View source for Jack Ruby

{{Short description|Murderer of Lee Harvey Oswald (1911–1967)}}
{{for multi|the Jamaican record producer|Jack Ruby (record producer)|the song by Camper Van Beethoven|Key Lime Pie (album)|the song by Deep Purple|Abandon (album)}}
{{Use American English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Jack Ruby
| image              = Jack Ruby 1963 Mugshot Extracted (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Mugshot of Ruby on November 24, 1963, after his arrest
| birth_date         = {{circa}}<ref name=dob1>Birth records were not officially kept in Chicago prior to 1915, and among school records, driver's licenses, and arrest records, there were six different dates, ranging from March to June 1911.</ref><ref name=dob2/> {{Birth date|mf=yes|1911|03|25}}
| birth_place        = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| birth_name         = Jacob Leon Rubenstein
| resting_place      = [[Westlawn Cemetery]], [[Norridge, Illinois]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|41.958110|-87.826853|type:|display=inline}}
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1967|1|3|1911|03|25}}
| death_place        = [[Dallas]], Texas, U.S.
| known_for          = [[Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald]]
| criminal_charge    = [[Murder (United States law)|Murder]] with [[Malice (law)|malice]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jack Ruby sentenced to death for murdering Lee Harvey Oswald|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jack-ruby-sentenced-to-death|access-date=December 23, 2021|archive-date=December 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223033205/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jack-ruby-sentenced-to-death|url-status=live}}</ref>
| criminal_penalty   = [[Capital punishment in Texas|Death]] (overturned)
| criminal_status = Conviction overturned on appeal, died before retrial
| occupation         = Nightclub owner
}}

'''Jack Leon Ruby''' (born '''Jacob Leon Rubenstein'''; {{circa}}<ref name=dob1/><ref name=dob2/> March 25, 1911{{spnd}}January 3, 1967) was an American nightclub owner who killed [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] on November 24, 1963, two days after Oswald was accused of [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinating]] [[John F. Kennedy|President John F. Kennedy]]. Ruby shot and mortally wounded Oswald on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters and was immediately arrested. 

In a trial, Ruby was found guilty and sentenced to death. Ruby's conviction and death sentence were overturned on appeal, and he was granted a new trial, but he became ill, was diagnosed with [[cancer]], and died of a [[pulmonary embolism]] on January 3, 1967.

In 1964, the [[Warren Commission]] concluded that Ruby acted alone in killing Oswald and that Ruby shot Oswald on impulse and in retaliation for the Kennedy assassination. The commission's findings would be challenged by various critics who hypothesize that Ruby was part of a [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|conspiracy surrounding the Kennedy assassination]].

==Early life and career==
Ruby was born Jacob Leon Rubenstein<ref name="Saturday2">{{cite journal|last=Bagdikian|first=Ben H.|author-link=Ben Bagdikian| editor1-first= Clay Jr.|editor1-last=Blair|editor1-link=Clay Blair|date=December 14, 1963|title=The Assassin|journal=The Saturday Evening Post|issue=44|page=26}}</ref> on or around March 25, 1911,<ref name=dob2>The Warren Commission found that various dates were given in the records for Ruby's birth; the one most used by Ruby himself was March 25, 1911 (though his grave marker says, April 25) (''The Warren Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy'', 1964). His tombstone at Westlawn Cemetery, Chicago, IL, has April 25, 1911, as his birthdate.</ref> in the [[Maxwell Street]] area of [[Chicago]], the son of Joseph Rubenstein and Fannie Turek Rutkowski (or Rokowsky), both Polish-born [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]]. Ruby was the fifth of his parents' 10 surviving children. While he was growing up, his parents were often violent towards each other and frequently separated; Ruby's mother was eventually committed to a mental hospital.<ref name="Capshaw">{{cite news|last=Capshaw|first=Ron|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/276222/inside-jack-rubys-jewish-paranoia|title=Inside Jack Ruby's Jewish Paranoia|work=Tablet|date=December 3, 2018|access-date=December 3, 2018|archive-date=December 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005901/https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/276222/inside-jack-rubys-jewish-paranoia|url-status=live}}</ref> 

His troubled childhood and adolescence were marked by [[juvenile delinquency]] with time being spent in foster homes. At age 11 in 1922, he was arrested for [[truancy]]. Ruby eventually skipped school so often that he had to spend time at the [[Institute for Juvenile Research]]. Still a young man, he sold [[Horse racing|horse-racing]] tip sheets and various novelties, then acted as a business agent for a local refuse collectors union that later became part of the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] (IBT).<ref name="Not" />{{rp|332}}

From his early childhood, Ruby was nicknamed "Sparky" by those who knew him.<ref name="WCR-A16">{{cite book|title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report|year=1964|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|page=786|chapter=Appendix 16: A Biography of Jack Ruby|chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-16.html|ref={{harvid|Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 16|1964}}|access-date=December 11, 2016|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408112649/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report|url-status=live}}</ref> His sister, Eva Grant, said that he acquired the nickname because he resembled [[Barney Google and Snuffy Smith#Spark Plug|a slow-moving horse named "Spark Plug" or "Sparky"]] in the contemporary comic strip ''[[Barney Google and Snuffy Smith|Barney Google]]''. ("Spark Plug" debuted as a character in the strip in 1922, when Ruby was 11.)<ref name="WCR-A16"/> Other accounts say that the name was given because of his quick temper.<ref name="WCR-A16"/> Grant stated that Ruby did not like the nickname and was quick to fight anyone who called him that.<ref name="WCR-A16"/>

In the 1940s, Ruby frequented race tracks in Illinois and California. He was [[conscription|drafted]] in 1943 and served in the [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] during [[World War II]], working as an aircraft mechanic at U.S. bases until 1946. He had an honorable record and was promoted to [[Private first class|Private First Class]]. Upon discharge, in <!-- on February 21 --> 1946, Ruby returned to Chicago.<ref name="Capshaw" />

In 1947, Ruby moved to [[Dallas]], purportedly because of the failure of merchandise deals in Chicago and to help operate his sister's nightclub.<ref name="WCR-A16"/> Soon afterward he and his brothers shortened their surnames from Rubenstein to Ruby. The stated reason for the name change was that the name "Rubenstein" was too long and that he was "well known" as Jack Ruby.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jrKTKDhvfkC&q=jack%20ruby%201947&pg=PA1089|title=Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy|isbn=9780393045253|last1=Bugliosi|first1=Vincent|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co|year=2007}}</ref> Ruby later went on to manage various [[nightclub]]s, [[strip club]]s, and dance halls in Dallas. He developed close ties to many [[Dallas Police Department|Dallas police]] officers who frequented his nightclubs, where he provided them with free liquor, prostitutes, and other favors.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0068a.htm Ruby's Friendships with Police Officers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626083013/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0068a.htm |date=June 26, 2022 }}, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 5, pp. 127–30.</ref>

Ruby never married and had no children.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/supplements/chp27/27.%20Jack%20Ruby.htm|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130217110031/http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/supplements/chp27/27.%20Jack%20Ruby.htm |url-status=dead|archive-date=February 17, 2013|title=Ruby, Jack L. (1911–1967), assassin|first= David R.| last= Wrone|publisher=[[American Council of Learned Societies]]|access-date=February 3, 2010|author-link=UWSP Albertson Center for Learning Resources#Special Collections}}</ref> At the time of the assassination, Ruby was living with George Senator, who referred to Ruby as "my boyfriend" during the Warren Commission hearing, although he denied the two were homosexual lovers. Warren Commission lawyer, Burt Griffin, later told author [[Gerald Posner]]: "I'm not sure if Senator was honest with us about his relationship with Ruby. People did not advertise their homosexuality in 1963".<ref name=posner>{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Gerald |title=Case Closed : Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK |date=2013 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=9781480412309 }}</ref>

