View source for Five-term exact sequence

{{Short description|A sequence of terms related to the first step of a spectral sequence}}
In mathematics, '''five-term exact sequence''' or '''exact sequence of low-degree terms''' is a [[exact sequence|sequence]] of terms related to the first step of a [[spectral sequence]].

More precisely, let
:<math>E_2^{p,q} \Rightarrow H^n(A)</math>
be a first quadrant spectral sequence, meaning that <math>E_2^{p,q}</math> vanishes except when ''p'' and ''q'' are both non-negative.  Then there is an exact sequence
:0 → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'') → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>(''A'').
Here, the map <math>E_2^{0,1} \to E_2^{2,0}</math> is the differential of the <math>E_2</math>-term of the spectral sequence.

==Example==
*The [[inflation-restriction exact sequence]]
::0 → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''G''/''N'', ''A''<sup>''N''</sup>) → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''G'', ''A'') → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''N'', ''A'')<sup>''G''/''N''</sup> → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>(''G''/''N'', ''A''<sup>''N''</sup>) →''H''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>(''G'', ''A'')
:in [[group cohomology]] arises as the five-term exact sequence associated to the [[Lyndon–Hochschild–Serre spectral sequence]]
::''H''<sup>&nbsp;''p''</sup>(''G''/''N'', ''H''<sup>&nbsp;''q''</sup>(''N'', ''A'')) ⇒ ''H''<sup>&nbsp;''p+q''</sup>(''G, ''A'')
:where ''G'' is a [[profinite group]], ''N'' is a [[Closed subgroup|closed]] [[normal subgroup]], and ''A'' is a [[Topological module|discrete]] [[G-module|''G''-module]].

==Construction==
The sequence is a consequence of the definition of convergence of a spectral sequence.  The second page differential with codomain ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup> originates from ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>&minus;1,1</sup>, which is zero by assumption.  The differential with domain ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup> has codomain ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>3,&minus;1</sup>, which is also zero by assumption.  Similarly, the incoming and outgoing differentials of ''E''<sub>''r''</sub><sup>1,0</sup> are zero for all {{math|''r'' ≥ 2}}.  Therefore the (1,0) term of the spectral sequence has converged, meaning that it is isomorphic to the degree one graded piece of the abutment ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'').  Because the spectral sequence lies in the first quadrant, the degree one graded piece is equal to the first subgroup in the filtration defining the graded pieces.  The inclusion of this subgroup yields the injection ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'') which begins the five-term exact sequence.  This injection is called an ''edge map''.

The ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> term of the spectral sequence has not converged.  It has a potentially non-trivial differential leading to ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup>.  However, the differential landing at ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> begins at ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>&minus;2,2</sup>, which is zero, and therefore ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>0,1</sup> is the kernel of the differential ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup>.  At the third page, the (0, 1) term of the spectral sequence has converged, because all the differentials into and out of ''E''<sub>r</sub><sup>0,1</sup> either begin or end outside the first quadrant when {{math|''r'' ≥ 3}}.  Consequently ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>0,1</sup> is the degree zero graded piece of ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'').  This graded piece is the quotient of ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'') by the first subgroup in the filtration, and hence it is the cokernel of the edge map from ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup>.  This yields a short exact sequence
:0 → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'') → ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>0,1</sup> → 0.
Because ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>0,1</sup> is the kernel of the differential ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup>, the last term in the short exact sequence can be replaced with the differential.  This produces a four-term exact sequence.  The map ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'') → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> is also called an edge map.

The outgoing differential of ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup> is zero, so ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>2,0</sup> is the cokernel of the differential ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup>.  The incoming and outgoing differentials of ''E''<sub>r</sub><sup>2,0</sup> are zero if {{math|''r'' ≥ 3}}, again because the spectral sequence lies in the first quadrant, and hence the spectral sequence has converged.  Consequently ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>2,0</sup> is isomorphic to the degree two graded piece of ''H''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>(''A'').  In particular, it is a subgroup of ''H''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>(''A'').  The composite ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup> → ''E''<sub>3</sub><sup>2,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>2</sup>(''A''), which is another edge map, therefore has kernel equal to the differential landing at ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup>.  This completes the construction of the sequence.

==Variations==
The five-term exact sequence can be extended at the cost of making one of the terms less explicit.  The '''seven-term exact sequence''' is
:0 → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>(''A'') → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,1</sup> → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>2,0</sup> → Ker(''H''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>(''A'') → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>0,2</sup>) → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>1,1</sup> → ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>3,0</sup>.
This sequence does not immediately extend with a map to ''H''<sup>3</sup>(''A'').  While there is an edge map ''E''<sub>2</sub><sup>3,0</sup> → ''H''<sup>3</sup>(''A''), its kernel is not the previous term in the seven-term exact sequence.

For spectral sequences whose first interesting page is ''E''<sub>1</sub>, there is a '''three-term exact sequence''' analogous to the five-term exact sequence:
:<math>0 \to H^0(A) \to E_1^{0,0} \to E_1^{0,1}.</math>

Similarly for a homological spectral sequence <math>E_{p,q}^2 \Rightarrow H_n(A)</math> we get an exact sequence:

:<math>H_2(A)\to E^2_{2,0}\xrightarrow{d_2}E^2_{0,1}\to H_1(A)\to E^2_{1,0}\to 0</math>

In both homological and cohomological case there are also low degree exact sequences for spectral sequences in the third quadrant.  When additional terms of the spectral sequence are known to vanish, the exact sequences can sometimes be extended further.  For example, the [[long exact sequence]] associated to a short exact sequence of complexes can be derived in this manner.

==References==
* {{Neukirch et al. CNF}}
* {{Weibel IHA}}
{{Portal|Mathematics
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[[Category:Spectral sequences|*]]