View source for Makasar script

{{Short description|Historical Indonesian writing system}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name=Makasar Script
 |altname=Jangang-jangang<br/>{{Script|Maka|𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢}}
 |type = [[Abugida]]
 |time = 17th – 19th century AD
 |languages = [[Makassarese language]]
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
|fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
|fam5=[[Pallava script|Pallava]]
|fam6=[[Kawi script|Kawi]]
|sisters=[[Balinese alphabet|Balinese]] <br/>[[Batak script|Batak]] <br/>[[Baybayin|Baybayin scripts]]<br/>[[Javanese script|Javanese]] <br/>[[Lontara script|Lontara]] <br />[[Old Sundanese script|Old Sundanese]]<br />[[Rencong script|Rencong]] <br />[[Rejang script|Rejang]]
 |unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11EE0.pdf U+11EE0–U+11EFF]
 |iso15924=Maka
 |sample =Kata jangangjangang.png
 |imagesize = 250px
 }}
{{Contains special characters
| special    = Makassar script
| fix        = Help:Multilingual support#Makasar
| error      = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]
| characters = Makasar characters
| image      = Makasar letter ma.svg
| link       = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt        = <?>
| compact    = 
}}
{{brahmic}}
The '''Makasar script''', also known as '''Ukiri' Jangang-jangang''' (bird's script) or '''Old Makasar script''', is a historical Indonesian [[writing system]] that was used in [[South Sulawesi]] to write the [[Makassarese language]] between the 17th and 19th centuries until it was supplanted by the [[Lontara script|Lontara Bugis script]].{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=49}}<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|first=Anshuman |last=Pandey|title=Proposal for encoding the Makassar script in Unicode|journal=Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 |issue=L2/15–233|date=2015-11-02|publisher=Unicode |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15233-makasar.pdf}}</ref>

The Makasar script is an [[abugida]] which consists of 18 basic characters. Like other [[Brahmic scripts]], each letter represents a syllable with an inherent vowel /a/, which can be changed with diacritics. The direction of writing is left to right. This script is written without wordspacing (''[[scriptio continua]]'') and with little to no [[punctuation]]. "[[Coda (syllable)|Coda syllables]]", or consonants at the end of syllables, are not written in the Makasar script, so a Makasar text can contain a lot of ambiguity which can only be distinguished from context.

== History ==
Scholars generally believe that the Makasar script was used before South Sulawesi received significant [[Islam]]ic influence around the 16th century AD, based on the fact that Makasar script uses the [[Abugida|abugida system]] based on the [[Brahmi script]] rather than the [[Arabic script]] which became commonplace in South Sulawesi later on.{{sfn|Macknight|2016|p=55}} This script has its roots in the Brahmi script from southern India, possibly brought to Sulawesi through the [[Kawi script]] or another script derived from Kawi.{{sfn|Macknight|2016|p=57}}{{sfn|Tol|1996|p=214}}{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=2}} The visual similarity of the [[Ulu scripts|South Sumatran characters]] such as the [[Rejang script]] and the Makasar script has led some experts to suggest a relationship between the two scripts.{{sfn|Noorduyn|1993|pp=567–568}} Christopher Miller states that the Makasar script is essentially derived from a pre-17th century variant of [[Ulu scripts]] of South Sumatra, with some influence from the [[Javanese script]]. Furthermore, Miller argues that the scripts of South Sumatra, South Sulawesi, and the Philippines descend from the [[Gujarati script]], which originates in [[India]].<ref name="miller1">{{cite journal|url=http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/view/3917|first=Christopher|last=Miller|title= A Gujarati origin for scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines|journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society|volume=36|issue=1|year=2010}}</ref>

However, in Stephen C Druce's opinion, it remains debatable as to whether the Makasar script was in use before the 17th century AD. This script is full of curls, curves, bridges and much more suited to being written with ink on paper rather than inscribed on palm-leaf. The Makasar script may thus have been a later innovation, which was developed from the Lontara Bugis script after paper had become available in the early 17th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|title=The lands west of the lakes, A history of the Ajattappareng kingdoms of South Sulawesi 1200 to 1600 CE|year=2009|publisher=KITLV Press Leiden|pages=57–63|author=Druce, Stephen C.}}</ref>

