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[[File:Martin Hoop.jpg|thumb|{{center|Martin Hoop ca. 1910}}]]

'''Martin Hoop''' (born ''Carl Martin Hoop''; 14 April 1892, in [[Lägerdorf]], District of [[Steinburg]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] – 11 May 1933, in [[Zwickau]]) was a district leader in the [[Communist Party of Germany]] in [[Saxony]] and a supporter of the [[Weimar Republic]] presidential candidate [[Ernst Thälmann]].

==Life==
Hoop was born in Lägerdorf northwest of [[Hamburg]].<ref name="heft12">''Das Wirken Martin Hoop's in Zwickau 1932/1933.'' Haus der Revolutionären Zwickauer Arbeiterbewegung, Zwickau 1984 (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Zwickauer Arbeiterbewegung Heft 12)(The work of Martin Hoop in Zwickau 1932/1933. House of Revolutionary Zwickauer Workers' Movement, Zwickau 1984 (Contributions to History of the Zwickauer Workers' Movement No. 12)</ref><ref>''Martin Hoop''. In: ''Revolutionäre Kämpfer. Biographische Skizzen''. SED-Kommission zur Erforschung der Geschichte der örtlichen Arbeiterbewegung (Revolutionary fighters. Biographic sketches. SED Commission for the Study of the History of Regional Workers' Movement), Karl-Marx-Stadt 1972</ref>  His father was the cottager and painter Johann Martin Hoop (1864&ndash;1939). His mother was Catharine Wilhelmine Augusta née Paulsen (1863&ndash;1962). Martin was the second oldest of six brothers and a sister - Heinrich, Johannes, Wilhelm, Helene, Max (died in infancy), Walter, Bernhard.<ref>Urkunden, Amt Breitenburg (Documentation, Town Office of Breitenburg), Osterholz 5, 25524 Breitenburg</ref> After elementary school, Martin Hoop undertook an apprenticeship as electrician in Hamburg. During his apprenticeship, he joined a [[trade union]] and became a member of a [[Men's chorus|workers' singing group]]. After his apprenticeship, he traveled. During World War I he served in heavy artillery, then trained as radio operator and served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].

At the end of the war Hoop went to [[Bautzen]] where on 28 December 1918 he married Anna Elizabeth Frieda Holtsch.<ref>E. Lodni: ''Vorkämpfer der Aktionseinheit - Martin Hoop, zum 75. Geburtstag''. In: Bautzener Kulturschau 1967, Heft 5, S. 6-9 (Frontier Action of Workers’ Unity - Martin Hoop on his 75th Birthday. In: Bautzener Culture View)</ref>  In Bautzen he and his wife joined the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (USPD). After establishment of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD), he became a member of the local Bautzen chapter, in which he served as chairman, as well as member of the KPD of the District of Bautzen. In 1924 he was elected to the Bautzen Town Council, as well as became chairman of the [[Rotfrontkämpferbund|Red Front Fighter Federation]] in Bautzen. At the end of 1926 he was appointed Secretary of the KPD in east [[Saxony]] and moved to [[Dresden]], where he and his wife resided in the Dresden city-district Plauen at Hegerstrasse 10.<ref>Dresdner Adressbuch, 1930 Ausgabe, Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden (Dresden directory, 1930 edition, Saxony Public Archives)</ref>

The marriage with Frieda remained childless. After divorce (27 March 1931),<ref name="vdn">VdN (''Verfolgter des Naziregimes'')-Akte Nr. 3202, Frieda Hoop, Bestand 11430 Bezirkstag/Rat des Bezirkes Dresden (VdN (Individuals Persecuted by the Nazi Regime) document No. 3202, Frieda Hoop, Section 11430, District Court)</ref> Hoop became Secretary of the KPD in the district of [[Zwickau]]. In this capacity he was active in organizing protests and demonstrations in opposition to the impending [[Machtergreifung|seizure of power]] by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]], as well as preparing for undercover work for the KPD. In early 1933, under the pseudonym 'Peter', Hoop conducted undercover work in [[Chemnitz]].