== Illegal activities ==
Some critics have said that Ruby was involved in illegal activity<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fontaine |first1=Ray La |last2=Fontaine |first2=Mary La |date=August 7, 1994 |title=The Fourth Tramp |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/08/07/the-fourth-tramp/1f58fbe9-a0fa-4fc2-8ebf-d62694845bbe/ |access-date=May 10, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Not" /><ref name=":0" /> such as gambling, narcotics, and prostitution.<ref>{{Cite news| url= http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/R%20Disk/Ruby%20Jack%20As%20Gangster%20Related/Item%2001.pdf| title= The Secret Life of Jack Ruby| date= January 23, 1978| work= New Times| access-date= October 27, 2017| archive-date= October 27, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125644/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/R%20Disk/Ruby%20Jack%20As%20Gangster%20Related/Item%2001.pdf| url-status= live}}</ref> An [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] report in 1956 stated that informant Eileen Curry had moved to Dallas with her boyfriend James Breen after jumping bail on narcotics charges. Breen told her that he had made connections with a large narcotics setup operating between Texas, Mexico, and the East, and that "James got the okay to operate through Ruby of Dallas."<ref>{{cite web |title=FBI interview |url=https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/pdf/WH23_CE_1761.pdf |website=history-matters.com |access-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405233935/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/pdf/WH23_CE_1761.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dallas County Sheriff Steve Guthrie told the FBI that he believed that Ruby "operated some prostitution activities and other vices out of his club" in Dallas.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=FBI Report |url=https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh22/pdf/WH22_CE_1251.pdf |website=history-matters.com |access-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405233936/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh22/pdf/WH22_CE_1251.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dallas disc jockey Kenneth Dowe testified that Ruby was known around the station for "procuring women for different people who came to town".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jfk-assassination.net/russ/testimony/dowe.htm |title=Testimony of Kenneth Lawry Dowe |website=The Kennedy Assassination |first=John |last=McAdams |author-link=John C. McAdams |access-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118022005/https://www.jfk-assassination.net/russ/testimony/dowe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 1949, up until the murder of Oswald, Ruby had nine criminal charges, ranging from assault to violating state liquor law.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hearings Before the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy Volume 23 |date=1964 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=17}}</ref>

==Character==
According to people interviewed by law enforcement and the Warren Commission, Ruby was desperate to attract attention to himself and his club. He knew a great number of people in Dallas, but had only a few friends. Because his business ventures were unsuccessful, he was heavily in debt.<ref name=posner/>

The commission received reports of Ruby's penchant for violence. He had a volatile temper, and he often resorted to violence with employees who had upset him. He acted as the bouncer of his own club and beat his customers on at least 25 occasions. The fights would often end with Ruby throwing his victims down the club's stairs.<ref name=posner/> In one fight with a man, the man bit Ruby's left index finger so badly that the doctors had it amputated.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1964-01-31 |title=Nation: For the Defense |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,897073,00.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212009/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,897073,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stories of Ruby's eccentric and unstable behavior describe him as sometimes taking his shirt or other clothes off in social gatherings, and either hitting his chest like a gorilla or rolling around on the floor. During conversations, he could change the topic suddenly in mid-sentence. He sometimes welcomed a guest to his club, but on other nights he would forbid the same guest from entering. He was described by those who knew him as "a kook", "totally unpredictable", "a psycho", and "suffering from some form of disturbance".<ref name=posner/>

During the 1970s, prominent psychiatrist [[Irene Jakab]], who was known for her use of [[art therapy]] in diagnosing and treating patients with mental illness, analyzed artwork that had been created by Ruby while he was in jail. While assessing one of Ruby's drawings, which had been included as part of art exhibits at the [[World Psychiatric Association|World Congress of Psychiatry]] meeting in [[Waikiki]] and the University of Hawaii in late August and early September 1977, she claimed that his work conveyed "repressed [[Repression (psychoanalysis)|aggression]] and [[secretiveness]]," adding:<ref>Knoefler, Tomi. "[https://www.newspapers.com/image/272279430/?terms=%22Irene%20Jakab%22&match=1 Art Is a Tool of Psychiatrists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408215106/https://www.newspapers.com/image/272279430/?terms=%22Irene%20Jakab%22&match=1 |date=April 8, 2023 }}." Honolulu, Hawaii: ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'', August 31, 1977, p. 30 (subscription required).</ref>

<blockquote>Notice how he really constricts himself so as not to reveal himself. He hides behind all those geometrical lines and pointed edges. You can feel his controlled aggression.</blockquote>

==John F. Kennedy assassination==
{{Main|Assassination of John F. Kennedy}}

===November 21===
The Warren Commission attempted to reconstruct Ruby's movements from November 21, 1963, through November 24.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|333}} The Commission reported that he was attending to his duties as the proprietor of the Carousel Club located at 1312 1/2 Commerce St. in [[downtown Dallas]] and the Vegas Club in the city's [[Oak Lawn, Dallas|Oak Lawn district]] from the afternoon of November 21 to the early hours of November 22.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|333}} A number of Dallas police officers were meeting in the office of Assistant District Attorney Ben Ellis when Ruby entered and passed out business cards advertising a gig by Jada, a stripper at the Carousel. According to Lt. W. F. Dyson, Ruby introduced himself to Ellis and added: "You probably don't know me now, but you will."

===November 22: assassination of Kennedy===
According to the Warren Commission, on November 22, Ruby was in the second-floor advertising offices of the ''[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Morning News]]'', five blocks away from the [[Texas School Book Depository]], placing weekly advertisements for his nightclubs, when he learned of the assassination around 12:45 p.m.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|334–335}} According to witnesses, Ruby was visibly shaken. Ruby then made phone calls to his assistant at the Carousel Club and to his sister.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|334}} The Commission stated that an employee of the ''Dallas Morning News'' estimated that Ruby left the newspaper's offices at 1:30 p.m., but indicated that other testimony suggested that he had left earlier.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|334–335}} According to the Warren Commission, Ruby arrived back at the Carousel Club shortly before 1:45 p.m. to notify employees that the club would be closed that evening.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|336–337}}

John Newnam, an employee at the newspaper's advertisement department, testified that Ruby became upset over an anti-Kennedy ad published in the ''Morning News'' that was signed by "The American Fact-Finding Committee, Bernard Weissman, Chairman." Ruby was sensitive to antisemitism and was distressed that an ad attacking the President was signed by a person with a "Jewish name." Early the next morning, Ruby noticed a political billboard featuring the text "IMPEACH EARL WARREN" in block letters. Ruby's sister Eva testified that Ruby had told her that he believed that the anti-Kennedy ad and the anti-Warren sign were connected and were a plot by a "gentile" to blame the assassination on the Jews.<ref name=posner/>

Ruby was seen in the halls of the [[Dallas Municipal Building|Dallas Police Headquarters]] on several occasions after Oswald's arrest for the murder of Dallas policeman [[J. D. Tippit]]. He was present at an arranged press conference with Oswald. A reporter asked Oswald, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald answered, "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact, nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oswald's Ghost |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/oswald/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.pbs.org |archive-date=May 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115444/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/oswald/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another reporter told Oswald that he had been charged with killing the president and Oswald reacted with a look of astonishment.<ref>[[Vincent Bugliosi|Bugliosi, Vincent]] (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNUSOMNhYC&pg=PA300 ''Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425102127/https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNUSOMNhYC&pg=PA300 |date=April 25, 2023 }} pp. 300</ref> Newsreel footage from [[WFAA]]-TV (Dallas) and [[NBC News|NBC]] shows that Ruby impersonated a newspaper reporter during a press conference held by District Attorney [[Henry Wade]] at Dallas Police Headquarters that night.<ref name= Not />{{rp|349}} Wade briefed reporters that Oswald was a member of the anti-Castro [[Crusade to Free Cuba Committee|Free Cuba Committee]]. Ruby was one of several people there who spoke up to correct Wade, saying, "Henry, that's the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]]", a pro-Castro organization.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0117a.htm Testimony of Henry Wade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007005954/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0117a.htm |date=October 7, 2012 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 5, p. 223.</ref><ref name="aarc">[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0100a.htm Warren Commission Hearings, vol V, p. 189] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720025831/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0100a.htm |date=July 20, 2020 }} aarclibrary.org</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|349–350}} Ruby later told the FBI that he had his .38 [[Colt Cobra]] revolver in his right pocket during the press conference.<ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=11647&relPageId=10 FBI Notes of Conference btwn. Ruby and FBI Hall & Clements in Dallas Jail], December 21, 1963, Warren Commission Document 1252, p. 9.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol5/html/HSCA_Vol5_0092a.htm House Select Committee on Assassinations – Hearings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012342/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol5/html/HSCA_Vol5_0092a.htm |date=September 18, 2018 }}, volume 5, p. 179.</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|3501}}

===November 24: killing of Oswald===
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title            = Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald
| image            = Ruby shoots Oswald.jpg
| caption          = [[Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald|Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph]] taken by [[Robert H. Jackson (photographer)|Robert H. Jackson]] of Ruby shooting Oswald, who is flanked by Dallas police Detectives [[Jim Leavelle]] (left, tan suit) and [[L. C. Graves]] (right, black hat, face covered by Ruby)
| date             = {{start date and age|1963|11|24}}
| time             = 11:21 a.m.
| timezone         = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| location         = Dallas, Texas
| coordinates      = 
| type             = [[Murder]] by shooting
| target           = Lee Harvey Oswald
| weapon           = [[.38 Special|.38 caliber]] [[Colt Cobra|Colt Cobra revolver]]
| fatalities       = 1 (Lee Harvey Oswald)
| perpetrator      = Jack Ruby
| victim           = 
| verdict          = Guilty
| convictions      = [[Murder (United States law)|Murder]] with [[Malice (law)|malice]]
{{Infobox event
| title = <br />
| child = yes
| sentence = [[Capital punishment in Texas|Death]] (overturned)
}}
}}

On November 24, Ruby drove into town with his pet [[dachshund]] Sheba to send an emergency money order to one of his employees at the Western Union on Main Street. The time stamp was 11:17 a.m. for the transaction. Ruby then walked half a block to the Dallas police headquarters, where he made his way into the basement. 

