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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Operation Sayasila
| partof      = [[Laotian Civil War]]; [[Vietnam War]]
| date        = 26 July 1971—31 October 1971
| place       = Southern [[Laos]]
| territory   = Kingdom of Laos captures [[Salavan (city)|Salavan]] and Pak Song
| result      = [[Pyrrhic victory]] for [[Kingdom of Laos]]
| combatant1  = {{flag|Kingdom of Laos}}<br>[[Forces Armées Neutralistes]]<br>'''Supported by'''<br>{{flag|Thailand}}<br>{{flag|United States}}
| combatant2  = {{flag|North Vietnam}}
| commander1  = [[Sisavang Vatthana]]<br>[[Souvanna Phouma]]<br>[[Thao Ty]]<br>Phasouk Somly
| commander2  = N/A
| units1      =
| units2      = 
| strength1   = Over 4,000
| strength2   = 1,100
| casualties1 = 136 killed<br>302 wounded
| casualties2 = ~170
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Laotian Civil War}}
}}

'''Operation Sayasila''' (26 July 1971—31 October 1971) was a major offensive military operation of the [[Laotian Civil War]]. It was staged by command of King [[Sisavang Vatthana]]. Launched on 26 July 1971 against the [[Ho Chi Minh Trail]] complex and its [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) garrison, Sayasila was planned as a rather complex two phase operation dependent on coordinating two columns containing 4,400 troops with [[close air support]] in an attack on 1,100 Vietnamese Communist soldiers. When the assault stalled in mid-August, it was elaborated upon with two additional helilifts of Royalist troops behind the PAVN's mobile garrison. When the Royalist command failed to coordinate tactical movements among its various columns, the PAVN 9th Regiment moved to defeat Royalist aggressor columns one at a time. By 1 September, this Royalist attack had also failed.

Bolstered by a fresh regiment of guerrillas as reinforcements, plus support by a minimum of 40 daily U.S. Air Force strike [[sortie]]s, the Operation Sayasila offensive was renewed on 10 September 1971. It took until 20 October for the Royalists to finally capture their objectives of [[Salavan (city)|Salavan]] and Pak Song. Although the [[Royal Lao Government]] (RLG) troops had finally gained their objective, their casualties outnumbered the enemy force they evicted from their objectives. The U.S. government, which was supporting the RLG, placed restrictions on U.S. support aimed at limiting the RLG to defensive efforts.

==Overview==
{{See also|Operation Left Jab|Operation Junction City Jr.|Operation Maeng Da|Operation Honorable Dragon|Operation Diamond Arrow|Tchepone Operation|Project Copper|Operation Silver Buckle|Operation Desert Rat|Operation Phoutah|Operation Phiboonpol}}

Beginning in 1964, the strategic importance of the [[Ho Chi Minh Trail]] became paramount to the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] as its key to conquering [[South Vietnam]]. Over the next seven years, the Trail expanded to 4,000 miles of road, trail, and waterway. [[Tchepone]] in the [[Kingdom of Laos]] became a key [[logistics]] and [[transshipment]] center for the communists. Its importance can be measured by the fact that among the many attempts to cut the Trail, the multi-divisional [[Operation Lam Son 719]] was launched on 8 February 1971 to capture Tchepone.<ref>Nalty, pp. 5–7; 149–154.</ref><ref>Castle, pp. 108–109.</ref>

==Background==
[[Operation Phiboonpol]] had ended in an indecisive standoff, despite heavy Communist casualties. [[Military Regions of Laos|Military Region 4]]'s (MR 4) Commanding Officer General [[Phasouk Somly]] was hesitant to try another attack because of the poor fighting qualities of his troops. However, on 1 July 1971, King [[Sisavang Vatthana]] paid a royal visit to Pakse and demanded another offensive.<ref>Ahern, p. 416.</ref> Thus it was that [[Pakse]] Unit of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) planned an offensive into communist territory on the eastern [[Bolovens Plateau]] designed to block one of the supply arteries of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, Route 23. It would also retake two [[Covert sites of the Laotian Civil War|airstrips]] while occupying the [[Bolovens Plateau]]. The plan was for a two phase operation involving not just troops from Pakse's (MR 4), but also from adjoining Military Region 3 (MR 3). As projected, the Royalist force of 11 battalions numbered 4,000 strong; the opposing three Communist battalions could muster barely 1,100 troops. In phase one, MR 3's [[guerrilla]]s would be airlifted to capture the Pakse 47 airfield southwest of [[Salavan (city)|Salavan]] at [[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|UTM coordinates]] XC5237. Phase two would be a squeeze play; a mobile force would be airlifted to a position northwest of Paksong, while a column probed eastward toward it along Route 23. The [[Royal Lao Air Force]] (RLAF) would supply [[close air support]] at the rate of two [[AC-47]] and 35 [[North American T-28 Trojan|T-28]] sorties daily. Belatedly, the planners realized that RLAF support would be insufficient. Three days before the operation's scheduled start, they requested and received a commitment for 12 daily sorties of tactical air for the next month. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) would fly [[interdiction]] strikes on the communist [[lines of communication]] with [[fighter-bomber]]s by day and [[gunship]]s by night. However, USAF support would not be on a dedicated basis; instead it would be diverted as needed. Logistical air support would come from USAF helicopters, RLAF transports, and [[Air America (airline)|Air America]] under contract.<ref name=conboy304>Conboy, Morrison, p. 304.</ref><ref>Hukle, et al, pp. 1–5.</ref><ref>Anthony, Sexton, p. 346.</ref> Not taken into account was the fact that the Royalist columns were not mutually supportive. General Minh, commander of the PAVN battalions, would use this flaw to defeat the Royalists in detail by using his [[interior lines]] of communication.<ref>Anthony, Sexton, pp. 346–347.</ref>