There are at least four documented writing systems that have been used in South Sulawesi, which are, chronologically, Makasar script, [[Lontara script]], Arabic script, and [[Latin script]]. In the development of manuscripts, these four writing systems are often used together depending on the context of the writing, so it is common to find a manuscript that uses more than one script, including the Makasar script which is often found mixed with the [[Jawi alphabet|Malay-Arabic alphabet]].{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=213–214}} The Makasar script was originally thought to be the ancestor of the Lontara script, but both are now considered separate branches of an ancient prototype that is assumed to be extinct.{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=46}} Some writers sometimes mention Daeng Pamatte', the [[Harbourmaster|'syahbandar']] of the [[Sultanate of Gowa]] in the early 16th century AD, as the creator of the Makasar script based on a quote in the Gowa Chronicle ([[Makassarese language|Makassarese:]] ''Lontara Patturioloanga ri Tu Gowaya'') which reads ''Daeng Pamatte' ampareki lontara' Mangkasaraka'', translated as "Daeng Pamatte' which created the Makassarese Lontara" in the translation of GJ Wolhoff and Abdurrahim published in 1959. However, this opinion is rejected by most historians and linguists today, who argue that the term ''ampareki'' in this context is more accurately translated as "composing" in the sense of compiling a library or completing historical records and writing system instead of script creation from nil.{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=47}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Ahmad M. Sewang |year=2005 |title=Islamisasi Kerajaan Gowa: abad XVI sampai abad XVII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOcUtQAtl00C|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=9789794615300 |pages=37–38}}</ref>{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Fachruddin Ambo Enre |year=1999 |title=Ritumpanna Wélenrénngé: Sebuah Episoda Sastra Bugis Klasik Galigo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3jZXmdmv0oC |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=9789794613184}}</ref> The oldest surviving example of the Makasar script is the signature of the delegates from the Sultanete of Gowa in the [[Treaty of Bongaya]] from 1667, which is now stored in the [[National Archives of Indonesia]]. Meanwhile, one of the earliest manuscripts in the Makasar script of significant length that has survived, is the Gowa-Tallo chronicle from the mid 18th century AD which is kept at the [[Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen]] (KIT), [[Amsterdam]] (collection no. KIT 668/216).{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=3–4}}

Eventually, the Makasar script was gradually replaced with the [[Lontara script|Lontara Bugis script]], which Makassarese writers sometimes referred to as "New Lontara". This change was likely influenced by the decline in the prestige of the Sultanete of Gowa, along with the increasing strength of the [[Buginese people|Buginese tribe]]. As the influence of Gowa decreased, the Makassar scribes no longer used Makasar script in official historical records or everyday documents, although it was still sometimes used in certain contexts as an attempt to distinguish Makassar's cultural identity from Buginese influence. The most recent manuscript with Makasar script so far known is the diary of a Gowa ''tumailalang'' (prime minister) from the 19th century whose script form has received significant influence from the Lontara Bugis script.{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=47–49}} By the end of the 19th century, the use of the Makasar script had been completely replaced by the Lontara Bugis script and nowadays there are no more native readers of the Makasar script.{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=49}}

== Usage ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;"  align="center"  colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = {{{1<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Usage of the Makasar script'''
|-
|align=center; colspan=2|
<gallery mode="packed" heights=200px>
Image:Detil perjanjian bungaya.jpg|Makassar-script signature from [[Treaty of Bongaya]], collection of the Indonesian National Archives 
Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gedeelte van het dagboek van de Vorsten van Gowa in oud Makassaarschrift TMnr 668-216.jpg| Diary of the prince of [[Sultanate of Gowa|Gowa]], collection of the Tropenmuseum
Image:Makassar historical record.jpg|Manuscript in Makassarese script and language around the 18th and 19th century, collection of the British Library
Image:Fragment of daily register in old Makassar script.jpg|A fragment of a daily note, collection of the British Library
</gallery>
|}

Like the [[Lontara script]] which was used in the South Sulawesi cultural sphere, the Makasar script is used in a number of related text traditions, most of which are written in manuscripts. The term '''''lontara''''' (sometimes spelled '''''lontaraq''''' or '''''lontara{{'}}''''' to denote the [[Glottal stop|glotal stop]] at the end) also refers to a literary genre that deals with history and genealogies, the most widely written and important writing topics by the [[Buginese people|Buginese]] and [[Makassar people]]. This genre can be divided into several sub-types: genealogy (''lontara' pangngoriseng''), daily registers (''lontara' bilang''), and historical or [[Chronicle|chronicle records]] (''patturioloang''). Each kingdom of South Sulawesi generally had their own official historiography in some compositional structure that utilized these three forms.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=223–226}}  Compared to "historical" records from other parts of the archipelago, historical records in the literary tradition of South Sulawesi are considered to be decidedly more "realistic"; historical events are explained in a straightforward and plausible manner, and the relatively few fantastic elements are accompanied by markers such as the word "supposedly" so that the overall record feels factual and realistic.{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p=8}}{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=xi-xii}} Even so, historical records such as the Makassar's ''patturiolong'' are inseparable from their political function as a means of ratifying power, descent, and territorial claims of certain rulers.{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p=11}} One of these ''patturiolongs'' that was written in the Makasar script and have been researched by experts is the [[Chronicle of Gowa]] which describes the history of the kings of Gowa from the founding of the [[Early history of Gowa and Talloq|Kingdom of Gowa]] to the reign of [[Hasanuddin of Gowa|Sultan Hasanuddin]] in the 17th century AD.

