View source for Landfill gas utilization

{{Short description|Method of producing electricity}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2010}}
[[File:Landfill gas collection from capped landfill area.jpg|thumb|Landfill gas collection from capped landfill area]]

'''Landfill gas utilization''' is a process of gathering, processing, and treating the [[methane]] or another gas [[landfill gas|emitted from decomposing garbage]] to produce electricity, heat, fuels, and various chemical compounds. After fossil fuel and agriculture, landfill gas is the third largest human generated source of methane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases|title=Overview of Greenhouse Gases|last=US EPA|first=OA|date=2015-12-23|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> Compared to {{CO2}}, methane is 25<ref name="worldbank.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/07/17/building-on-success-new-ways-to-keep-methane-out-of-the-atmosphere|title=Building on Success: New Ways to Keep Methane Out of the Atmosphere|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> times more potent as a [[greenhouse gas]]. It is important not only to control its emission but, where conditions allow, use it to generate energy, thus offsetting the contribution of two major sources of greenhouse gases towards [[climate change]]. 

The number of landfill gas projects, which convert the gas into power, went from 399 in 2005 to 519 in 2009 in the United States, according to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.]] These projects are popular because they control energy costs and reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. These projects collect the methane gas and treat it, so it can be used for electricity or upgraded to pipeline-grade gas to power homes, buildings, and vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Landfill Projects on the rise|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2010-02-24-landfill-energy_N.htm|accessdate=2010-04-25 | first=Wendy | last=Koch | date=2010-02-25}}</ref>

== Generation ==
[[File:Percent composition of each major component of landfill gas with time.JPG|thumb|alt=Phases of landfill age and percent composition of each major component of landfill gas.|Percent composition of each major component of landfill gas over time<ref name="Landfill Gas Modeling"/>]]

[[Landfill gas]] (LFG) is generated through the degradation of [[municipal solid waste]] (MSW) and other biodegradable waste, by [[microorganisms]]. Aerobic conditions (presence of oxygen) leads to predominately {{CO2}} emissions. In anaerobic conditions, as is typical of landfills, methane and {{CO2}} are produced in a ratio of 60:40. 

[[Methane]] ({{chem|CH|4}}) is the important component of landfill gas as it has a [[calorific value]] of 33.95 MJ/Nm^3 which gives rise to energy generation benefits.<ref name="SEPA">Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Guidance on Landfill Gas Flaring. November 2002. Web. <http://www.sepa.org.uk/waste/waste_regulation/idoc.ashx?docid=d2a6df2b-8ea9-4326-af87-e6803f769d47&version=-1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107175024/http://sepa.org.uk/waste/waste_regulation/idoc.ashx?docid=d2a6df2b-8ea9-4326-af87-e6803f769d47&version=-1 |date=2011-01-07 }}>.</ref> The amount of methane that is produced varies significantly based on composition of the waste. Most of the methane produced in MSW landfills is derived from [[food waste]], composite paper, and [[Corrugated fiberboard|corrugated cardboard]] which comprise 19.4 ± 5.5%, 21.9 ± 5.2%, and 20.9 ± 7.1% respectively on average of MSW landfills in the United States.<ref>Staley, Bryan, Morton Barlaz, and Morton Barlaz. "Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States and Implications for Carbon Sequestration and Methane Yield." Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135.10 (2009): 901-909.</ref> 

The rate of landfill gas production varies with the age of the landfill. There are 4 common phases that a section of a MSW landfill undergoes after placement. Typically, in a large landfill, different areas of the site will be at different stages at the same time. The landfill gas production rate will reach a maximum at around 5&nbsp;years and start to decline.<ref>Whittington, H. "Electricity Generation: Options for Reduction in Carbon Emissions", 360.1797 (2002): 1653-1668. .</ref>  Landfill gas follows first-order kinetic decay after decline begins with a k-value ranging 0.02 yr-1 for arid conditions and 0.065 yr-1 for wet conditions.<ref name="Landfill Gas Modeling">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Landfill Gas Modeling." LFG Energy Project Development Handbook. 30 January 2009. Web. 26 November 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/handbook.htm>.</ref> 

The [[Landfill Methane Outreach Program]] (LMOP) provides the LandGEM (Landfill Gas Emissions Model), a first-order decay model which aids in the determination of landfill gas production for an individual landfill.<ref name="Landfill Gas Modeling" /> Typically, gas extraction rates from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill range from 25 to 10000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/h where Landfill sites typically range from 100,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> to 10&nbsp;million&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> of waste in place.<ref name="SEPA" /> 