==Activities==

===Phase one===

On 26 July 1971, MR 3's ''Groupement Mobile 31'' (GM 31) stood down from a planned heliborne insertion into [[Salavan (city)|Salavan]] in [[Military Regions of Laos|Military Region 4]]. It seems that Secretary of Defense [[Melvin Laird]] had sent an order down through the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] to ground the U.S. helicopters. After vigorous protests from the CIA concerning the humiliation of failing to fulfill the King's and the [[Prime Minister]]'s wishes, the helilift was re-approved. The plea that diversionary operations were already being launched, and that failure to follow through would prejudice Lao military efforts against the [[Ho Chi Minh Trail]] carried the day.<ref name=ahern417>Ahern, p. 417.</ref>

Before the next dawn, a [[Commando Raiders]] team secured the Salavan airfield in 12 minutes. At 07:00 hours, a 13 helicopter air armada picked up the 1,290 man [[regiment]] for the half-hour flight to the airfield. Tactical air cover found no worthwhile targets as the [[Military irregular|irregular]] regiment occupied a town vacated by the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) by 08:30. At noon, the Royalists controlled the town. Phase one had been accomplished by the afternoon of 28 July 1971.<ref name=conboy304b>Conboy, Morrison, pp. 304–305.</ref><ref>Hukle, et al, p. 5.</ref> The PAVN troops had slipped away to attack the Royalist contingent that had landed northwest of Pak Song. They would return on 25 August to defeat this contingent of Royalists.<ref name=anthony347>Anthony, Sexton, p. 347.</ref>

===Phase two===

====Heliborne assault on Paksong====
Phase two fell to MR 4 troops with support via surveillance overflights by [[Raven FACs]]. At 09:20 hours on 29 July, ''Bataillon Volontaires 41'' (BV 41) was helilifted out of [[Pakse]] and deposited 34 kilometers northeastward to the Bolovens Plateau. ''Batillion Volontaires 43'' (BV 43) joined them later that day. After a patch of ill weather delays in flight operations, ''Bataillon Infanterie 4'' (BI 4) joined them, bringing the Royalist roster to 1,250 troops available. On 30 July, the combined units moved out to the east; their objective was Paksong at UTM XB3377. Nine kilometers northwest of Paksong, they were halted by a PAVN battalion.<ref name=conboy305/><ref>Hukle, et al, pp. 5, 9–10.</ref>

By 6 August, the Royalists were within six kilometers of their objective. On 11 August, they then ran into determined communist counterattacks that drove the monarchists almost back to their landing zone. On 25 August, the Royalists made another attempt at taking Paksong. They were counterattacked by three PAVN battalions at 1330 hours. By dark, the scattered Royalist forces had suffered 32 dead, 39 wounded, and 192 missing in action. PAVN casualties were estimated at 100 killed. After this thrashing, the three Royal Lao Army battalions were then ordered south to Ban Phakkout.<ref name=conboy305/><ref>Hukle, et al, p. 10.</ref>

Three battalions of guerrillas were pulled from training to plug the gap left by the retreating Royalist regulars; a fourth battalion was posted to fill the force out to [[regiment]]al size.<ref name=conboy305/>

====Push along Route 23====

Meanwhile, on 30 July two [[Forces Armées Neutralistes]] (FAN) battalions moved east along Route 23 for the squeeze play. They were supported by four armored cars and backed by a [[Unity (military operation)|Thai mercenary]] artillery battery. With tactical air strikes and howitzer fire clearing the way, the Neutralists were in Ban Gnik by evening. However, there they met opposition and halted.<ref name=conboy305>Conboy, Morrison, p. 305.</ref>

