Standl.</small>
*''Atriplex'' subsect. ''Californicae'' <small>(Standl.) S. L. Welsh</small>
*''Phyllotheca'' {{small|Nutt. ex G.L.Chu & S.C.Sand. (2017), nom. superfl.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="Zacharias" /><ref name = powo/>
}}

'''''Extriplex''''' is a plant genus in the subfamily [[Chenopodioideae]] of the family [[Amaranthaceae]]. It has been described in 2010 and comprises two species, that were formerly included in genus ''[[Atriplex]]''. They are restricted to the [[California Floristic Province]].<ref name="Zacharias" />

== Description ==
The species of ''Extriplex'' are [[Annual plant|annuals]] or [[perennial]] herbs up to 1 m high, growing erect or spreading to decumbent. Young plant parts are farinose, older ones glabrescent or scurfy. The sparsely or much branched [[Plant stems|stems]] are striate when young, later stramineous. The green to grayish [[leaves]] are alternate, the lowest sometimes nearly opposite, petiolated or not. Their leaf blades are 4–70&nbsp;mm long and 2–40&nbsp;mm wide, deltoid to ovate-rhombic (to subhastate) or lanceolate to elliptic, with irregularly sinuate-dentate or entire margins. The leaf anatomy is of the "normal" (''non-Kranz'') type of [[C3 carbon fixation|C3-plants]].<ref name="Zacharias" />

The plants are [[monoecious]]. The [[inflorescence]]s stand axillary or form dense or interrupted spikes or panicles of male and/or female flowers at the tips of the branches. Male flowers (with a bracteole) consist of 4 rounded-triangular [[perianth]] lobes, ca. 1&nbsp;mm long, with [[Glossary of leaf morphology#cucullate|cucullate]] tips, and 4 non-exserting [[stamen]]s inserting on a disc. Female flowers are sitting within 2 opposite [[bracteole]]s, without perianth, consisting just of an ovary with 2 filiform, exserted [[Stigma (botany)|stigmas]].<ref name="Zacharias" />

In fruit, the bracteoles enclosing the fruit become accrescent, 3–4.5 × 2–3&nbsp;mm, free or connate to the lower half. Their shape can be ovate, nearly round, or deltate with entire margins and acute to acuminate apices. Their surface is densely scurfy, smooth or ribbed. The subglobose or laterally compressed fruit (utricle) is not spongy, and does not fall at maturity. The membranous [[pericarp]] is free or slightly adheres to the seed. The vertically orientated seed has a black to dark-brown, smooth and shiny, hard seed coat. The annular embryo surrounds the copious farinaceous [[perisperm]].<ref name="Zacharias" />

The flowering time is April to November.<ref name="Zacharias" />

The [[chromosome]] numbers are n = 9 (haploid) and 2n = 18 (diploid).<ref name="Zacharias" />

== Distribution ==
The genus ''Extriplex'' occurs only in the [[California Floristic Province]] and in the coastal desert of [[Baja California]]. It is known from the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] and the valleys of the inner coast ranges, and from slightly north of [[San Francisco]] to [[Cedros Island]], Baja California, where is grows on sandy coasts, in shrubland and [[salt marsh]]es.<ref name="Zacharias" />

The two species differ in their habitats: ''[[Extriplex californica]]'' can be found in monotypic stands in coastal habitats (like sea bluffs, sandy coasts, crevices in sea cliffs, coastal strands, coastal salt marsh, [[coastal sage scrub]]), often on sandy soils. ''[[Extriplex joaquinana]]'' grows in inland alkali sink scrub or in alkaline [[grasslands]].<ref name="Zacharias" />

== Systematics ==
The genus ''Extriplex'' has been first described in 2010 by [[Elizabeth H. Zacharias]] (In: ''A Molecular Phylogeny of North American Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae), with Implications for Floral and Photosynthetic Pathway Evolution''. In: ''Systematic Botany'' 35 (4), p.&nbsp;839-857). It was established to separate two species from genus ''[[Atriplex]]'', that revealed to be [[phylogenetic]]ally distinct. The genus name was derived from the Latin prefix "ex" (= on the outside) plus the genus name ''Atriplex''. The [[type species]] is ''[[Extriplex joaquinana]]''.<ref name="Zacharias" />

''Extriplex'' belongs to the tribe [[Atripliceae]] in the subfamily [[Chenopodioideae]] of the family [[Amaranthaceae]].<ref name="Zacharias" />

The genus comprises two species:<ref name="Zacharias" />
* ''[[Extriplex californica]]'' (Moq.) E.H.Zacharias (Syn.: ''Atriplex californica'' Moq.) - [[California saltbush]],<ref name="ITIS1" /> [[California orach]]<ref name="FlNAmerica1" /> 
* ''[[Extriplex joaquinana]]'' (A.Nelson) E.H.Zacharias (Syn.: ''Atriplex joaquinana'' A.Nelson) - [[San Joaquin saltbush]],<ref name="ITIS2" /> [[San Joaquin orach]]<ref name="FlNAmerica2" />

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="FlNAmerica1">Stanley L. Welsh (2003): [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242415570 ''Atriplex californica''] in Flora of North America</ref>
<ref name="FlNAmerica2">Stanley L. Welsh (2003): [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242415502'' Atriplex  joaquiniana''] in Flora of North America</ref>
<ref name="ITIS1">{{ITIS|id=20517|taxon=''Atriplex californica'' }}</ref>
<ref name="ITIS2">{{ITIS|id=192219|taxon=''Atriplex joaquiniana'' }}</ref>
<ref name="Zacharias">Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Bruce G. Baldwin (2010): ''A Molecular Phylogeny of North American Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae), with Implications for Floral and Photosynthetic Pathway Evolution''. In: ''Systematic Botany'' '''35'''(4), p.839-857. {{doi|10.1600/036364410X539907}}</ref>
</references>

==External links ==
{{commons category|Extriplex}}
{{Wikispecies|Extriplex}}
* {{NCBI taxid|1072239|''Extriplex'' }}
* {{GRIN genus|id=29146|name=Extriplex}}
* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100367355 ''Extriplex''] at Tropicos

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14078929}}

[[Category:Chenopodioideae]]
[[Category:Amaranthaceae genera]]