MSW landfill gas typically has roughly 45 to 60% methane and 40 to 60% carbon dioxide, depending on the amount of air introduced to the site, either through active gas extraction or from inadequate sealing (capping) of the landfill site.<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Landfill Gas Energy Basics." LFG Energy Project Development Handbook. 16 February 2009. Web. 26 November 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/handbook.htm>.</ref> Depending on the composition of the waste in place, there are many other minor components that comprises roughly 1% which includes {{chem|H|2|S}}, {{chem|NO|x}}, {{chem|SO|2}}, {{chem|CO}}, [[non-methane volatile organic compound]]s (NMVOCs), [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (PAHs), [[polychlorinated dibenzodioxins]] (PCDDs), [[polychlorinated dibenzofurans]] (PCDFs), etc. All of these gases are harmful to human health at high doses.<ref name="SEPA" />

== LFG collection systems ==
[[File:Gas extraction well.JPG|thumb|alt=Gas_extraction_well.JPG|A typical gas extraction well<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>]]  
[[File:Landfill Gas Blower.JPG|thumb|alt= Landfill_Gas_Blower.JPG|Landfill gas blower]] 
[[File:Landfill gas collection system.JPG|thumb|alt= Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG |A layout of landfill gas collection system<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States." Landfill Methane Outreach Program, June 2009. Web. 26 November 2009.</ref>]]

Landfill gas collection is typically accomplished through the installation of wells – vertically and/or horizontally – in the waste mass. Design [[Heuristic|heuristics]] for vertical wells call for about one well per acre of landfill surface, whereas horizontal wells are normally spaced about 50 to 200 feet apart on center.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Project Technology Options." LFG Energy Project Development Handbook. 9 September 2009. Web. 26 November 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/handbook.htm>.</ref>

Efficient gas collection can be accomplished at both open and closed landfills, but closed landfills have systems that are more efficient, owing to greater deployment of collection infrastructure since active filling is not occurring. On average, closed landfills have gas collection systems that capture about 84% of produced gas, compared to about 67% for open landfills.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Estimates of solid waste disposal rates and reduction targets for landfill gas emissions|journal = Nature Climate Change|date = 2015-09-21|issn = 1758-6798|volume = advance online publication|issue = 2|pages = 162–165|doi = 10.1038/nclimate2804|language = en|first = Jon T.|last = Powell|first2 = Timothy G.|last2 = Townsend|first3 = Julie B.|last3 = Zimmerman}}</ref> Landfill gas can also be extracted through horizontal trenches instead of vertical wells. Both systems are effective at collecting. 

Landfill gas is extracted and piped to a main collection header, where it is sent to be treated or flared. The main collection header can be connected to the leachate collection system to collect condensate forming in the pipes. A blower is needed to pull the gas from the collection wells to the collection header and further downstream. A {{convert|40|acre|m2|adj=on}} landfill gas collection system with a flare designed for a 600&nbsp;ft<sup>3</sup>/min extraction rate is estimated to cost $991,000 (approximately $24,000 per acre) with annual operation and maintenance costs of $166,000 per year at $2,250 per well, $4,500 per flare and $44,500 per year to operate the blower (2008). LMOP provides a software model to predict collection system costs.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options" />

=== Flaring ===
[[File:Open (left) and enclosed (right) flare.JPG|thumb|alt= Open_(left)_and_enclosed_(right)_flare.JPG|Flares: Open (left) and enclosed (right)<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>]]

If gas extraction rates do not warrant direct use or electricity generation, the gas can be flared off in order to avoid uncontrolled release to the atmosphere. One hundred&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/h is a practical threshold for flaring in the U.S. In the U.K, gas engines are used with a capacity of less than 100m3/h.<ref name="SEPA"/> Flares are useful in all landfill gas systems as they can help control excess gas extraction spikes and maintenance down periods. In the U.K. and EU enclosed flares, from which the flame is not visible are mandatory at modern landfill sites. Flares can be either open or enclosed, but the latter are typically more expensive as they provide high combustion temperatures and specific residence times as well as limit noise and light pollution. Some US states require the use of enclosed flares over open flares. Higher combustion temperatures and residence times destroy unwanted constituents such as un-burnt hydrocarbons. General accepted values are an exhaust gas temperature of 1000&nbsp;°C with a retention time of '''0.3 seconds''' which is said to result in greater than 98% destruction efficiency. The combustion temperature is an important controlling factor as if greater than 1100&nbsp;°C, there is a danger of the exponential formation of thermal NOx.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282014318|title=NOx Emissions from Silicon Production|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>