==Arrest and death==
[[File:Martin Hoop Memorial 2.JPG|thumb|Memorial for the destroyed local KPD headquarter in Zwickau, Saxony, Germany, last working place of Matin Hoop]]
Circumstances of the arrest of Martin Hoop indicate that no legal proceedings took place against him and/or that no warrant for his arrest was issued. Very probably the secret state police (''[[Gestapo]]'') or storm troopers (''[[Sturmabteilung]]'') took him into custody because of his political activity. In East German law records, there are two cases in the year 1933 concerning crimes in the [[concentration camp]] [[Osterstein Castle|Schloss Osterstein in Zwickau]], in which Hoop is mentioned.<ref>Verfahrensnummer 1640, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen; Sammlung Deutscher Strafurteile wegen Nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen, Universiteit van Amsterdam / Strafrecht, Postbus 1030, 1000 BA Amsterdam Niederlande [http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/ddr/DDRAngeklengfr.htm] und privater Brief 9. April 2004 von Prof. Dr. C.F. Rüter</ref> The first case record contains the following entry (cf link under ref 7 for dates of cases):

{{Quote|''"Arrest of individuals named in a list of anti-fascists, who were beaten to unconsciousness with sticks, rubber clubs, dog whips and other objects. Sustained injuries included fractures, broken dentures or other serious injuries. Among those mistreated were the worker representatives Franz Dziebko and Martin Hoop, whereby the former succumbed to his injuries shortly thereafter, and Martin Hoop died during subsequent mistreatment."''| Case No. 1640, Law and NS crimes|''Collection of German Convictions of National Socialist Crimes,''  University of Amsterdam/Criminal Law, P.O. Box 1030, 1000 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands, and personal correspondence 9 April 2004, Prof. C.F. Rüter}}

A second case concerning espionage for the Nazi regime contains the following entry.

{{Quote|''"The accused (Z) was a member of the KPD from 1931 to 1933. He served as chauffeur and trusted associate of KPD District leader Martin Hoop. As a consequence of various events, the suspicion arose that Z was an informer for the police. After his arrest in May 1933, and upon further examination, it was proven that Z carried out such services. He is therefore, under these conditions, jointly responsible for the murder of comrade Martin Hoop. He subsequently admitted to having actively served as informer for the Gestapo."''|Case No. 1640, Law and NS crimes|''Collection of German Convictions of National Socialist Crimes,''  University of Amsterdam/Criminal Law, P.O. Box 1030, 1000 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands, and personal correspondence 9 April 2004, Prof. C.F. Rüter}}

Evidently the accused (Z) betrayed Martin Hoop. On 2 May 1933 (cf also ''[[Gleichschaltung]]''), Hoop was arrested in the café restaurant of the department store [[Kulturkaufhaus Tietz|"Tietz"]] in [[Chemnitz]] and transported to [[Osterstein Castle|Schloss Osterstein in Zwickau]], which at the time served as concentration camp. After 1945, a public trial was conducted against former guards of the Zwickau prison. In the trial proceedings, details of mistreatment of prisoners are reported in depth, including the following testimony that refers to the death of Martin Hoop during the night of 10&ndash;11 May 1933.<ref>Franz Thies: ''Der Prozess Schloss Osterstein'', Selbstverlag der [[VVN]] Zwickau</ref><ref>Stefanie Endlich, Nora Goldenbogen: ''Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus''. Band II (Memorial Sites for Victims of National Socialism. Volume II), Bonn 1990, S. 627</ref>

{{Quote|''"The witness Arno Zscherpe was brought from detention. `In 1933, I served as chauffeur and close associate of Martin Hoop… on 10 or 11 May… I was in the cell next to that of Martin Hoop. During the night, I was subconsciously aware of noises coming from the cell next door. In the morning, when I was led out of my cell, I saw that Martin Hoop’s cell door stood open, and on the floor I saw a pool of blood…Martin Hoop had disappeared'…"''|The Schloss Osterstein Trial, ''Publication of the [[VVN]], Zwickau'', 1948}}

Martin Hoop's body was never found.

In a letter dated 27 December 1949 to the Bautzen office of the [[Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime]] (VVN), a Bautzner neighbor of the former wife of Martin Hoop wrote the following:<ref name="vdn" />

{{Quote|''"Re: Concerning Mrs. Frieda Hoop, Bautzen, Krottenschmidtstr. 7… From 1925-1939 I lived at Krottenschmidtstr. 5 and as neighbors we were well acquainted… After the so-called [[Machtergreifung|seizure of power]] in 1933 by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]], it was rumored that comrade Hoop had been eliminated. Frau Hoop asked for my help into inquiring what became of her husband. At certain intervals of time, I therefore composed five letters to the secret state police ([[Gestapo]]). During this time we learned, through an indiscretion of police officer Adam, that comrade Hoop was most likely dead. As a result, I phrased my last two letters somewhat more specifically, which resulted in the Bautzen storm trooper brigade dispatching storm trooper Schmoller to Frau Hoop, who forbade her to send any further letters. He did this with the following words:  'When political opponents are dead, they are no longer dangerous. If you don’t cease with your ‘unholy mess!’ then we will put a stop to it.'  We thereupon discontinued our inquiry, while at the same time the violent death of comrade Hoop became an open secret…"''|VdN ([[Verfolgter des Naziregimes]])-Akte Nr. 3202, Frieda Hoop, Bestand 11430, ''Bezirkstag/Rat des Bezirkes Dresden''}}