Reinforced by ''Bataillon Infanterie 7'' (BI 7) from MR 4 and ''Bataillon Infanterie 9'' (BI 9) from MR 3, the Royalists pushed on down the road, gaining Ban Phakkout on 6 August 1971.<ref name=conboy305/>

MR 4 had a Thai mercenary task force assigned; it now forwarded four battalions to Ban Phakkout. On 8 August, BI 7 and BI 9 moved further east until they came up against entrenched [[North Vietnamese]] regulars. The FAN battalions moved up to help the Royalists. There followed a ten-day standoff, ended when the communists brought heavy weapons on line. On 18 August, under heavy weapons fire, the two Neutralist and two Royalist battalions scattered to the southwest.  With both prongs of the Royalist offensive thwarted, it was time to regroup.<ref name=conboy305/>

===Regroup and restart===
The original plan of attack was elaborated upon. The new plan called for three Royalist and two Thai mercenary battalions to push down Route 23 toward Vietnam. The push on Paksong would be carried out by a pair of converging columns. Two battalions each of Thai mercenaries, Royalist regulars, and Neutralists were helicoptered to a landing zone south of Paksong, with orders to capture it.  Four battalions of Royalist guerrillas were lifted to another landing zone to assault Paksong from the northwest for a coordinated attack.<ref name=305b>Conboy, Morrison, pp. 305–306.</ref>

The revamped offensive restarted on 21 August. The drive up Route 23 came up against a PAVN bunker complex blocking the road. While most of the tactical air sorties assigned to the operation struck the bunkers, they failed to dislodge the Communists. The two Royalist columns converging on Paksong failed to synchronize their actions. As a result, the PAVN 9th Regiment could fight them in turn. First, it scattered the four Royalist battalions south of them into the bush, and pushed the two Thai battalions back toward Ban Phakkout. Then it intercepted the four guerrilla battalions five kilometers northwest of Paksong. It struck them so hard the four battalions were evacuated for refitting. By 1 September, the failure of this Royalist offensive was evident.<ref name=305b/>

Presented with the choice of making another try at capturing Paksong quickly before the rainy season closed down military activities, or waiting until next dry season, the planners of Sayasila decided to ask for help with the former. They garnered a commitment of 40 or more daily sorties of tactical air support from the U.S. Air Force for Sayasila through 25 September. [[Instrument flight rules]] target boxes containing no friendly forces were delineated so radar-directed bombing in them could occur despite unfavorable weather. They also managed to persuade neighboring MR 3 to loan them another guerrilla regiment, ''Groupement Mobile 32'' (GM 32) to continue the assault. Once again, the two objectives were taking Paksong and opening Route 23 towards the Vietnamese border.<ref name=conboy306>Conboy, Morrison, p. 306.</ref><ref>Hukle, et al, p. 13.</ref>

====Paksong====

On 10 September, a [[Pathfinder (military)|pathfinder]] unit of Commando Raiders secured a landing zone six kilometers east of Paksong. GM 32 landed to be greeted by sniper fire. The Royalist regiment advanced despite a glancing engagement with the PAVN 9th Regiment that caused 33 Royalist casualties. By the next morning GM 32 had secured a position on the Phou Theveda high ground athwart Route 232, four kilometers east of Paksong. The following day, 12 September, a levy of 670 reinforcements cobbled together from three different commands were flown into a landing zone seven kilometers southeast of Paksong. They attacked northwards to back up GM 32.<ref name=conboy306/> On 13 September, GM 32 repelled PAVN counterattacks.<ref name=ahern419>Ahern, p. 419.</ref>

At 2330 hours 14 September, forward elements of GM 32 captured Paksong. The PAVN 9th Regiment, threatened from the south, east, and west, withdrew to the northeast along Route 23 on the 15th. A few PAVN soldiers still remained secreted in Paksong for GM 32 to grub out. Seven kilometers from town they posted a rear guard to fortify a hilltop position [[overwatch (military tactic)|overwatching]] the road. Leaving another contingent in the agricultural research station, the 9th retreated toward [[Tha Teng District|Thateng]]. Political pressure from Vientiane was being brought to bear on the operation's commanding officer, as the [[Royal Lao Armed Forces]] had suffered almost 1,000 casualties in the past two months in MR 4.<ref name=conboy306b>Conboy, Morrison, pp. 306—307.</ref>

====Route 23====

On 11 September, the Thai mercenary artillery battery opened fire from Ban Gnik, immobilizing the Communists further east on Route 23 with a barrage of 500 shells. GM 32 moved east along the road with [[close air support]] clearing the way. By the 13th, all five of the Thai howitzers had been shifted forward to more effective firing positions at Ban Phakkout. Four Thai mercenary infantry battalions pushed toward an agricultural research station along Route 23. They just missed intercepting the retreating 9th PAVN Regiment. On the 20th, the Thais began a three-day struggle to gain possession of the agricultural research station alongside Route 23. Once it was gained on the 23rd, howitzers were moved in.<ref name=conboy306b/>