The use of diaries is one of the unique south Sulawesi phenomena with no known analogy in other Malay writing traditions.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=226–228}} TDaily registers are often made by high ranking member of societies, such as the sultans, the rulers (''arung''), or the prime ministers (''tumailalang''). The bulk of daily register consists of ruled tables with rows of dates, in which the register owner would log important events in the allocated space of each date. Not all lines are filled if the corresponding dates did not have anything considered worthwhile to note, but only one line is reserved for each date. For a particularly eventful date, the continuing line would be written sideways to the page, following a zig-zag pattern until all space are filled.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=226–228}}

== Ambiguity ==
Makasar script does not have a [[virama]] or other ways to write dead syllables even though the [[Makassarese language]] has many words with coda syllables. For example, the final nasal sound /-ŋ/ and glottal /ʔ/ which are common in Makassar language are not written in the Makasar script spelling at all, so words like ''ama'' (chicken lice), ''ama'' (like), and ''amang''' (safe) will all be written as ''ama'' {{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻥}} in the Makassar script. The word ''baba'' {{Script|Maka|𑻤𑻤}} in the Makasar script can refer to six possible words: ''baba, baba', ba'ba, ba'ba', bamba,'' and ''bambang''. Given that Makasar script is also traditionally [[scriptio continua|written without word breaks]], a typical text often have a lot of ambiguous portion which can often only be distinguished through context. Readers of Makasar texts need an adequate prior understanding of the language and contents of the text in question in order to read them fluently. This ambiguity is analogous to the use of Arabic letters without vowel markers; readers whose native language uses Arabic characters intuitively understand which vowels are appropriate to use in the context of the sentence concerned, so that [[Arabic diacritics|vowel markers]] are not needed in standard everyday texts. 

Even so, sometimes even context isn't sufficient to reveal how to read a sentence whose reference is unknown to the reader. As an illustration, Cummings and Jukes provide the following example to illustrate how the Makasar script can produce different meanings depending on how the reader cuts and fills in the ambiguous part: 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Lontara script
! colspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Possible reading
|-
! style="text-align: center"| Latin
! style="text-align: center"| Meaning
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| {{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻤𑻵𑻦𑻱𑻳}}{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=9}}
| a'bétai
| he won ([[intransitive]])
|-
| ambétai
| he beat... ([[Transitive verb|transitive]])
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| {{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻠𑻭𑻵𑻱𑻳𑻣𑻵𑻣𑻵𑻤𑻮𑻧𑻦𑻶𑻠}}{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}
| nakanréi pépé' balla' datoka
| fire devouring a temple 
|-
| nakanréi pépé' balanda tokka'
| fire devouring a bald Hollander
|}

Without knowing the intent or event to which the author may be referring, it can be impossible for a general reader to determine the "correct" reading of the above sentence. Even the most proficient readers often needs to pause to re-interpret what they have read as new context are found in later portion of the same text.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=6}}

== Form ==
=== Basic letters ===
Basic letters ({{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻭𑻶𑻮𑻶𑻦𑻭}} ''anrong lontara’'') in Makasar script represent a syllable with inherent /a/. There are 18 basic letters, shown below:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" |'''''Basic letters'''''
|-
!  ka 
!  ga 
!  nga 
!  pa 
!  ba 
!  ma 
! ta
! da
! na
|- 
| [[Image:mak_ka.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_ga2.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_nga.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_pa.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_ba.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_ma.png|90px]]
|[[Image:mak_ta.png|90px]]
|[[Image:mak_da.png|90px]]
|[[Image:mak_na.png|90px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻠}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻡}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻢}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻣}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻤}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻥}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻦}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻧}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻨}}
|-
!  ca 
!  ja 
!  nya 
!  ya 
!  ra 
!  la 
!  wa 
!  sa 
!  a
|- 
| [[Image:mak_ca.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_ja.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_nya.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_ya.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_ra.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_la.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_wa.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_sa.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_a.png|90px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻩}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻪}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻫}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻬}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻭}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻮}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻯}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻰}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻱}}
|}
Note that the Makassar script has never undergone a standardization process like the Buginese [[Lontara script]] later on, so there are many variations of writing that can be found in Makassar manuscripts. {{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=1}} The form in the table above is adapted from the characters used in [[:Commons:File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gedeelte_van_het_dagboek_van_de_Vorsten_van_Gowa_in_oud_Makassaarschrift_TMnr_668-216.jpg|the diary of Pangeran Gowa, Tropenmuseum collection]], numbered KIT 668-216.