At 11:21 a.m. CST, Oswald was being escorted by Dallas police Detectives [[Jim Leavelle]] and [[L. C. Graves]] through the police basement to an armored car that was to take Oswald to the nearby county jail. All of a sudden Ruby emerged from a crowd of reporters with his revolver<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/68002928614/the-gun-that-killed-lee-harvey-oswald-38-colt| website= HistoricalFirearms.info| title= The Gun That Killed Lee Harvey Oswald: &nbsp;.38 Colt| access-date= July 6, 2018| archive-date= July 6, 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162301/http://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/68002928614/the-gun-that-killed-lee-harvey-oswald-38-colt| url-status= live}}</ref> aimed at Oswald's abdomen and shot him at point blank range, mortally wounding him.<ref name="autopsy">{{Cite web |date=November 24, 1963 |title=Official Autopsy Report of Lee Harvey Oswald |url=http://www.jmasland.com/cat_content.asp?contentid=108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226182027/http://www.jmasland.com/cat_content.asp?contentid=108 |archive-date=February 26, 2019 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |website=The Nook: An Investigation of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy}}</ref> Oswald screamed "Oh!" in pain and his hands clutched at his stomach as he moaned while slumping to the floor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/05/archives/witness-ascribes-malice-to-ruby-quotes-him-as-saying-he-hopes.html|title=Witness ascribes malice to Ruby; Quotes Him as Saying He Hopes Oswald Would Die|work=The New York Times|date=March 5, 1964|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 20, 2023|archive-date=November 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212009/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/05/archives/witness-ascribes-malice-to-ruby-quotes-him-as-saying-he-hopes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1964-03-13 |title=Trials: Another Day in Dallas |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,828230-2,00.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |magazine=Time |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515174812/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,828230-2,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Police detective Billy Combest, who knew Ruby, exclaimed, "Jack, you son of a bitch!"<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 1963 |title=President's Assassin Shot To Death In Jail Corridor By A Dallas Citizen; Grieving Throngs View Kennedy Bier |work=The New York Times |url=http://politics.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1124.html |access-date=May 12, 2018 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321193032/http://politics.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1124.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume XX|url=https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0225a.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|page=429|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701041951/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0225a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 

The armored car had rolled down the ramp at the moment Ruby emerged and slightly hit Ruby's leg almost immediately after he fired, causing him to almost lose balance as he was immediately subdued by police while Oswald was carried back into the basement level jail office. Combest asked Oswald, "Do you have anything you want to tell us now?" Oswald shook his head.<ref name="Testimony Combest">{{cite journal| url= https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh12/html/WC_Vol12_0097b.htm| title= Testimony of Billy Combest| journal= Warren Commission Hearings| volume= 12| access-date= August 14, 2021| archive-date= August 14, 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210814082035/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh12/html/WC_Vol12_0097b.htm| url-status= live}}</ref>{{rp|184–185}}<!--THESE ACCOUNTS BELONG MORE ON OSWALD'S ARTICLE, SO MAYBE SOMEONE ABOVE MY PAYGRADE CAN FIGURE OUT WHAT'S GOING ON OR HOW TO PUT IT ON HIS PAGE--> 

Drifting in and out of consciousness, Oswald was placed in an ambulance and was driven to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]], the same hospital where President Kennedy had died just two days earlier. Leavelle and Graves along with Frederick Bieberdorf, a medical student on duty, rode in the ambulance. Bieberdorf said that several blocks before reaching the hospital, Oswald started thrashing about, resisting Beiberdorf's efforts of heart massage and attempting to free an oxygen mask over his mouth.<ref>[https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0091b.htm Bieberdorf Ex 5123 – Copy of an FBI report of an interview of Frederick A. Bieberdorf, dated December 6, 1963.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122201825/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0091b.htm |date=January 22, 2022 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, pp. 164.</ref> 

At Parkland, Oswald was treated by the same surgeons who had tried to save Kennedy; they subsequently determined Ruby's bullet had entered Oswald's left side in the front part of the abdomen and caused extensive damage to his spleen, stomach, aorta, [[vena cava]], kidney, liver, [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]], and eleventh rib before coming to rest on his right side.<ref name="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">{{cite news|title=Autopsy Shows Oswald Healthy; Little of History of Slayer Is Revealed|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mZ1RAAAAIBAJ&pg=1386%2C5383871|access-date=April 4, 2013|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=November 30, 1963|agency=AP|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|page=f|archive-date=July 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715233908/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mZ1RAAAAIBAJ&pg=1386,5383871|url-status=live}}</ref> Oswald died at 1:07 pm.<ref name="Saturday2" />

====Reaction====
A network television pool camera was broadcasting live to cover Oswald's transfer; millions of people watching on [[NBC]] saw the shooting as it happened and in a matter of minutes it was on other networks.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Laurence Bergreen |last=Bergreen |first=Laurence |year=1980 |title=Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting |url=https://archive.org/details/looknowpaylaterr00berg |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday and Company |isbn=978-0-451-61966-2}}</ref> Several photographs were taken of the event, capturing the moments when Ruby pulled the trigger. In 1964, [[Robert H. Jackson (photographer)|Robert H. Jackson]] of the ''[[Dallas Times Herald]]'' was awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize for Photography]] for his image, titled ''[[Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald]]''.<ref name="Fischer">{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1= Heinz-D |last2=Fischer |first2=Erika J. |year=2003 |chapter=Prizes for Pictorial Journalism Areas |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w3CdrctE80IC&pg=PA206 |title=The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-Winning Materials in Journalism, Letters and Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3CdrctE80IC |volume=17 Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917–2000 |location= Munich |publisher=De Gruyter |page=206 |isbn=978-3-11-093912-5}}</ref>

Great indignation was directed towards Ruby's murder of Oswald. Many felt that the killing had robbed the nation of essential information and left key questions unanswered. Former Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] said, "(Oswald was) also entitled to a trial ... two wrongs don't make a right."<ref>{{YouTube|id=XyoyNF2MbIY|title=November 24, 1963 – Richard M. Nixon interviewed following President John F. Kennedy's Assassination}}</ref> Oswald's murder compounded suspicions that the Kennedy assassination was part of a larger plot.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Knight |title=The Kennedy Assassination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRs2Tu714ZUC |access-date=September 4, 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-934110-32-4 |page=75}}</ref>

Not all were shocked, however. The crowd outside the headquarters burst into applause when they heard that Oswald had been shot.<ref>{{harvnb|Posner|1993|page=399}}</ref> In Dallas and elsewhere in the nation, Oswald was hated in death, and Ruby was viewed as a hero by some citizens. During his time in jail, he received many letters from the public, often praising him for his actions.