==Relevance==
In the contemporary history of the [[Communist Party of Germany|German communist party]] (KPD) in [[Saxony]], the [[Bautzen]] City Councillor Martin Hoop was known as an ardent supporter of the [[Weimar Republic]] presidential candidate [[Ernst Thälmann]].<ref>Reinhard Prause: ''Martin Hoop – unser Vorbild'' In: Bautzener Kulturschau (Our role model in: Bautzener Culture View) 1978, Heft 9, S. 3-4</ref> It was, for example, only the Bautzen district leadership who was opposed to the expulsion from the Party of [[Ruth Fischer]] and [[Arkadi Maslow]], two of Thälmanns political predecessors, Hoop was one of the few KPD functionaries opposed to the theory of “relative stabilization” and of its implications in the [[Weimar Republic]] (see also, [[1925 German presidential election]]), called for a return to agreements made at the 10 July 1925 KPD congress (only weeks before the intervention of the [[Communist International]]),<ref>Jane Degras (ed): ''The Communist International, 1919-1943, Documents, Vol 2, 1923-1928,'' Routledge, London, 1971, {{ISBN|0-7146-1555-2}}, pp. 223-232 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jGy2c7cpsNoC&dq=tenth+kpd+congress+july+1925&pg=PA224]</ref> and brought attention to the failure of [[united front]] politics in Saxony.<ref>Norman H. LaPorte: ''The German Communist Party in Saxony, 1924-1933: Factionalism, Fratricide and Political Failure'', Oxford: Peter Bern Lang, 2003, pp. 139-141. {{ISBN|3-906768-45-7}}</ref>

In autumn of 1923 an extensive weapons cache was discovered in the Bautzen machine factory Münckner & Co., where Hoop had once been employed. In a joint action, a group of communist and social-democratic workers secured the weapons, which led to a court action against several individuals, among them Hoop, as well as the social-democratic labor union secretary [[Konrad Arndt]]<ref>Axel Ulrich: ''Konrad Arndt'', Wiesbaden 2001 {{cite web |url=http://www2.igmetall.de/homepages/wiesbaden-limburg/file_uploads/arndt_www.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-08-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185602/http://www2.igmetall.de/homepages/wiesbaden-limburg/file_uploads/arndt_www.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}, S. 47-48</ref> and communist workers such as [[Kurt Pchalek]].<ref>[http://home.arcor.de/dawfirst1/hb/Zur__Geschichte/body_zur__geschichte.html cf “Kurt Pchalek (1900-1944)” under] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001552/http://home.arcor.de/dawfirst1/hb/Zur__Geschichte/body_zur__geschichte.html |date=2007-10-01 }}</ref> Accused of actions conducive to high treason, Pchalek was sentenced to 15 months prison. Other defendants, including Hoop and Arndt, were acquitted.<ref>Bautzner Nachrichten, Nr. 215, 143. Jahrgang, 1 Jul 1924: ''Stadtrat Hoop und Genossen vor Gericht-Der Einbruch in die Müncknersche Fabrik'' (Town Councilor Hoop and Associates in Court. The Theft in the Münckner factory) u. 12 Sep 1924:''Stadtrat Hoop und Genossen als Hochverräter vor dem Staatsgerichtshof'' (Town Councilor Hoop and Associates as Traitors Before the High Court); Herbert Pchalek: private correspondence 22 Jul 2007</ref>

On 2 May 1924 the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] Representative [[Siegfried Rädel]] spoke at a public meeting of the KPD in Bautzen. On the same occasion, Martin Hoop also spoke about the [[May Day]] workers’ demonstration, characterizing the treatment by the Bautzen police as 'disgraceful and brutal'. On 5 September Rädel spoke on the subject of the [[Dawes Plan]] and “How Are [[war reparations|Reparations]] To Be Paid.”