=== Diacritic ===
Diacritics ({{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻨𑻮𑻶𑻦𑻭}} ''ana’ lontara’'') are markings on the basic letters to change its vowel. There are 4 diacritics, shown below:<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | '''''Vowel diacritics'''''
|-
!  rowspan="2"|
!  -i 
!  -u 
!  -e{{ref label|/e/ as in the first e in "every"|1}}
!  -o  
|- 
| [[Image:lon_i.png|90px]]
| [[Image:lon_u.png|90px]]
| [[Image:lon_e.png|90px]]
| [[Image:lon_o.png|90px]]
|- 
! style="text-align: center" |Name
| style="text-align: center" |ana' i rate
{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻭𑻦𑻵}}
| style="text-align: center" |ana' i rawa
{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻭𑻯}}
| style="text-align: center" |ana' ri olo
{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻨𑻭𑻳𑻱𑻶𑻮𑻶}}
| style="text-align: center" |ana' ri boko
{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻨𑻭𑻳𑻤𑻶𑻠𑻶}}
|-
!  style="text-align: center"|na 
!  ni 
!  nu 
!  ne 
!  no 
|- 
| style="text-align: center"|[[Image:lon_ta.png|90px]]
|[[Image:mak_ni.png|90x90px]]
|[[Image:mak_nu.png|90x90px]]
|[[Image:mak_ne.png|90x90px]]
|[[Image:mak_no.png|90x90px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻨}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻳}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻴}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻵}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻶}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Notes'''
:<small>1. {{note|/e/ as in the first e in "every"}}/e/ as in the first e in "every"</small>
|}

=== Punctuation ===
Historical Makassarese texts are written without wordspacing (''[[scriptio continua]]'') and do not use punctuation. The Makasar script is known to have only two original punctuation marks:  '''''passimbang''''' and a section ending mark. ''Passimbang'' functions like a period or comma in the Latin script by dividing the text into chunks that are similar (but not the same) to stanzas or sentences, while section ending marks are used to split the text into chapter-like units.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Punctuations
|-
!  passimbang
!  section end
|- 
| [[Image:mak_pass.png|90px]]
| [[Image:mak_endtext.png|90px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻷}}
| style="text-align: center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻸}}
|}

In certain manuscripts, the ending mark of a section is replaced by a punctuation that resembles a palm tree (🌴), and for the end of larger sections it is common to use the stylization of the word ''tammat'' which uses [[Arabic letters]] {{Script|Arab|تمت}}).<ref name=":0" />

=== Repeated consonants ===
Continuous syllables with the same initial consonant are often written in abbreviated form using double diacritics or a repeater letter '''''angka''''' which can then be reattached with a diacritic. Its use can be seen as follows:<ref name=":0" />
{| summary="syllable reduplication"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Double diacritics
|-
!
!  dudu
|- 
! rowspan=2|without double diacritics
| [[Image:Mak_dudu.png|90px]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻴𑻧𑻴}}
|-
! rowspan=2|with double diacritics
| [[Image:Mak_dudu1.png|90px]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻴𑻴}}
|}
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Angka''
|-
!
!  dada
!  dadu
!  duda
|- 
! rowspan=2|without ''angka''
| [[Image:Mak_dada.png|90px]]
| [[Image:Mak_dadu.png|90px]]
| [[Image:Mak_duda.png|90px]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻧}}
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻧𑻴}}
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻴𑻧}}
|-
! rowspan=2|with ''angka''
| [[Image:Mak_dada1.png|90px]]
| [[Image:Mak_dadu1.png|90px]]
| [[Image:Mak_duda1.png|90px]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻲}}
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻲𑻴}}
| {{Script|Maka|𑻧𑻴𑻲}}
|}