==Prosecution==
{{See also|Rubenstein v. State}}
[[File:Jack Ruby-1.jpg|thumb|Ruby after his arrest]]
After his arrest, Ruby said that he had been distraught over President Kennedy's death, had wanted to help the city of Dallas "redeem" itself in the eyes of the public, and that he was "saving [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Mrs. Kennedy]] the discomfiture of coming back to trial."<ref name= "Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|198–200}} He also claimed that he shot Oswald on the spur of the moment when the opportunity presented itself, without considering any reason for doing so.<ref name= "Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|199}} Ruby said that he was an admirer of [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] and the Kennedy family, that he cried when he heard that the President was shot, "in mourning" after, "cried a great deal" Saturday afternoon, and was depressed that night.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

The grief over the assassination, Ruby stated, finally "reached the point of insanity," suddenly compelling him to shoot when Oswald walked in front of him in the basement that Sunday morning.<ref name="auto1" /> At the time of the shooting, Ruby said that he was taking [[phenmetrazine]] (Preludin), a [[central nervous system stimulant]].<ref name="Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|198–199}} Ruby also said that he entered the police basement by coming down the Main Street ramp. Later, Ruby expressed remorse to his brother Earl, saying he never wanted Oswald to die.{{cn|date=September 2024}} 

Ruby asked Dallas attorney Tom Howard to represent him. Howard accepted and asked Ruby if he could think of anything that might damage his defense. Ruby responded that there would be a problem if a man by the name of "Davis" should come up. Ruby told his attorney that he "had been involved with Davis, who was a gunrunner entangled in anti-Castro efforts."<ref name = Who>{{cite book| last= Kantor| first= Seth| title= Who Was Jack Ruby?| place= New York| publisher= Everest House Publishers| year= 1978| isbn= 0-89696-004-8| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/whowasjackruby00kant}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url= http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0096a.htm| title= Possible Associations Between Jack Ruby and Organized Crime| publisher= House Select Committee on Assassinations| journal= Appendix to Hearings| volume= 9| number= 5| page= 183| via= aarclibrary.org| access-date= August 24, 2011| archive-date= November 5, 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181105233046/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0096a.htm| url-status= live}}</ref>

Ruby's brother Earl replaced Howard with prominent [[San Francisco]] defense attorney [[Melvin Belli]], who agreed to represent him ''[[pro bono]]''. Lawyer [[Joe H. Tonahill]] also signed on to assist with Ruby's defense. At his bond hearing in January 1964, while talking to reporters, Ruby tearfully said, regarding the assassination of Kennedy, that he could not understand "how a great man like that could be lost."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/22/archives/ruby-disclaims-knowing-oswald-tells-of-trip-to-cubadrops-request.html|title=Ruby Disclaims Knowing Oswald; Tells of Trip to Cuba—Drops Request for Bond|work=The New York Times|date=January 22, 1964|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 15, 2023|archive-date=April 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430195141/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/22/archives/ruby-disclaims-knowing-oswald-tells-of-trip-to-cubadrops-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Ruby testified that he thought he said, "You killed my President, you rat!" as he shot Oswald. Officer McMillon testified he heard Ruby say, "You rat son of a bitch, you shot the president". This was disputed by television footage showing McMillon looking in the opposite direction from the shooting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/14/archives/ruby-jury-gets-case-after-a-long-delay.html|title=Ruby Jury Gets Case After a Long Delay|work=The New York Times|date=March 14, 1964|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 15, 2023|archive-date=November 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115225303/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/14/archives/ruby-jury-gets-case-after-a-long-delay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dallas police sergeant Patrick Dean testified that when Ruby was arrested, Ruby said he thought about killing Oswald two nights earlier, to show the world that "Jews have guts."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/07/archives/jury-hears-ruby-pondered-killing-he-thought-of-it-two-days-earlier.html|title=Jury Hears Ruby Pondered Killing; He Thought of It Two Days Earlier, Sergeant Testifies|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 1964|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 15, 2023|archive-date=November 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115225304/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/07/archives/jury-hears-ruby-pondered-killing-he-thought-of-it-two-days-earlier.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Detective Don Archer said Ruby had told him he intended to shoot Oswald three times, and McMillon corroborated this.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/06/archives/police-say-ruby-planned-3-shots-2-detectives-testify-to-his-words.html|title=Police say Ruby planned 3 shots; 2 Detectives testifty to his words after slaying|work=The New York Times|date=March 6, 1964|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 20, 2023|archive-date=November 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212009/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/06/archives/police-say-ruby-planned-3-shots-2-detectives-testify-to-his-words.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 14, 1964, Ruby was convicted of murder with malice and was sentenced to death. 

Ruby's conviction was overturned by the [[Texas Court of Criminal Appeals]] on the grounds that "an oral confession of premeditation made while in police custody" should have been ruled inadmissible, because it violated a Texas criminal statute.<ref name= "auto">''Rubenstein v. State'', 407 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 1966).</ref> The court also ruled that the venue should have been changed to a Texas county other than the one in which the high-profile crime had been committed.<ref name="auto"/>

During the six months following the Kennedy assassination, Ruby repeatedly asked to speak to the members of the Warren Commission. The commission initially showed no interest, but Ruby's sister Eileen wrote letters to the commission and her letters became public. The Commission finally agreed to talk to Ruby. In June 1964, Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]], Representative (and future President) [[Gerald R. Ford]] of [[Michigan]], and other commission members went to Dallas to see Ruby.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Ruby asked Warren several times to take him to [[Washington D.C.]], saying that "my life is in danger here" and that he wanted an opportunity to make additional statements. He added that the people from whom he felt himself to be in danger were the [[John Birch Society]] of Dallas, including Edwin Walker, who he claimed were trying to falsely implicate him as being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate the President.<ref name="Testimony JR v5">{{cite journal| via= aarclibrary.org| url= http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0102b.htm| title= Testimony of Jack Ruby| journal= Warren Commission Hearings| volume= 5| access-date= August 19, 2011| archive-date= July 20, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200720024448/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0102b.htm| url-status= live}}</ref>{{rp|194–196}} He added: "I want to tell the truth, and I can't tell it here."<ref name="Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|194}} 

Warren told Ruby that he would be unable to comply with his request because many legal barriers would need to be overcome, and public interest in the situation would be too heavy. Warren also told Ruby that the commission would have no way of protecting him since it had no police powers. Ruby said that he wanted to convince President [[Lyndon Johnson]] that he was not part of any conspiracy to kill Kennedy.<ref name="Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|209–212}}

Eventually, the appellate court agreed with Ruby's lawyers that he should be granted a new trial. On October 5, 1966, the court ruled that his motion for a change of venue before the original trial court should have been granted. Ruby's conviction and death sentence were overturned. Arrangements were underway for a new trial to be held in February, 1967<ref>{{cite news|author-link=Martin Waldron|first=Martin|last=Waldron|title=Ruby Seriously Ill In Dallas Hospital|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 10, 1966|page=1|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/10/archives/ruby-seriously-ill-in-dallas-hospital-jack-ruby-is-ill-with.html|access-date=August 4, 2022|archive-date=August 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804193808/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/10/archives/ruby-seriously-ill-in-dallas-hospital-jack-ruby-is-ill-with.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Wichita Falls, Texas]], but Ruby was admitted to [[Parkland Hospital]] on December 9, 1966, suffering from pneumonia, where he was diagnosed with cancer in his liver, lungs, and brain.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

His condition rapidly deteriorated. An armed guard was placed outside his room, but family and friends were allowed to visit. On December 16, Earl Ruby, accompanied by one of his brother's lawyers, smuggled a tape recorder hidden in a briefcase into Jack's room to record an interview about his murder of Oswald. Ruby maintained that he entered the basement by coming down the ramp, had killed Oswald out of grief over the assassination, and denied knowing Oswald prior.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mOyyPKMMHY Interview with Jack Ruby (December 16, 1966)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115225303/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mOyyPKMMHY |date=November 15, 2023 }}, Youtube.com</ref> According to an unnamed [[Associated Press]] source, Ruby made a final statement from his hospital bed on December 19 that he had acted alone.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Ruby Asks World to Take His Word|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 20, 1966|page=36}}</ref> "There is nothing to hide," Ruby said, "there was no one else."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901898,00.html|title=A Last Wish|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=December 30, 1966|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120151445/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901898,00.html|archive-date=January 20, 2008}}</ref>

==Death==
{{See also|Earl Rose (coroner)#Jack Ruby}}
[[File:JackRuby.JPG|thumbnail|Headstone at Ruby's grave in Westlawn Cemetery. The Hebrew text is an abbreviation of ''tehei nishmato tserurah bitsror hachaim'', "may his soul be bound with the bond of life."]]
Ruby died of a [[pulmonary embolism]] on January 3, 1967, at [[Parkland Memorial Hospital|Parkland Hospital]], the same hospital as his victim [[Lee Harvey Oswald|Oswald]], whose victim [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] also died there.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/01/us/phil-burleson-61-jack-ruby-s-lawyer.html| title= Phil Burleson, 61, Jack Ruby's Lawyer| date= June 1, 1995| work= The New York Times| access-date= September 19, 2015| archive-date= September 15, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170915205003/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/01/us/phil-burleson-61-jack-ruby-s-lawyer.html| url-status= live}}</ref> He was buried beside his parents in the [[Westlawn Cemetery]] in [[Norridge, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ruby Buried in Chicago Cemetery A longside Graves of His Parents|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/07/archives/ruby-buried-in-chicago-cemetery-a-longside-graves-of-his-parents.html|date=November 7, 1967|newspaper=The New York Times|page=15|access-date=April 20, 2019|archive-date=April 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430082241/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/07/archives/ruby-buried-in-chicago-cemetery-a-longside-graves-of-his-parents.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ruby Called 'Avenger' at Rites in Chicago|date=January 7, 1967|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ruby Services Limited to Family, Few Friends|date=January 5, 1967|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=20}}</ref>

==Official investigations==

===Warren Commission===
The [[Warren Commission]] found no evidence linking Ruby's killing of Oswald with any broader conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy.<ref name="WCR-C6"/> The report provided a detailed biography of Ruby's life and activities to help ascertain whether he was involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy.{{sfn|Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 16|1964|p=779}} The Commission also tackled widespread rumors that Ruby and Oswald knew each other and that Oswald was seen at the Carousel Club. 