=== Landfill gas treatment ===
Landfill gas must be treated to remove impurities, condensate, and particulates. The treatment system depends on the end use. Minimal treatment is needed for the direct use of gas in boilers, furnaces, or kilns. Using the gas in electricity generation typically requires more in-depth treatment. Treatment systems are divided into primary and secondary treatment processing. Primary processing systems remove moisture and [[particulates]]. Gas cooling and compression are common in primary processing. Secondary treatment systems employ multiple cleanup processes, physical and chemical, depending on the specifications of the end use. Two constituents that may need to be removed are [[siloxanes]] and [[sulfur compounds]], which are damaging to equipment and significantly increase maintenance cost. Adsorption and absorption are the most common technologies used in secondary treatment processing.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>

== Use of landfill gas ==
=== Direct use ===
==== Boiler, dryer, and process heater ====
[[File:Boiler retrofitted to accept landfill gas.JPG|thumb|alt= Boiler_retrofitted_to_accept_landfill_gas.JPG|Boiler retrofitted to accept landfill gas<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>]]

Pipelines transmit gas to [[Boiler|boilers]], [[Clothes dryer|dryers]], or [[Kiln|kilns]], where it is used much in the same way as natural gas. Landfill gas is cheaper than natural gas and holds about half the heating value at 16,785 – 20,495 kJ/m3 (450 – 550 Btu/ft3) as compared to 35,406 kJ/m3 (950 Btu/ft3) of natural gas.<ref name="Hydrogen Addition">Bade Shrestha, S.O, G Narayanan, and G Narayanan. "Landfill Gas with Hydrogen Addition a Fuel for SI Engines." Fuel, 87.17/18 (2008): 3616-3626.</ref> Boilers, dryers, and kilns are used often because they maximize use of the gas, limited treatment is needed, and the gas can be mixed with other fuels. Boilers use the gas to transform water into steam for use in various applications. For boilers, about 8,000 to 10,000&nbsp; pounds per hour of steam can be generated for every 1&nbsp; million metric tons of waste-in-place at the landfill.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Most direct use projects use boilers. [[General Motors]] saves $500,000 on energy costs per year at each of the four plants owned by General Motors that has implemented landfill gas boilers.<ref name="boilers">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Adapting Boilers to Utilize Landfill Gas: An Environmentally and Economically Beneficial Opportunity." September 2008. Web. 26 November 2009.</ref> Disadvantages of Boilers, dryers, and kilns are that they need to be [[retrofitted]] in order to accept the gas and the end user has to be nearby (within roughly 5&nbsp; miles) as pipelines will need to be built.

==== Infrared heaters, greenhouses, artisan studios ====
In situations with low gas extraction rates, the gas can go to power infrared heaters in buildings local to the landfill, provide heat and power to local greenhouses, and power the energy intensive activities of a studio engaged in pottery, metalworking or glass-blowing. Heat is fairly inexpensive to employ with the use of a boiler. A microturbine would be needed to provide power in low gas extraction rate situations.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>

==== Leachate evaporation ====
[[File:Leachate evaporation system.JPG|thumb|alt= Leachate_evaporation_system.JPG|[[Leachate]] evaporation system.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>]]

The gas coming from the landfill can be used to evaporate [[leachate]] in situations where leachate is fairly expensive to treat. The system to evaporate the leachate costs $300,000 to $500,000 to put in place with operations and maintenance costs of $70,000 to $95,000 per year. A 30,000&nbsp;gallons per day evaporator costs $.05 - $.06 per gallon. The cost per gallon increases as the evaporator size decreases. A 10,000&nbsp;gallons per day evaporator costs $.18 - $.20 per gallon.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Estimates are in 2007&nbsp;dollars.