|}

== Example texts ==
The following is an excerpt from the [[Chronicle of Gowa]] which tells the course of a battle between the [[Sultanate of Gowa|Gowa]] and the [[Kingdom of Tallo]] which culminated in their alliance during the reign of Karaeng Gowa [[Tumaparisi Kallonna|Tumapa'risi 'Kallonna]] and Karaeng Tallo [[Tunipasuru|Tunipasuru']].{{efn|The spelling of the original Makasar script is preserved here, while the color of the writing has been turned uniformly black. Transliteration and translation adapted from Jukes (2019), with some additional information from the translated version of William Cummings (2007). }}{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}
:{|
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻦𑻶𑻥𑻳𑻱𑻨𑻵𑻷𑻥𑻡𑻱𑻴𑻷𑻨𑻨𑻳𑻮𑻳𑻣𑻴𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻤𑻴𑻧𑻴𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻴𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻠𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻭𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻴𑻣𑻶𑻮𑻶𑻤𑻠𑻵𑻢𑻷}}
|-
|''ia–tommi anne. ma'gau'. na nilipungi. nibundu'. ri tu Talloka. ri tu Marusuka. ri tu Polombangkenga.''
|-
|On the reign [of ''Tumapa'risi' Kallonna''] he too was surrounded and attacked by the ''Tallo'', the ''[[Maros]]'', [and] the ''Polombangkeng'' people.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻷𑻨𑻱𑻡𑻱𑻢𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻯𑻵𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻨𑻳𑻣𑻱𑻰𑻴𑻭𑻴𑻷}}
|-
|''Karaenga. ri Tallo'. naagaanga. siewa. Tunipasuru'.''
|-
|The ''Karaeng Tallo'' that fought him was ''Tunipasuru'''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻭𑻵𑻠𑻮𑻵𑻨𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻠𑻴𑻥𑻤𑻰𑻴𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻠𑻨𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻥𑻢𑻬𑻶𑻯𑻤𑻵𑻭𑻷}}
|-
|''areng kalenna. iang kumabassung. nikana. I Mangayoaberang.''
|-
|His given name, may i not be damned [for insolently calling his name], was ''I Mangayoaberang''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻥𑻡𑻯𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻥𑻭𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻠𑻨𑻷𑻣𑻦𑻨𑻮𑻠𑻨}}
|-
|''ma'gauka. ri Marusu'. nikana. Patanna Langkana.''
|-
|[Meanwhile, the ruler] that ruled in Maros [on that time] was Patanna Langkana.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻭𑻵𑻥𑻦𑻵𑻨𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻠𑻨𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻥𑻵𑻨𑻭𑻳𑻤𑻴𑻮𑻴𑻧𑻴𑻯𑻬𑻷}}
|-
|''areng matena. nikana. Tumamenang ri Bulu'duaya.''
|-
|[[Posthumous name|His posthumous name]] is ''Tumamenang ri Bulu'duaya''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻭𑻵𑻠𑻮𑻵𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻠𑻴𑻥𑻤𑻰𑻴𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻥𑻣𑻰𑻶𑻤𑻷}}
|-
|''areng kalenna iang kumabassung. I Mappasomba.''
|-
|His given name, may i not be damned, was ''I Mappasomba''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻭𑻵𑻣𑻥𑻨𑻨𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻠𑻨𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻧𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻴𑻭𑻡𑻷}}
|-
|''areng pamana'na. nikana. I Daeng Nguraga.''
|-
|His proper name was I Daeng Nguraga.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻡𑻱𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻤𑻪𑻵𑻷𑻱𑻨𑻨𑻷𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻮𑻶𑻯𑻵𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻠𑻨𑻬𑻧𑻱𑻵𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻣𑻰𑻱𑻳𑻭𑻳𑻷𑻠𑻠𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻧𑻱𑻵𑻥𑻰𑻭𑻶𑻷}}
|-
|''Tuma'gauka. ri Bajeng. ana'na. Karaeng Loe. nikanaya Daenna I Pasairi. kakanna I Daeng Masarro.''
|-
|He who ruled in ''Bajeng [Polombangkeng]'' is the son of ''Karaeng Loe'', named ''Daenna I Pasairi'', older sibbling of ''I Daeng Masarro''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻥𑻳𑻨𑻵𑻷𑻰𑻭𑻳𑻤𑻱𑻦𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻡𑻱𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻰𑻭𑻤𑻶𑻨𑻵𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻮𑻵𑻠𑻵𑻰𑻵𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻠𑻦𑻳𑻢𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻪𑻥𑻭𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻪𑻳𑻣𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻥𑻧𑻮𑻵𑻷}}
|-
|''iaminne. sari'battang. Tuma'gauka. ri Sanrabone. ri Lengkese'. ri Katingang. ri Jamarang. ri Jipang. ri Mandalle'.''
|-
|This [I Pasairi] were sibblings with those that ruled in ''Sanrabone'', in ''Lengkese''', in ''Katingang'', in ''Jamarang'', in ''Jipang'', [and] in ''Mandalle''.{{efn|The kingdums mentioned in this line, along with the Bajeng mentioned earlier, are the seven countries that make up the Polombangkeng confederation.{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}}}
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻪𑻴𑻱𑻳𑻰𑻳𑻰𑻭𑻳𑻤𑻦𑻷𑻥𑻮𑻮𑻰𑻳𑻣𑻴𑻯𑻵𑻢𑻱𑻰𑻵𑻷𑻷}}
|-
|''tujui sisari'battang. ma'la'lang sipue–ngaseng.''
|-
|seven sibblings, all half-umbrella'd [=ruled].{{efn|''La'lang sipue'' or "half umbrella" is a kind of umbrella made of palm leaves which is used at the inauguration of a ruler.{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}}}
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻥𑻳𑻨𑻵𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻮𑻳𑻣𑻴𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻡𑻱𑻴𑻠𑻦𑻮𑻴𑻯𑻷}}
|-
|''iaminne Karaeng. nilipungi. ri Gaukang Tallua.''
|-
|This ''Karaeng [Tumapa'risi' Kallonna]'' is supported by The Three ''Gaukang''.{{efn|"The Three Gaukang" refers to ''Gowa's'' banners of greatness called ''Gurudaya, Sulengkaya, and Cakkuridia''.{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}}}
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻭𑻳𑻮𑻠𑻳𑻬𑻴𑻷𑻱𑻢𑻡𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻡𑻴𑻭𑻴𑻧𑻬𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻢𑻰𑻬𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻦𑻶𑻤𑻶𑻮𑻶𑻠𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻰𑻱𑻶𑻥𑻦𑻬𑻷}}