Television footage that showed Oswald glance briefly in Ruby's direction as he emerged to shoot him, indicating to some observers a look of recognition, compounded such suspicion. Careful analysis of the footage indicate Oswald was looking at reporter [[Ike Pappas]] who had held his microphone out towards Oswald and asked, "Do you have anything to say in your defense?"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-jfk-videographer-idUSBRE9AH0UM20131118/|title=Oswald in lens, Ruby at his shoulder as Texas cameraman filmed history|newspaper=Reuters|date=November 20, 2023|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=November 20, 2023|archive-date=November 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212009/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-jfk-videographer-idUSBRE9AH0UM20131118/|url-status=live}}</ref> They concluded that various witnesses lacked credibility and that there was no solid evidence linking the two men.{{sfn|Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 13| 1964| pp=697, 699}}<ref name="WCR-A13">{{cite book |title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/ |year=1964 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=697, 699 |chapter=Chapter 6: Investigation of Possible Conspiracy |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-6.html#acquainted |ref={{harvid|Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 13|1964}} |access-date=December 11, 2016 |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408112649/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commission indicated that there was not a "significant link between Ruby and [[organized crime]]"{{sfn|Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Appendix 16|1964|p=801}} and said he acted independently in killing Oswald.<ref>{{cite news |title=Commission Says Ruby Acted Alone in Slaying |first=John D. |last=Pomfret |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 28, 1964 |page=17}}</ref><ref name="WCR-C6">{{cite book |title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/ |year=1964 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |chapter=Chapter 6: Investigation of Possible Conspiracy |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-6.html |access-date=December 11, 2016 |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408112649/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|373–374}}

Warren Commission investigator [[David Belin]] said that postal inspector Harry Holmes arrived unannounced at the Dallas police station on the morning that Ruby shot Oswald and, upon invitation by the investigators, had questioned Oswald, thus delaying his transfer by half an hour.<ref name="Belin">{{cite news |last=Munns |first=Roger |date=December 15, 1991 |title=Warren panel's counsel: Stone's 'JFK' film a 'big lie' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19911215&id=O14PAAAAIBAJ&pg=6974,4614754 |newspaper=The Bulletin |location=Bend, Oregon |agency=AP |page=A12 |access-date=December 21, 2014 |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211200353/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19911215&id=O14PAAAAIBAJ&pg=6974%2C4614754 |url-status=live }}</ref> Belin noted that, had Ruby been part of a conspiracy, he would have been downtown 30 minutes earlier, when Oswald had been scheduled to be transferred.<ref name="Belin"/> The commission accepted Ruby's claim that he entered the police basement via the Main Street ramp.<ref name="WCR-C5">{{cite book |title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/ |year=1964 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=219–222 |chapter=Chapter 5: Detention and Death of Oswald |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-5.html |access-date=December 11, 2016 |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408112649/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Author [[Norman Mailer]] and others have questioned why Ruby would have left his beloved dog in his car if his killing of Oswald had been planned.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery|url=https://archive.org/details/oswaldstaleameri00mail|url-access=registration| year= 1995 |publisher= Random House| first= Norman |last=Mailer|isbn=9780679425359}}</ref>

Some of Ruby's friends, relatives (notably his brother Earl and sister Eva) and associates, supported the official conclusion that Ruby acted alone, maintaining that he was upset over President Kennedy's death, even crying on occasions and closing his clubs for three days as a mark of respect.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-04-04-9201310078-story.html |title=Ruby's Brother Upset Over Film |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=April 4, 1992 |access-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115225305/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-04-04-9201310078-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/sister-declares-she-is-certain-ruby-was-insane.html|title=Sister Declares She Is Certain Ruby Was Insane|work=The New York Times|date=February 16, 1964|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 15, 2023|archive-date=November 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115225303/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/sister-declares-she-is-certain-ruby-was-insane.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "Posner Case Closed" /> They also refuted conspiracy theorists' claims, saying that Ruby's connection with gangsters was minimal at most and that he was not the sort of person who would be entrusted to be part of a conspiracy.<ref name= "Posner Case Closed" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jew who killed JFK's killer|url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-jew-who-killed-jfks-killer/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=blogs.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115123531/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-jew-who-killed-jfks-killer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dallas reporter Tony Zoppi, who knew Ruby well, claimed that one "would have to be crazy" to entrust Ruby with anything as important as a high-level plot to kill Kennedy since he "couldn't keep a secret for five minutes ... Jack was one of the most talkative guys you would ever meet. He'd be the worst fellow in the world to be part of a conspiracy, because he just plain talked too much."<ref name="Posner Case Closed" />{{rp|361, 399}} He and others described Ruby as the sort who enjoyed being at "the center of attention", trying to make friends with people and being more of a nuisance.<ref name="Posner Case Closed" />

Some writers, including former Los Angeles District Attorney [[Vincent Bugliosi]], dismiss Ruby's connections to organized crime as being highly minimal: "It is very noteworthy that without exception, not one of these conspiracy theorists knew or had ever met Jack Ruby. Without our even resorting to his family and roommate, all of whom think the suggestion of Ruby being connected to the mob is ridiculous, those who knew him, unanimously and without exception, think the notion of his being connected to the Mafia, and then killing Oswald for them, is nothing short of laughable."<ref>[[Vincent Bugliosi|Bugliosi, Vincent]], ''Reclaiming History: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy'' p. 1130.</ref>

Bill Alexander, who prosecuted Ruby for Oswald's murder, equally rejected any suggestions that Ruby was involved with organized crime, claiming that conspiracy theorists based it on the claim that "A knew B, and Ruby knew B back in 1950, so he must have known A, and that must be the link to the conspiracy."<ref name="Posner Case Closed">{{cite book|title=Case Closed| last= Posner| first= Gerald |publisher=Warner Books|year=1993|author-link=Gerald Posner}}</ref>

Ruby's brother Earl denied allegations that Jack was involved in racketeering at Chicago nightclubs, and author Gerald Posner suggested in his book ''Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK'', that witnesses may have confused Ruby with Harry Rubenstein, a convicted Chicago felon.<ref name="Posner Case Closed" /> Entertainment reporter Tony Zoppi was also dismissive of mob ties and described Ruby as a "born loser".<ref name="Posner Case Closed" />

==Other investigations and dissenting theories==
{{Main|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}} <!-- if this section remains "other investigations and dissenting theories", isn't there a slight overspecialization in this link – in other words, are all dissenting theories "conspiracy" theories? And didn't HSCA endorse "dissenting theories"? So shouldn't it be here instead of under "official"? But it was official, wasn't it, so therefore it belongs in the other section?-->

===Ruby's motive===
White House correspondent Seth Kantor was a passenger in Kennedy's motorcade. He testified that he had visited Parkland Hospital after Kennedy was shot, and that he felt a tug on his coat as he entered the hospital at about 1:30&nbsp;p.m. He turned around to see Jack Ruby, who called him by his first name and shook his hand.<ref name= "Testimony Kantor">{{cite journal| url= http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0044b.htm| title= Testimony of Seth Kantor| journal= Warren Commission Hearings| volume= 15| access-date= August 13, 2011| archive-date= October 31, 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191031055836/http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0044b.htm| url-status= live}}</ref>{{rp|78–82}}<ref name = Who />{{rp|41}} He said that he had become acquainted with Ruby while he was a reporter for the ''Dallas Times Herald'' newspaper.<ref name= "Testimony Kantor" />{{rp|72}}<ref name = Who />{{rp|vi}} According to Kantor, Ruby asked him if he thought that it would be a good idea for him to close his nightclubs for the next three nights because of the tragedy, and Kantor responded without thinking that doing so would be a good idea.<ref name = Who />{{rp|41}}<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0224b.htm Kantor Exhibit No. 7 – Kantor Exhibit No. 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528052610/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0224b.htm |date=May 28, 2013 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, pp. 428–437.</ref><ref name= "Testimony Kantor" />{{rp|80}}