{{Quote|''"… during the open discussion, two persons participated: a Social Democrat, Arndt, who was shouted down and therefore not heard, and the communist Hoop…Upon a suggestion made by Hoop at the end of the meeting, a resolution was endorsed for the release of the communist comrade Pchalek, who was alleged to have formed terror groups, and who was still in custody…"''|Police Reports to the Office for National Information Dresden. ''Extensive Representation of Communist Propaganda and Reports, 1924-1925, Repertorium.XI.II.15,'' Bautzen City Archives.}}

Among other activities during his service as Bautzen City Councilman, Hoop led a demonstration against the [[Cheka|Tscheka]] trial taking place in Leipzig in early 1925. “''Judging from its appearance, the entire procession resembled a carnival parade, rather than a protest demonstration.''"  [[Siegfried Rädel]] observed, '…although the intellectual ''spiritus rector'' is Hoop, ...he has as good as no support behind him.' <ref>Akte Repertorium.XI.II.15, ''Polizeiberichte an das Landesinformationsamt Dresden / Umfangreiche Darstellung kommunistischer Propaganda / Berichte'', Archivverbund Bautzen, pp. 16, 77, 120-121</ref><ref>Norman H. LaPorte: ''Stalinization and its Limits in the Saxon KPD, 1925-28'', European History Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4, 549-590, Sage Publ, 2001 [http://ehq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/549], p. 562</ref>

Weakness in the east Saxon KPD leadership made possible more effective control of local party affairs through national parliamentary representatives like [[Siegfried Rädel]], who, together with the left majority, supported the politics of [[Ernst Thälmann]]. The east Saxon leadership was however unaware of the Thälmann-Stalin correspondence<ref>Hermann Weber, Bernhard H. Bayerlein (eds), ''Der Thälmann Skandal: Geheime Korrespondenz mit Stalin'', (The Thälmann Scandal: Secret correspondence with Stalin) (Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag), 2006, {{ISBN|3-351-02549-1}} {{cite web |url=http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/chnn/CHNN19THA.html |title=Communist History Network Newsletter No 19, Spring 2005 &#124; Reviews |accessdate=2007-09-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826200434/http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/chnn/CHNN19THA.html |archivedate=2007-08-26 }} See also: Alexander Watlin, ''Die Komintern 1919-1929. Historische Studien'' (Broschiert), (Mainz: Decaton-Verlag), 1993, pp. 180-181, {{ISBN|3-929455-07-2}}</ref> and sent to the KPD a resolution of endorsement. Martin Hoop was one of the eight endorsers.
[[File:Einer von uns.jpg|thumb|"One Of Us" Medal of Honor issued by the trade union of coal miners ''Martin-Hoop-Werke'', Zwickau]]
In the Saxon KPD, the question was: how to introduce [[united front]] policies ‘from below.’  One form of this tactic, endorsed by [[Siegfried Rädel]], with support from the KPD central committee, was a letter campaign to individual SPD workers and to factory workers’ assemblies. Martin Hoop was of the opinion that no contact be made with local SPD representatives.<ref>Norman LaPorte: ''Social Fascism, Stalinisation and the Case of the Saxon Communist Party, 1928-1929'', Labour History Review, Vol. 67, No. 1, April 2002, pp. 79-80</ref>

Discouraged by political developments, Martin Hoop began to consider a 'new life' in the 'new world'.<ref>Norman H. LaPorte:private correspondence April 2007</ref> However, he remained in Saxony as an active organizer in the revolutionary [[Zwickau]] workers' movement.<ref name='heft12'/> At the end of [[History of Germany since 1945|World War II]], the [[trade union]] of coal miners “Morgenstern” resumed its activities as a [[Government-owned corporation|state-owned enterprise]] which operated until 1977 under the name ''Martin Hoop Pits''.

==Literature==
{{Commons category}}
Brief biographies in:
* Hermann Weber: Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik (The transformation of German communism. The Stalinization of the KPD in the Weimar Republic). Volume 2. Frankfurt/Main 1969, p.&nbsp;169
* Hermann Weber, Andreas Herbst: Deutsche Kommunisten: Biographisches Handbuch (German communists: Biographic manual), 1918-1945. Berlin: Karl Dietz publishing house, 2004, p.&nbsp;328.

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoop, Martin}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Steinburg]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians]]
[[Category:Rotfrontkämpferbund members]]
[[Category:Politicians who died in Nazi concentration camps]]
[[Category:German Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:People from Schleswig-Holstein executed in Nazi concentration camps]]