|-
|''Karaenga ri Lakiung. angngagangi. Gurudaya. tu Mangngasaya. tu Tomboloka. tu Saomataya.''
|-
|''Kareng Lakiung'' accompanies ''Gurudaya'', [along with] ''Mangngasa, Tombolo''' and ''Saomata'' people,
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻪𑻶𑻭𑻵𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻠𑻮𑻵𑻨𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻥𑻥𑻠𑻰𑻳𑻷𑻤𑻭𑻶𑻤𑻶𑻰𑻶𑻷𑻨𑻣𑻥𑻵𑻦𑻵𑻢𑻳𑻷}}
|-
|''anjorengi. kalenna. imamakasi. Baro'boso'. napammenténgi.''
|-
|there they set camp, in ''Baro'boso''', on alert,
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻥𑻳𑻨𑻱𑻡𑻱𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻦𑻴𑻪𑻴𑻷𑻦𑻶𑻣𑻶𑻮𑻶𑻤𑻱𑻠𑻵𑻢𑻷}}
|-
|''iami naagaang. situju. tu Polombangkenga.''
|-
|they joined together [to] face ''Polombangkeng'' people.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻠𑻮𑻵𑻨𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻬𑻡𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻰𑻴𑻮𑻵𑻠𑻬𑻷}}
|-
|''kalenna Karaenga. siagángi. Sulengkaya.''
|-
|The ''Karaeng [Tumapa'risi' Kallonna]'' himself accompanies ''Sulengkaya'',
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻭𑻣𑻶𑻩𑻳𑻨𑻳𑻷𑻨𑻣𑻥𑻵𑻦𑻵𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻬𑻡𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻧𑻳𑻬𑻢𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻨𑻴𑻪𑻴𑻯𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻤𑻶𑻭𑻳𑻰𑻮𑻶𑻯𑻷}}
|-
|''Rappocini. napammenténgi. siagángi. tu Sudianga. tu Manujua. tu Borisalloa.''
|-
|ready in ''Rappocini'' along with ''Sudiang, Manuju'', and ''Borisallo'' people.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻠𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻬𑻡𑻱𑻷𑻠𑻮𑻵𑻨𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻧𑻱𑻵𑻥𑻰𑻭𑻶𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻥𑻳𑻨𑻱𑻡𑻱𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻦𑻴𑻪𑻴𑻷𑻠𑻮𑻵𑻨𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻷}}
|-
|''tu Talloka. siagaang. kalenna. I Daeng Masarro. iami naagaang. situju. kalenna Karaenga.''
|-
|''Tallo people'' and ''I Daeng Masarro'' himself faced The ''Karaeng''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻭𑻳𑻧𑻦𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻬𑻡𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻩𑻠𑻴𑻭𑻳𑻧𑻳𑻬𑻷𑻦𑻥𑻥𑻢𑻴𑻷𑻨𑻣𑻥𑻵𑻦𑻵𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻬𑻡𑻢𑻳𑻷𑻣𑻩𑻵𑻮𑻵𑻠𑻷𑻣𑻦𑻮𑻰𑻷𑻤𑻶𑻦𑻶𑻥𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻷}}
|-
|''Karaenga ri Data'. siagángi. Cakkuridia. Tamamangung. napammenténgi. siagángi. Paccellekang. Pattallassang. Bontomanai'.''
|-
|''Karaeng Data'' accompanies ''Cakkuridia'', in ''Tamamangung'' he readies themself along with ''Paccellekang, Pattallasang,'' and ''Bontomanai''' [people],
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻭𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻨𑻱𑻡𑻱𑻷𑻰𑻳𑻦𑻴𑻪𑻴𑻷}}
|-
|''tu Marusuka. naagaang. situju.''
|-
|''Maros'' people, they faced.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻮𑻵𑻤𑻠𑻳𑻷𑻥𑻤𑻴𑻧𑻴𑻠𑻳𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻣𑻮𑻭𑻳𑻥𑻳𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻠𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻭𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻣𑻶𑻮𑻶𑻤𑻠𑻵𑻢𑻷}}
|-
|''le'baki. ma'bunduki. nipalarimi. tu Talloka tu Marusuka. tu Polombangkenga.''
|-
|Once the battle started, the ''Tallo', Maros,'' and ''Polombangkeng'' people had already fled.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻭𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻠𑻷𑻮𑻭𑻳𑻨𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻥𑻥𑻢𑻴𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻮𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻠𑻳𑻷𑻥𑻨𑻱𑻴𑻭𑻳𑻥𑻭𑻴𑻰𑻴𑻷}}
|-
|''tu Marusuka. larina. ri Tamamangung. tulusuki. manaung ri Marusu'.''
|-
|''Maros'' people went from ''Tamamangung'', directly to ''Maros''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻣𑻶𑻮𑻶𑻤𑻠𑻵𑻢𑻷𑻥𑻢𑻴𑻮𑻶𑻭𑻶𑻥𑻥𑻳𑻷𑻤𑻳𑻰𑻵𑻬𑻷𑻨𑻥𑻤𑻳𑻰𑻵𑻬𑻥𑻨𑻱𑻳𑻷}}
|-
|''tu Polombangkenga. mangnguloro'–mami. biseang. na ma'biseang manai'.''
|-
|''Polombangkeng'' people stretch out their oars and pedal up [back to ''Polombangkeng''].
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻴𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻠𑻷𑻥𑻮𑻭𑻳𑻥𑻦𑻥𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻷}}
|-
|''tu Talloka. malari mantama ri Tallo'''
|-
|''Tallo'' people ran back to ''Tallo''' [region]
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻰𑻴𑻮𑻴𑻥𑻱𑻵𑻷𑻨𑻰𑻴𑻭𑻶𑻠𑻳𑻬𑻶𑻷𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻷𑻦𑻴𑻥𑻣𑻭𑻳𑻰𑻳𑻠𑻮𑻶𑻨𑻷𑻱𑻦𑻥𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻷}}
|-
|''nassulu' mae. nasuro kio'. Karaenga. Tumapa'risi Kallonna. antama ri Tallo'.''
|-
|[Then] they sent out a request to meet The ''Karaeng, Tumapa'risi' Kallonna''. Thus he entered ''Tallo'''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻦𑻪𑻤𑻢𑻳𑻱𑻳𑻷𑻮𑻮𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻦𑻶𑻯𑻨𑻷𑻨𑻳𑻭𑻣𑻶𑻱𑻳𑻷}}
|-
|''tuju bangngi i. lalang. nitoana. nirappói.''
|-
|Seven nights he was there, entertained and given betel nut. 
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻥𑻳𑻪𑻶𑻷𑻨𑻰𑻳𑻦𑻮𑻳𑻥𑻶𑻷𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻡𑻶𑻯𑻷𑻠𑻭𑻱𑻵𑻢𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻷𑻡𑻮𑻭𑻢𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻢𑻰𑻵𑻷𑻭𑻳𑻤𑻭𑻴𑻡𑻨𑻳𑻠𑻵𑻮𑻴𑻯𑻷}}
|-
|''iaminjo. nasitalli'mo. Karaenga. ri Gowa. Karaenga. ri Tallo'. gallaranga. ia– ngaseng. ri baruga nikelua.''
|-
|These [mentioned below] thus sworn: The ''Karaeng Gowa'', The ''Karaeng Tallo''', [along with] every ''gallarrang'' in ''balairung''.
|-
|{{Script|Maka|𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻨𑻥𑻶𑻷𑻦𑻱𑻴𑻷𑻱𑻣𑻰𑻳𑻱𑻵𑻯𑻱𑻳𑻷𑻡𑻶𑻯𑻷𑻦𑻮𑻶𑻷𑻱𑻳𑻬𑻥𑻶𑻨𑻩𑻮𑻭𑻵𑻯𑻦𑻷}}
|-
|''ia–iannamo. tau. ampasiewai. Gowa. Tallo'. iamo nacalla. rewata.''
|-
|[That] anyone who makes ''Gowa'' and ''Tallo''' hostile to each other, will surely be cursed by the gods.
|}