Ruby denied that he had been at Parkland Hospital and the Warren Commission dismissed Kantor's testimony, saying that the encounter at Parkland Hospital would have to have taken place in a span of a few minutes before and after 1:30 pm, as evidenced by telephone company records of calls made by both people. The commission also pointed to contradictory witness testimony and to the lack of video confirmation of Ruby at the scene.<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|335–337}} The Commission concluded that "Kantor probably did not see Ruby at Parkland Hospital" and "may have been mistaken about both the time and the place that he saw Ruby."<ref name="WCR-C6"/>{{rp|335–337}}

In 1979, the [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] re-examined Kantor's testimony and stated, "the Warren Commission concluded that Kantor was mistaken" about his Parkland encounter with Ruby, but "the Committee determined he probably was not."<ref name="HSCA Final A Report">{{cite work | url= http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0094b.htm | title= Final Assassinations Report | author= House Select Committee on Assassinations | via= history-matters.com | access-date= | archive-date= December 4, 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191204164732/http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0094b.htm | url-status= live }}</ref>{{rp|158}}<ref name= Not />{{rp|458–459}} Kantor wrote in ''Who Was Jack Ruby?'':

<blockquote>The mob was Ruby's "friend." And Ruby could well have been paying off an IOU the day he was used to kill Lee Harvey Oswald. Remember: "I have been used for a purpose," the way Ruby expressed it to Chief Justice Warren in their June 7, 1964 session. It would not have been hard for the mob to maneuver Ruby through the ranks of a few negotiable police.<ref name = Who />{{rp|18}}</blockquote>

The House Select Committee on Assassinations wrote in its 1979 Final Report:

<blockquote>Ruby's shooting of Oswald was not a spontaneous act, in that it involved at least some premeditation. Similarly, the committee believed it was less likely that Ruby entered the police basement without assistance, even though the assistance may have been provided with no knowledge of Ruby's intentions.... The committee was troubled by the apparently unlocked doors along the stairway route and the removal of security guards from the area of the garage nearest the stairway shortly before the shooting.... There is also evidence that the Dallas Police Department withheld relevant information from the Warren Commission concerning Ruby's entry to the scene of the Oswald transfer.<ref name="HSCA Final A Report" />{{rp|157–158}}</blockquote>

The HSCA suggested Ruby might have entered the basement via a stairway accessible from an alleyway next to the Dallas Municipal Building.<ref name="HCSA-IC">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |year=1979 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=156–157 |chapter=I.C. |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html |ref={{harvid|Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, Chapter I, Section C|1979}} |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232215/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lieutenant Billy Grammer, a dispatcher for the Dallas Police Department, said that he received an anonymous phone call at 3 a.m. on November 24 from a man who told him that he knew of the plan to move Oswald from the basement and warned that, unless the plans were changed, "we are going to kill him." After Oswald was shot, Grammer claimed to have recognized Ruby as the caller. Grammer believed that Ruby's shooting of Oswald was "a planned event."<ref>{{cite book| author-link= James W. Douglass| first= James W.| last= Douglass| year= 2008| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NfvkfM8IbBsC&pg=PA368| title= JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and why it Matters, Volume 2| publisher= Orbis Books| page= 368| isbn= 9781608330690}}, citing Grammer interview from [[Central Independent Television]]'s ''[[The Men Who Killed Kennedy]]''; Grammer comments extract [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEjT7XCN_R0 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409144522/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEjT7XCN_R0 |date=April 9, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| first= Don| last= Fulsom| work= Crime Magazine| date= March 27, 2009| url= http://www.crimemagazine.com/did-jack-ruby-know-lee-harvey-oswald| title= Did Jack Ruby Know Lee Harvey Oswald?| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171117223914/http://www.crimemagazine.com/did-jack-ruby-know-lee-harvey-oswald |archive-date=November 17, 2017 }}</ref> In a declassified FBI memo written by [[J. Edgar Hoover]] from the day of Oswald's shooting, he reports that the night before Oswald's killing the FBI in Dallas received a call from "a man talking in a calm voice and saying he was a member of a committee organized to kill Oswald". The FBI called the chief of Dallas police both at that time and the morning after to ensure Oswald would be kept safe. Hoover adds that "however, this was not done".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alan |last2=Dart |first2=Tom |title=JFK files reveal FBI warning on Oswald and Soviets' missile fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/27/release-jfk-files-fbi-warning-oswald-soviet-missile-fears |work=The Guardian |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

In his Warren Commission testimony, Detective Don Archer claimed that, after his arrest, Ruby looked him straight in the eye and said, "Well, I intended to shoot him three times." Kantor wrote that Ruby's response to Archer did not suggest a spontaneous reaction, and that he implied having prior intention.<ref name = Who />{{rp|192}} On another occasion Archer also said that Ruby was agitated and sweating but when Archer informed Ruby that Oswald had died "he became calm" and that this struck him as "a complete difference in behaviour from what I expected", leading him to believe that "his life had depended on his getting Oswald".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilkes Jr. |first1=Donald E. |title=JFK, 55 Years Later |work=[[Flagpole Magazine]] |date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

Ruby's explanation for killing Oswald would be exposed "as a fabricated legal ploy", according to the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Ruby wrote a note to attorney Joseph Tonahill: "Joe, you should know this. My first lawyer Tom Howard told me to say that I shot Oswald so that [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] and Mrs. Kennedy wouldn't have to come to Dallas to testify. OK?"<ref name="HSCA Final A Report" />{{rp|158}}<ref>{{cite news| title= A Note from Jack Ruby| work= Newsweek| date= March 27, 1967}}</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|353}}<ref name="auto1"/>

[[G. Robert Blakey]], who was chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979, said: "The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MeH1Z-Dd-QC&q=stalked&pg=PA71 |last=Goldfarb |first=Ronald |title=Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime |location=Virginia |publisher=Capital Books |year=1995 |page=281 |isbn=978-1-931868-06-8}}</ref>

Russell Moore, an acquaintance of Ruby, testified to the Commission that Ruby expressed no bitterness towards Oswald and called him "a good looking guy," comparing him to the actor [[Paul Newman]].<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0134a.htm Testimony of Russell Lee Moore (Knight)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222132/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0134a.htm |date=August 5, 2017 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 15, p. 257.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Book on Kennedy assassination offers interesting facts|url=http://www.gmtoday.com/timeout/timeout05.asp|work=CBS News|access-date=August 5, 2017|quote=When he first observed Oswald at Dallas police headquarters the day after JFK's assassination, Ruby thought Oswald a handsome individual who resembled the actor Paul Newman.|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405233933/http://www.gmtoday.com/timeout/timeout05.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Announcer Glen Duncan also said Ruby described Oswald as a "fairly nice looking kid" comparing him to Newman.<ref>[https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0247b.htm Testimony of William Glenn Duncan, Jr.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212009/https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0247b.htm |date=November 20, 2023 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 15, p. 484.</ref>

David Scheim noted in his book ''Contract on America'' that while some said that Ruby was upset over the weekend of the assassination, others said that he was not. TV newsman Vic Robertson Jr. saw Ruby at police headquarters on Friday night and said that he "appeared to be anything but under stress or strain. He seemed happy, jovial, was joking and laughing."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0168b.htm RobertsonV Ex 2– Copy of an FBI report of an interview with Victor F. Robertson, dated June 9, 1964.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223015/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0168b.htm |date=August 11, 2017 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 21, p. 312.</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book|first= David| last= Scheim|title=Contract on America|publisher=Shapolsky Publishers|year=1988|isbn=978-0-933503-30-4| url= https://archive.org/details/contractonameric00davi}}</ref> Duncan also said that Ruby "was not grieving" and seemed "happy that evidence was piling up against Oswald."<ref name="auto1"/>

Scheim also suggests that Ruby made a "candid confession" when giving testimony to the Warren Commission.<ref name="auto1"/> During his testimony, Ruby teared up when talking about a Saturday morning eulogy for Kennedy, but after composing himself, inexplicably said, "I must be a great actor, I tell you that."<ref name= "Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|198–199}}<ref name= "auto1"/> Ruby also remarked that "they didn't ask me another question: 'If I loved the President so much, why wasn't I at the parade?{{'"}} (referring to the presidential motorcade) and "it's strange that perhaps I didn't vote for President Kennedy, or didn't vote at all, that I should build up such a great affection for him."<ref name= "Testimony JR v4">{{cite journal| url= http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh14/html/WC_Vol14_0286b.htm| title= Testimony of Jack Ruby| journal= Warren Commission Hearings| volume= 14| access-date= October 3, 2015| archive-date= March 4, 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095714/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh14/html/WC_Vol14_0286b.htm| url-status= live}}</ref>{{rp|564–565}}<ref name="auto1"/>
Ruby's club stripper Jada, during an interview with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s Paul Good, said that "I believe [Ruby] disliked [[Robert F. Kennedy|Bobby Kennedy]]".<ref name="auto1"/>