==== Pipeline-quality gas, CNG, LNG ====
[[File:Gas separator membrane skid for PSA process of landfill gas.jpg|thumb|Gas separator membrane skid used in membrane separation process to extract carbon dioxide<ref>{{cite journal|title=SWANA 2012 Excellence Award Application "Landfill Gas Control" Seneca Landfill, Inc|url=https://swana.org/Portals/0/Awards/2012Noms/Landfill_Gas_Control_silver.pdf|accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref>]]
Landfill gas can be converted to high-Btu gas by reducing its carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen content. The high-Btu gas can be piped into existing natural gas pipelines or in the form of CNG ([[compressed natural gas]]) or LNG ([[liquid natural gas]]). CNG and LNG can be used on site to power hauling trucks or equipment or sold commercially. Three commonly used methods to extract the carbon dioxide from the gas are membrane separation, [[molecular sieve]], and amine scrubbing. Oxygen and nitrogen are controlled by the proper design and operation of the landfill since the primary cause for oxygen or nitrogen in the gas is intrusion from outside into the landfill because of a difference in pressure. The high-Btu processing equipment can be expected to cost $2,600 to $4,300 per standard cubic foot per minute (scfm) of landfill gas. Annual costs range from $875,000 to $3.5&nbsp;million to operate, maintain and provide electricity to.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Costs depend on quality of the end product gas as well as the size of the project. The first landfill gas to LNG facility in the United States was the [[Frank R. Bowerman Landfill]] in [[Orange County, California]]. The same process is used for the conversion to CNG, but on a smaller scale. The CNG project at [[Puente Hills Landfill]] in Los Angeles has realized $1.40 per gallon of gasoline equivalent with the flow rate of 250 scfm.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Cost per gallon equivalent reduces as the flow rate of gas increases. LNG can be produced through the liquification of CNG. However, the oxygen content needs to be reduced to be under 0.5% to avoid explosion concerns, the carbon dioxide content must be as close to zero as possible to avoid freezing problems encountered in the production, and nitrogen must be reduced enough to achieve at least 96% methane. A $20&nbsp;million facility is estimated to achieve $0.65/gallon for a plant producing 15,000&nbsp;gallons/day of LNG (3,000 scfm).<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Estimates are in 2007&nbsp;dollars.

=== Electricity generation ===
If the landfill gas extraction rate is large enough, a gas turbine or internal combustion engine could be used to produce electricity to sell commercially or use on site.

==== Reciprocating piston engine ====
[[File:IC engines.JPG|thumb|alt= IC_engines.JPG| Internal combustion engines to generate electricity.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>]]

More than 70 percent of all landfill electricity projects use [[Reciprocating engine|reciprocating piston (RP) engines]], a [[Internal combustion engine|form of internal combustion engine]], because of relatively low cost, high efficiency, and good size match with most landfills. RP engines usually achieve an efficiency of 25 to 35 percent with landfill gas. However, RP engines can be added or removed to follow gas trends. Each engine can achieve 150&nbsp;kW to 3&nbsp;MW, depending on the gas flow. An RP engine (less than 1&nbsp;MW) can typically cost $2,300 per kW with annual operation and maintenance costs of $210 per kW. An RP engine (greater than 800&nbsp;kW) can typically cost $1,700 per kW with annual operation and maintenance costs of $180 per kW.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Estimates are in 2010&nbsp;dollars.

==== Gas turbine ====
[[File:Gas turbines.JPG|thumb|alt= Gas_turbines.JPG|Gas turbines that utilize landfill gas.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>]]

[[Gas turbine]]s, another form of internal combustion engine, usually meet an efficiency of 20 to 28 percent at full load with landfill gas. Efficiencies drop when the turbine is operating at partial load. Gas turbines have relatively low maintenance costs and nitrogen oxide emissions when compared to RP engines. Gas turbines require high gas compression, which uses more electricity to compress, therefore reducing the efficiency. Gas turbines are also more resistant to corrosive damage than RP engines. Gas turbines need a minimum of 1,300 cfm and typically exceed 2,100 cfm and can generate 1 to 10&nbsp;MW. A gas turbine (greater than 3&nbsp;MW) can typically cost $1,400 per kW with annual operation and maintenance costs of $130 per kW.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/>  Estimates are in 2010&nbsp;dollars.

==== Microturbine ====
Microturbines can produce electricity with lower amounts of landfill gas than gas turbines or RP engines.  Microturbines can operate between 20 and 200 cfm and emit less nitrogen oxides than RP engines. Also, they can function with less methane content (as little as 35 percent). Microturbines require extensive gas treatment and come in sizes of 30, 70, and 250&nbsp;kW. A microturbine (less than 1&nbsp;MW) can typically cost $5,500 per kW with annual operation and maintenance costs of $380 per kW.<ref name="LMOP Project Tech Options"/> Estimates are in 2010&nbsp;dollars.