== Comparison to Lontara script ==
In its development, the use of the Makasar script was gradually replaced by the [[Lontara script|Lontara Bugis script]] which is sometimes referred to as "New Lontara" by Makassarese writers. These two closely related scripts have almost identical writing rules, although in appearance they look quite different. A comparison of the two characters can be seen as follows:{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=2|loc=Tabel 1}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Basic letters
|-
!
! ka
! ga
! nga
! ngka
! pa
! ba
! ma
! mpa
! ta
! da
! na
! nra
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Makasar
| [[Image:mak_ka.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ga2.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_nga.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2 |
| [[Image:mak_pa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ba.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ma.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2 |
| [[Image:mak_ta.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_da.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_na.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2 |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻠}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻡}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻢}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻣}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻤}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻥}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻦}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻧}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨}}
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Bugis
| [[Image:lon_ka.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ga.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_nga.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ngka.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_pa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ba.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ma.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_mpa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ta.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_da.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_na.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_nra.png|40px]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨀ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨁ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨂ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨃ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨄ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨅ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨆ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨇ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨈ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨉ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨋ}}
|-
!
! ca
! ja
! nya
! nca
! ya
! ra
! la
! wa
! sa
! a
! ha
! rowspan=5 |
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Makasar
| [[Image:mak_ca.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ja.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_nya.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2 |
| [[Image:mak_ya.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ra.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_la.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_wa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_sa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_a.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2 |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻩}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻪}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻫}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻬}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻭}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻮}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻯}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻰}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻱}}
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Bugis
| [[Image:lon_ca.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ja.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_nya.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_nyca.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ya.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ra.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_la.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_wa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_sa.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_a.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ha.png|40px]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨌ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨍ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨎ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨏ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨐ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨑ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨒ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨓ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨔ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨕ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨖ}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Diacritic
|-
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center;" |
! -a
! -i
! -u
! -é{{ref label|/e/ as in the first e in "every"|1}}
! -o
! -e{{ref label|/ə/ as in the second e in "every"|2}}
|-
|
| [[Image:lon_i.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_u.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_e.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_o.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ee.png|40px]]
|-
! na
! ni
! nu
! né
! no
! ne
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Makasar
| [[Image:mak_na.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ni.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_nu.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_ne.png|40px]]
| [[Image:mak_no.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻳}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻴}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻵}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨𑻶}}
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Bugis
| [[Image:lon_na.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ni.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_nu.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_ne.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_no.png|40px]]
| [[Image:lon_nee.png|40px]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊᨗ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊᨘ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊᨙ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊᨚ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|ᨊᨛ}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Notes'''
:<small>1. {{note|/e/ as in the first e in "every"}}/e/ as in the first e in "every"</small>
:<small>2. {{note|/ə/ as in the second e in "every"}}/ə/ as in the second e in "every"</small>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Punctuations
|-
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | Makasar
! passimbang
! section end
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Image:mak_pass.png|40px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Image:mak_endtext.png|40px]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻷}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|𑻸}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | Bugis
! pallawa
! section end
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Image:lon_pallawa.png|40px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Image:lon_endtext.png|40px]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|᨞}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{Script|Maka|᨟}}
|}