Schiem also noted some who knew Ruby who stated that the patriotic statements which Ruby professed were quite out of character. Ruby's gambling business partner Harry Hall said "Ruby was the type who was interested in any way to make money," and he also said that he "could not conceive of Ruby doing anything out of patriotism."<ref>[https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0198a.htm CE 1753 – Secret Service report dated December 4, 1963, of interview of Harry Hall at Terminal Island Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072740/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0198a.htm |date=January 4, 2019 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 363.</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Jack Kelly had known Ruby since 1943, and he "scoffed at the idea of a patriotic motive..." and felt that Ruby would have killed Oswald "for publicity [or] for money".<ref name="auto1"/> Ruby's friend Paul Jones also said that he doubted that Ruby "would have become emotionally upset and killed Oswald on the spur of the moment. He felt Ruby would have done it for money."<ref name="auto1"/>

Ruby's lawyers, led by [[Sam Houston Clinton]], appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals after his 1964 conviction, the highest criminal court in Texas. Ruby's lawyers argued that he could not have received a fair trial in Dallas because of the excessive publicity surrounding the case. In an interview with reporters in March 1965, Ruby stated: "Everything pertaining to what's happening has never come to the surface. The world will never know the true facts of what occurred, my motive. The people who had so much to gain, and had such an ulterior motive for putting me in the position I'm in, will never let the true facts come above board to the world." A reporter asked, "Are these people in very high positions, Jack?", and he responded, "Yes."<ref>{{cite news| title= [Unknown title]| work= [[Haaretz]]| first= David B.| last= Green| date= January 3, 2013}}</ref>

Kantor speculated in 1978 that the "Davis" that Ruby mentioned to Tom Howard may have been [[Thomas Eli Davis III]], a CIA-connected mercenary.<ref name= Not>{{cite book| author-link= Anthony Summers| last= Summers| first= Anthony| title= Not in Your Lifetime| location= New York| publisher= Marlowe & Company| year= 1998| isbn= 1-56924-739-0}}</ref>{{rp|226, 359–361}}<ref>{{cite book| last= Douglass| first= James| title= JFK and the Unspeakable |location= New York| publisher= Simon & Schuster| year= 2008| pages= 357–358| isbn= 978-1-4391-9388-4}}</ref>

Dallas Deputy Sheriff Al Maddox claimed: "Ruby told me, he said, 'Well, they injected me for a cold.' He said it was cancer cells. That's what he told me, Ruby did. I said you don't believe that bullshit. He said, 'I damn sure do!' One day when I started to leave, Ruby shook hands with me and I could feel a piece of paper in his palm." It was a note in which Ruby claimed that he was part of a conspiracy, and that his role was to silence Oswald.<ref name="Crossfire"/> Not long before Ruby died, according to an article in the London ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]'', he told psychiatrist Werner Teuter that the assassination was "an act of overthrowing the government" and that he knew "who had President Kennedy killed". He added: "I am doomed. I do not want to die. But I am not insane. I was framed to kill Oswald."<ref name="Crossfire">{{cite book |last= Marrs|first=Jim|title=Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy|location=New York|publisher=Carroll & Graf|year=1989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/crossfireplottha00marr/page/431 431–432]|isbn=978-0-88184-648-5| url= https://archive.org/details/crossfireplottha00marr/page/431}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| work= The Sunday Times| title= [Unknown title]| date= August 25, 1974}}</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|341}}

On March 11, 1959, FBI agent Charles W. Flynn of the Dallas Office approached Ruby to become a federal informant due to his job as a night club operator, since he "might have knowledge of the criminal element in Dallas".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oswald Not in 1963 Million-Name Secret Service File |first=Peter |last=Kihss |date=May 13, 1976 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/oswald-not-in-1963-millionname-secret-service-file.html |access-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226232402/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/oswald-not-in-1963-millionname-secret-service-file.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruby was willing to become an informant and was contacted by the FBI eight times between March 11, 1959, and October 2, 1959, but he provided no information to the Bureau; he was not paid, and contact ceased.<ref>{{cite web |title=FBI Oversight Hearings to the Subcommittee on Civil Rights |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/fbi_oversight_hearings_before_the_subcommittee_on_civil_rights_1976.pdf |website=brennancenter.org/ |access-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221111041/https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/fbi_oversight_hearings_before_the_subcommittee_on_civil_rights_1976.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cartwright |first=Gary |date=November 1975 |title=Who was Jack Ruby? |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/who-was-jack-ruby/ |work=Texas Monthly |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209011908/https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/who-was-jack-ruby/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Further explanation needed|date=November 2023|reason=How reliable are these sources? Are they first hand or second hand?.}}

Scheim theorised that Mafia leaders [[Carlos Marcello]] and [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] and organized labor leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] ordered the assassination of Kennedy. Scheim cited in particular a 25-fold increase in the number of out-of-state telephone calls from Jack Ruby to associates of these crime bosses in the months before the assassination.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scheim |first=David E. |title=Contract on America: The Mafia Murder of President John F. Kennedy |year=1988 |publisher=Shapolsky Publishers |isbn=978-0-933503-30-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/contractonameric00davi/page/269 269] |quote=Telephone records showed the striking, 25-fold increase in his out-of-state calls, peaking in early November and then plummeting during his final weeks of activity in Dallas. |url=https://archive.org/details/contractonameric00davi|url-access=registration }}</ref> According to author Vincent Bugliosi, both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that all of these calls were related to Ruby seeking help from the [[American Guild of Variety Artists]] in a matter concerning two of his competitors.<ref>Bugliosi, ''Reclaiming History'', p. 1103</ref> The House Select Committee on Assassinations report stated that "most of Ruby's phone calls during late 1963 were related to his labor troubles. In the light of the identity of some of the individuals with whom Ruby spoke, however, the possibility of other matters being discussed could not be dismissed."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_5E_AGVA.pdf Labor Difficulties with the American Guild of Variety Artists, Early 1960s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061529/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_5E_AGVA.pdf |date=May 28, 2013 }}, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, 5E, p. 201.</ref>

[[Salvatore Bonanno|Bill Bonanno]], son of New York Mafia boss [[Joseph Bonanno]], stated in ''Bound By Honor'' that he realized that certain Mafia families were involved in the JFK assassination when Ruby killed Oswald, since Bonanno was aware that Ruby was an associate of Chicago mobster [[Sam Giancana]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonanno|first=Bill|year=1999|title=Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story|location=New York|publisher=St Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-20388-7|url=https://archive.org/details/boundbyhonor00bill}}</ref>

===Associations with organized crime and gunrunning allegations===
Some conspiracy theorists have suggested Ruby had links to [[Jewish-American organized crime|organized crime]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assassination Archive and Research Center |url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=Assassination Archives |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714192954/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Twenty-Four Years {{!}} Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald? {{!}} Frontline {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/cron/ |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=www.pbs.org |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929084222/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/cron/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] undertook a similar investigation of Ruby in 1979, 15 years after the written report, and said that he "had a significant number of associations and direct and indirect contacts with underworld figures" and "the Dallas criminal element," but that he was not a member of organized crime.{{sfn|Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, Chapter I, Section C|1979|p=148}} In a memo dated to the day of Oswald's murder J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI, wrote that "We have no information on Ruby that is firm, although there are some rumors of underworld activity in Chicago".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lacy |first1=Akela |last2=Lima |first2=Cristiano |title=7 new findings from the latest JFK files |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/7-new-findings-from-the-latest-jfk-files-assassination-lee-harvey-oswald/ |work=Politico |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

Ruby was said to have been acquainted with the [[American Mafia|Mafia]]. The HSCA said that Ruby had known Chicago mobster [[Sam Giancana]] and [[Campisi's Egyptian Restaurant|Joseph Campisi]] since 1947 and had been seen with them on many occasions.<ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, p. 336, par. 917, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm Joseph Campisi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714192954/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm |date=July 14, 2018 }}. Ancestry.com, Social Security Death Index [database on-line], Provo, Utah: The Generations Network, Inc., 2007. Ancestry.com, Texas Death Index, 1903–2000 [database on-line], Provo, UT: The Generations Network, Inc., 2006.</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|346}} After an investigation of Joe Campisi, the HSCA found:

<blockquote>While Campisi's technical characterization in federal law enforcement records as an organized crime member has ranged from definite to suspected to negative, it is clear that he was an associate or friend of many Dallas-based organized crime members, particularly [[Joseph Civello]], during the time he was the head of the Dallas organization. There was no indication that Campisi had engaged in any specific organized crime-related activities.<ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, p. 336, par. 916, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm Joseph Campisi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714192954/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm |date=July 14, 2018 }}.</ref></blockquote>