==== Fuel cell ====
Research has been performed indicating that molten carbonate [[fuel cell]]s could be fueled by landfill gas. Molten carbonate fuel cells require less purity than typical fuel cells, but still require extensive treatment. The separation of acid gases (HCl, HF, and SO<sub>2</sub>), VOC oxidation (H<sub>2</sub>S removal) and siloxane removal are required for molten carbonate fuel cells.<ref>Urban, W, H Lohmann, J.I. Salazar Gomez, H Lohmann, and J.I. Salazar Gomez. "Catalytically Upgraded Landfill Gas as a Cost-effective Alternative for Fuel Cells." Journal of Power Sources, 193.1 (2009): 359-366.</ref> Fuel cells are typically run on hydrogen and hydrogen can be produced from landfill gas. Hydrogen used in fuel cells have zero emissions, high efficiency, and low maintenance costs.<ref name="Hydrogen Addition"/>

== Project incentives ==
[[File:States with state or private incentives.JPG|thumb|alt= States_with_state_or_private_incentives.JPG|States with state or private incentives.<ref>"EPA - LMOP - Funding Guide." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 8 November 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/guide/state_resources.htm>.</ref>]]
[[File:States with RPS.JPG|thumb|alt= States_with_RPS.JPG|States with Renewable Portfolio Standard.<ref name="state rps"/>]]

Various landfill gas project incentives exist for United States projects at the federal and state level. The [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]], [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]], and [[Department of Commerce]] all provide federal incentives for landfill gas projects. Typically, incentives are in the form of tax credits, bonds, or grants. For example, the Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC) gives a corporate tax credit of 1.1&nbsp;cents per kWh for landfill projects above 150&nbsp;kW.<ref name="Fed Resources">"EPA - LMOP - Funding Guide: Federal Resources." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 8 November 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/guide/federal.htm>.</ref> Various states and private foundations give incentives to landfill gas projects. A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a legislative requirement for utilities to sell or generate a percentage of their electricity from renewable sources including landfill gas. Some states require all utilities to comply, while others require only public utilities to comply.<ref name="state rps">"EPA - LMOP - Funding Guide: State Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 8 November 2009. < http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/guide/state_rps.htm>.</ref>

== Environmental impact ==
In 2005, 166&nbsp;million tons of MSW were discarded to landfills in the United States.<ref>Kaplan, P. Ozge, Joseph Decarolis, Susan Thorneloe, Joseph Decarolis, and Susan Thorneloe. "Is It Better to Burn or Bury Waste for Clean Electricity Generation?." Environmental Science & Technology, 43.6 (2009): 1711-1717.</ref>  Roughly 120&nbsp;kg of methane is generated from every ton of MSW. Methane has a [[global warming potential]] of 25<ref name="worldbank.org"/> times more effective of a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide on a 100-year time horizon. It is estimated that more than 10% of all global anthropogenic [[methane emissions]] are from landfills.<ref>Lohila, Annalea, Tuomas Laurila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Tea Thum, Mari Pihlatie, Janne Rinne, Timo Vesala, Tuomas Laurila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Tea Thum, Mari Pihlatie, Janne Rinne, and Timo Vesala. "Micrometeorological Measurements of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes at a Municipal Landfill." Environmental Science & Technology, 41.8 (2007): 2717-2722.</ref> Landfill gas projects help aid in the reduction of methane emissions. However, landfill gas collection systems do not collect all the gas generated. Around 4 to 10 percent of landfill gas escapes the collection system of a typical landfill with a gas collection system.<ref name="Benefits">"Environmental Protection Agency LMOP: Benefits of Energy." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 27 November 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/lmop/benefits.htm>.</ref> The use of landfill gas is considered a [[green fuel]] source because it offsets the use of environmentally damaging fuels such as oil or [[natural gas]], destroys the heat-trapping gas methane, and the gas is generated by deposits of waste that are already in place. 450 of the 2,300 landfills in the United States have operational landfill gas utilization projects as of 2007. LMOP has estimated that approximately 520 landfills that currently exist could use landfill gas (enough to power 700,000 homes). Landfill gas projects also decrease local pollution, and create jobs, revenues and cost savings.<ref name="Benefits"/>  Of the roughly 450 landfill gas projects operational in 2007, 11&nbsp;billion kWh of electricity was generated and 78&nbsp;billion cubic feet of gas was supplied to end users. These totals amount to roughly {{convert|17500000|acre|ha}} of pine or fir forests or annual emissions from 14,000,000 passenger vehicles.<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Fueling the Economy and a Sustainable Energy Future While Improving the Environment." Landfill Gas Energy. December 2008. Web. 26 November 2009.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anaerobic digestion]]
*[[Atmospheric methane]]
*[[Biogas]]
*[[Biodegradation]]
*[[Cogeneration]]
*[[Landfill gas migration]]
*[[Landfill gas monitoring]]
*[[Solar landfill]]
*[[Waste minimisation]]
*[[Underground coal gasification]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Landfill Gas Utilization}}
[[Category:Waste management concepts]]
[[Category:Landfill]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]
[[Category:Cogeneration]]
[[Category:Greenhouse gas emissions]]
[[Category:Methane]]