View source for Introduction and Variations on a Theme by Mozart

{{Short description|1821 composition by Fernando Sor}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Sor Mozart2.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Original cover of Sor's ''Variations on a Theme of Mozart'', Op. 9, published in Paris in 1821]]
'''''Introduction and Variations on a Theme by Mozart''''', [[Opus number|Op.]] 9, is one of [[Fernando Sor]]'s most famous works for guitar.<ref name="Duarte">[[John W. Duarte|John Duarte]], liner notes from ''Music of Spain: The Classical Heritage'', [[Julian Bream]] edition, vol. 24, New York 1993</ref><ref>John Duarte, liner notes from ''Music of Spain: Guitarra'', Julian Bream edition, vol. 27, New York 1993</ref><ref name="bri">Brian Jeffrey, ''Fernando Sor: Composer and Guitarist'', England, Tecla 1977</ref><ref name="joh">[[John Williams (guitarist)|John Williams]], liner notes from ''John Williams: Guitar Recital'', London 1972</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Wolf Moser|title=Fernando Sor: The Life and Works of a Reluctant Guitarist, Part One|magazine=Classical Guitar Magazine|volume=26|number=3|date=November 2007|pages=20–26}}</ref> It was first published in London in 1821 and dedicated to Sor's brother Carlos.<ref name="bri"/>

==Editions==

The title page of the first edition reads “As performed by the author, at the Nobilities’ Concerts.” The French edition was published by Meissonnier, dated roughly in the same period, and had one less variation, no coda, and some differing notes. It is thought that this version could have been a simplification of the original work. However, in 1826 or 27, Meissonnier brought out another version, this one identical to the London first edition.<ref name="bri"/>

==Composition==

[[File:Mozart + Sor themes.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Comparison of Mozart's and Sor's themes]]

This piece embodies Fernando Sor's best characteristics as a composer, requiring great technique.<ref name="joh"/> It is a relatively frequently performed piece that serves as a “testing ground for every aspiring guitarist”<ref name="Duarte" /> As Brian Jeffrey, author of the largest Sor biography to date, wrote of this piece and Op. 7, the ''Folies d’Espagne'',{{clarify|date=August 2024|reason=Isn't Op. 7 'Fantasy No. 2', and 'Folies d’Espagne' is Op. 15a?}} “no space is wasted and the music devotes itself not to 'guitaristic' effects but only to itself”.<ref name="bri"/>

The work is based on a melody from Mozart's opera ''[[The Magic Flute]]''. The opera was first performed in Vienna, 1791, and in German, while the first performances in Italian took place in 1794, so Sor could have feasibly written the piece any time since then. However, it is more likely that he was inspired to write the piece when the first major production was premiered in England in May 1819, when Sor was in the area.<ref name="bri"/>

The theme and the variations are based on one that was used in numerous composer's arrangements, some being by the flutist Drouet, by [[Henri Herz]], and by [[Mikhail Glinka]]. It is the theme played near the end of act 1 as Papageno charms the slaves of Sarastro with his magic chimes. The theme is called “Das klinget so herrlich”,<ref>{{NMA|73|157|5={{noitalic|"Das klinget so herrlich, das klinget so schön!" (}}Die Zauberflöte{{noitalic|); bar 301}}|bullet=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vzepq31c/musexx/id14.html|title=Fernando Sor's Mozart Variations, Op. 9|author=Arthur J. Ness|access-date=2009-12-19|archive-date=2012-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009143517/http://mysite.verizon.net/vzepq31c/musexx/id14.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Italian either translating to "O dolce concento", "O dolce armonia", or, as Sor chose to use, "O cara armonia". This last translation was also used in the vocal score of ''The Magic Flute'' published in Birchall, London in around 1813.<ref name="bri"/>

Sor's theme differs somewhat from Mozart's original, as may be seen in the comparison above/right. The time and key signatures of the originals have been changed and repeats deleted to better make the comparison. None of the bars (measures) are exactly the same but most only differ slightly.

==See also==
* [[List of variations on a theme by another composer]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[David J. Buch|Buch, David J.]] “Two Likely Sources for Sor’s variations on a theme by Mozart, op. 9”, ''Guitar Review'' 52, Winter 1983: 6–9.

==External links==
*{{IMSLP|work=Introduction and Variations on a Theme by Mozart, Op.9 (Sor, Fernando)|cname=''Introduction and Variations on a Theme by Mozart'', Op. 9 (Fernando Sor)}}
*{{YouTube|iaEcDgxm8es|Performance}}, [[Ana Vidović]] on a [[Jim Redgate|Redgate]] guitar

{{The Magic Flute}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Introduction And Variations On A Theme By Mozart (Sor)}}
[[Category:Compositions for guitar]]
[[Category:Variations|Mozart]]
[[Category:1821 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions by Fernando Sor]]
[[Category:Composer tributes (classical music)]]
[[Category:Music dedicated to family or friends]]