[[G. Robert Blakey]], the chief counsel for the HSCA, called Campisi "the No. 2 man in the mob in Dallas." He wrote in a 1993 article for ''The Washington Post'': "It is difficult to dispute the underworld pedigree of Jack Ruby, though the Warren Commission did it in 1964.<ref name="Blakey">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/11/07/murdered-by-the-mob/590c014a-a3b4-4f6d-b5a2-189249cd5663/|title=Murdered By The Mob?|last=Blakey|first=G. Robert|date=November 7, 1993|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 18, 2021|archive-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818130226/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/11/07/murdered-by-the-mob/590c014a-a3b4-4f6d-b5a2-189249cd5663/|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, a [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] ''[[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline]]'' investigation into the connections between Ruby and Dallas organized crime figures reported the following:

<blockquote>In 1963, Sam and Joe Campisi were leading figures in the Dallas underworld. Jack knew the Campisis and had been seen with them on many occasions. The Campisis were lieutenants of [[Carlos Marcello]], the Mafia boss who had reportedly talked of killing the President.<ref>Frontline: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/cron/ Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929084222/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/cron/ |date=September 29, 2017 }}, 1993.</ref></blockquote>

On the night before Kennedy was assassinated, Ruby and Ralph Paul had dinner together at the [[Campisi's Egyptian Restaurant|Egyptian Lounge]] run by Joe and Sam Campisi.<ref name="HSCA-appendix-p344">HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, p. 344, par. 919, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm Joseph Campisi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714192954/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0172b.htm |date=July 14, 2018 }}.</ref> After Ruby was jailed for killing Oswald, Joe Campisi "regularly visited" him.<ref name="HSCA-appendix-p344"/>

[[Howard P. Willens]] was the third-highest official in the Department of Justice<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=110307&relPageId=4 |title=Oswald 201 File, Vol 32 |publisher= Assassination Archives and Research Center; [[Mary Ferrell|Mary Ferrell Foundation]] |work=Maryferrell.org |year=1993 |access-date=April 17, 2012 }}</ref> and assistant counsel to [[J. Lee Rankin]]. He helped organize the Warren Commission. Willens also outlined the commission's investigative priorities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/testimony/hscwille.htm |first=John C. |last=McAdams |author-link=John C. McAdams |title=Testimony Of Howard P. Willens |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Assassination Information Center |work=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100031/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/testimony/hscwille.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and terminated an investigation of Ruby's Cuban related activities.<ref>Kantor, Seth. ''The Ruby Cover-Up'', (New York: Zebra Books, 1980), p. 247. {{ISBN|0821739204}}</ref> An FBI report states that Willens' father had been [[Tony Accardo]]'s next-door neighbor going back to 1958.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=61488&relPageId=71 |author=Assassination Archives and Research Center |title=FBI Warren Commission Liaison File (62-109090) |publisher=Mary Ferrell Foundation |work=Maryferrell.org |year=1993 |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405131302/http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=61488&relPageId=71 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1946, Tony Accardo allegedly asked Jack Ruby to go to Texas with Mafia associates Pat Manno and Romie Nappi to make sure that Dallas County Sheriff Steve Gutherie would acquiesce to the Mafia's expansion into Dallas.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_201.html | title=The Lost Boys | publisher=AmericanMafia.com | date=April 1, 2002 | access-date=June 18, 2012 | archive-date=April 18, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418060041/http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_201.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Ruby went to see a man named Lewis McWillie in Cuba four years before the assassination. McWillie had previously run illegal gambling establishments in Texas, and Ruby considered him one of his closest friends.<ref name= "Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|201}} McWillie was supervising gambling activities at [[Havana]]'s [[Tropicana Club]] when Ruby visited him in August 1959. Ruby told the Warren Commission that his August trip to Cuba was merely a social visit at the invitation of McWillie.<ref name= "Testimony JR v5" />{{rp|201}} The HSCA later concluded that Ruby "most likely was serving as a courier for gambling interests".<ref name="HSCA Final A Report" />{{rp|152}}<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0093a.htm Possible Associations Between Jack Ruby and Organized Crime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319193255/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0093a.htm |date=March 19, 2012 }}, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 5, p. 177.</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|337}} The committee also found circumstantial but not conclusive evidence that "Ruby met with [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] in Cuba sometime in 1959."<ref name="HSCA Final A Report" />{{rp|152–153}}<ref name= Not />{{rp|338}}

James E. Beaird, who claimed to be a poker-playing friend of Ruby, told ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' and the [[FBI]] that Ruby smuggled guns and ammunition from [[Galveston Bay]], Texas to Fidel Castro's guerrillas in Cuba in the late 1950s. Beaird said that Ruby "was in it for the money. It wouldn't matter which side, just the one that would pay him the most." Beaird said that the guns were stored in a two-story house near the waterfront, and that he saw Ruby and his associates load "many boxes of new guns, including automatic rifles and handguns" on a 50-foot military-surplus boat. He claimed that "each time that the boat left with guns and ammunition, Jack Ruby was on the boat."<ref>{{cite news| first= Earl | last= Golz| title= Jack Ruby's Gunrunning to Castro Claimed| work= [[The Dallas Morning News]]| date= August 18, 1978}}</ref><ref>FBI document 602-982-243, June 10, 1976.</ref><ref name= Not />{{rp|335}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{NARA
|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-16.html
|article=Warren Commission Report, Appendix 16: A Biography of Jack Ruby}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title= Report of the Warren Commission on the assassination of President Kennedy |year= 1992 |publisher= St. Martin's Griffin |isbn= 978-0-312-08257-4 }}
* {{cite book |last= Bugliosi |first= Vincent |author-link= Vincent Bugliosi |title= Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |year= 2007 |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |isbn= 978-0-393-04525-3 |title-link= Reclaiming History }}
* {{cite book |last= Fonzi |first= Gaeton |author-link= Gaeton Fonzi|title= The Last Investigation |year= 1993 |publisher= Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn= 978-1-56025-052-4 }}
* {{cite book |last= Kantor |first= Seth |title= Who Was Jack Ruby? |year= 1978 |publisher= Everest House |isbn= 978-0-89696-004-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/whowasjackruby00kant }}
* {{cite book |last= Manchester |first= William |title= The Death of a President: November November 20–25 |year= 1996 |publisher= BBS Publishing Corporation |isbn= 978-0-88365-956-4 }}
* {{cite book |last= McKnight |first= Gerald D. |title= Breach of Trust: How the Warren Commission Failed the Nation and Why |year= 2005 |publisher= [[University Press of Kansas]] |isbn= 978-0-7006-1390-8 |url= https://archive.org/details/breachoftrusthow00mckn }}
* {{cite book |last= Newman |first= John |title= Oswald and the CIA |year= 1995 |publisher= [[Carroll & Graf Publishers]] |isbn= 978-0-7867-0131-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/oswaldcia00newm }}
* {{cite book |last= Rappleye |first= Charles |author2=Ed Becker |title= All American Mafioso |year= 1991 |publisher= [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |isbn= 978-0-385-26676-5 }}
* {{cite book |last= Summers |first= Anthony |title= Not in Your Lifetime: The Definitive Book on the JFK Assassination |year= 1998 |publisher= Marlowe & Company |isbn= 978-1-56924-739-6|author-link=Anthony Summers}}
* [[Oz Almog|Almog, Oz]], ''[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8303542W/Kosher_Nostra Kosher Nostra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819015601/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8303542W/Kosher_Nostra |date=August 19, 2017 }}'' Jüdische Gangster in Amerika, 1890–1980 ; Jüdischen Museum der Stadt Wien ; 2003, Text Oz Almog, Erich Metz, {{ISBN|3-901398-33-3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wcr/page779.php The Warren Commission Report, Appendix XVI: A Biography of Jack Ruby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108080047/http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wcr/page779.php |date=November 8, 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021208170105/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ruby.htm Jack Ruby – Mobster, Intelligence Agent, or Small-time Hustler?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901112901/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ruby1.htm An article on Ruby's family background and childhood]{{dead link|date=September 2021}}
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo2/jfk4/hscaearl.htm Testimony of Earl Ruby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115212431/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo2/jfk4/hscaearl.htm |date=November 15, 2019 }}
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/rubydef.html In Defense of Jack Ruby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323220756/https://www.jfk-online.com/rubydef.html |date=March 23, 2021 }}
* [http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/20/ruby.html Jack Ruby: Dallas' Original J.R.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171906/http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/20/ruby.html |date=February 26, 2021 }}

{{John F. Kennedy assassination}}

{{Authority control}}

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