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Makasar (Unicode block)}}
Makasar script has been added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in June 2018 on Version 11.0.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unicode 11.0.0 | url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ | publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] | date=2018-06-05 | access-date=2018-06-05 }}</ref>

The Unicode block for the Makassar script is U+11EE0–U+11EFF and contains 25 characters:

{{Unicode chart Makasar}}

=== Font ===
A font for Makasar script based on the unicode block were first created under the name ''Jangang-jangang'' in early 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aksaradinusantara.com/fonta/aksara/jangang|title=Download Font Aksara Jangang-Jangang|website=Aksara di Nusantara|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> This font support the graphite SIL technology and double letters, both with ''angka'' (''example:'' {{Script|Maka|𑻥𑻲𑻳}} mami) and by double diacritic (''example:'' {{Script|Maka|𑻥𑻳𑻳}} mimi and {{Script|Maka|𑻥𑻴𑻴}} mumu).

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite journal|url=https://oxis.org/downloads/cense_1966.pdf|title=Old Buginese and Macassarese diaries|first=A|last=Cense|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=122|issue=4|pages=416–428 |place=Leiden |year=1966|doi=10.1163/22134379-90002920}}
* {{cite book |last=Cummings |first=William P. |year=2002 |title=Making Blood White: Historical Transformations in Early Modern Makassar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tANZd6c-8wUC |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0824825133}}
* {{cite book |last=Cummings |first=William P. |date=2007 |title=A Chain of Kings: The Makassarese Chronicles of Gowa and Talloq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jDBXoKAq6UC&q=empire%20of%20gowa |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-9067182874 }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmzDDwAAQBAJ|title=A Grammar of Makasar: A Language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia|last=Jukes|first=Anthony|date=2019-12-02|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-41266-8}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/en/activities/research-events/140227-intl-symp-and-ws |first=Anthony|last=Jukes|title=Writing and Reading Makassarese|year=2014|publisher=LingDy2 Project, Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies |journal=International Workshop of Endangered Scripts of Island Southeast Asia: Proceedings}}
* {{cite journal |last=Macknight |first=Charles Campbell |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308102874 |title=The Media of Bugis Literacy: A Coda to Pelras |journal=International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies |volume=12 |issue=supp. 1 |pages=53–71 |date=2016 |doi=10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 |language=EN |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Macknight |editor-first1=Charles Campbell |editor-last2=Paeni |editor-first2=Mukhlis |editor-last3=Hadrawi |editor-first3=Muhlis |year=2020 |title=The Bugis Chronicle of Bone |translator1=Campbell Macknight |translator2=Mukhlis Paeni |translator3=Muhlis Hadrawi |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University Press |doi=10.22459/BCB.2020 |isbn=9781760463588 |s2cid=218816844 |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/bugis-chronicle-bone |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017547|title=Variation in the Bugis/Makasarese script|year=1993|publisher=KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|pages=533–570 |first=Jacobus|last=Noorduyn|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=149|issue=3|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003120|s2cid=162247962 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Tol |first=Roger |chapter=A Separate Empire: Writings of South Sulawesi |url=https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma |title=Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia|editor=Ann Kumar |editor2=John H. McGlynn|publisher=Lontar Foundation|year=1996|isbn=0834803496|location=Jakarta}}

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Makassarese language}}
* {{annotated link|Lontara script}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Makasar script}}

=== Digital books ===
* [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_12351 A collection of documents in Makasar language and script between the 18th and 19th centuries AD], British Library collection no. Add MS 12351
<!--ini lontara bugis isinya, petugas perpus kasih saran sesat*[https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/uploaded_files/dokumen_isi3/Manuskrip/VT%20225_001.pdf Terjemahan Al-Quran(?)], koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia, no. VT 81-->

=== Others ===
* [http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15233-makasar.pdf Unicode Proposal on Makasar Script]
* [http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15100-makassarese-bird-script.pdf Preliminary Unicode Proposal on Makasar Script]
* Download Makasar script font on [https://aksaradinusantara.com/fonta/font/Jangang-jangang?key=db78249b43e1232d82bba35ec500a0b0 ''Aksara di Nusantara''] or [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Z0WHEZYDZu2URqT-42Kt98uGu1Vbz6_l here]

{{Kawi family}}
{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Indonesian scripts]]