==Phase one revisited==

On 28 August, GM 31 were replaced at Salavan by BV 41. This freed GM 31 to advance 20 kilometers west along Route 16 before moving south to capture [[Lao Ngam]] on 2 September. BV 41 occupied the vicinity for more than three weeks, but uncovered few enemy supply caches. At about the time BV 41 was due to be withdrawn, the 927th PAVN Battalion moved in close enough to begin mortaring GM 31. When BV 41 received orders for a fresh offensive instead of relief, 130 soldiers deserted and returned to Pakse.<ref name=conboy307>Conboy, Morrison, p. 307.</ref>

GM 31 was moved to a quiet village ten kilometers away. General [[Thao Ty]] convinced them to hold their position until 6 October. He promised relief by FAN battalions. When on the day only four FAN companies showed up, the remainder of GM 31 abandoned their positions.<ref name=conboy307/>

==Denouement==
The pincer movement of the original Sayasila plan had bogged down after GM 32 took Paksong. It would not progress until 18 October, when the regiment advanced westward from Paksong in response to Communist shelling of the Paksong airstrip. Thai mercenary troops further east on Route 23 pushed toward GM 32, and the pincers finally met on 20 October. Leaving the Thais in charge of Route 23, GM 32 returned to occupy Paksong.<ref name=conboy307/>

===Operation Red Arrow===

On 26 October, a Thai mercenary battalion swept south and east of Paksong, reoccupying the Phou Thevada high ground.<ref name=conboy307/>

===Operation Phou Xang===

Another Thai battalion swept northwards from Paksong, occupying the high ground at Phou Nongkin.<ref name=conboy307/>

==Results==

Operation Sayasila ended on 31 October 1971. The Royal Lao Armed Forces suffered 136 of its troops killed during the offensive, and 302 wounded. PAVN losses were estimated at 170. However, the Royalists had won the airstrips at Salavan and Paksong. This cleared the way for two follow-up offensive moves, [[Operation Bedrock (Laos)|Operation Bedrock]] and [[Operation Thao La]].<ref>Conboy, Morrison, pp. 307–308.</ref> However, with a Royalist casualty list that outnumbered the PAVN opposition, it was a dubious victory.<ref name=anthony347/> Eight Royalist battalions had been rendered unfit for service.<ref name=ahern419/> The CIA's Chief of Station in MR 4 believed that the failure of Sayasila resulted from several Royalist weaknesses. He blamed the Royalist regulars for poor battle performance. He believed the new commanding general did not yet have a strong command relationship with his subordinates. He also noted that the extensive slow-paced movements by the Royalists gave the PAVN a lot of time to scout out intelligence about the Royalists.<ref>Ahern, p. 418.</ref>

Given that the American plan for waging the [[Laotian Civil War]] was a defensive one, the American ambassador had run counter to policy by approving an offensive drive.<ref name=anthony347/><ref>Castle, pp. 2, 55.</ref> This provoked a reaction from his superiors.<ref name=anthony347/> The short notice request for additional USAF tactical air support had brought about a directive on 18 August that requests for tactical air support for a planned operation had to be submitted at least ten days in advance. In reality, the process would take 20 to 30 days.<ref>Anthony, Sexton, pp. 347–348.</ref> The directive, issued by the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and agreed to by both the CIA and the [[State Department]], required coordination of planned operations with both [[7th Air Force]] and [[CINCPAC]]. These requirements were meant to limit offensives under the guise of coordination.<ref name=anthony347/>

==Aftermath==

By New Year's Day 1972, although Pak Song remained in Royalist hands, Salavan had been recaptured by the PAVN. The Communists still controlled the eastern Bolovens Plateau as a territorial shield protecting the Ho Chi Minh Trail.<ref name=ahern419>Ahern, p. 419.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

* Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006), ''Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos''. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949.
* Anthony, Victor B. and Richard R. Sexton (1993). ''The War in Northern Laos''. Command for Air Force History. {{OCLC|232549943}}.
* Castle, Timothy N. (1993). ''At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975''. {{ISBN|0-231-07977-X}}.
* Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). ''Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos''. Paladin Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58160-535-8}}.
* Hukle, Donald G.; Melvin F. Porter; Paul T. Ringenbach; Richard R. Sexton; Judith A. Skipworth; Adolph H. Zabka. (1974). ''The Bolovens Campaign, 28 July – 28 December 1971 (Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report)''. Pacific Air Force CHECO Division. ASIN: B00B65VIOU.
* Nalty, Bernard C. (2005). ''The War Against Trucks: Aerial Interdiction In Southern Laos 1968–1972''. Air Force History and Museums Program. {{ISBN|978-1-47755-007-6}}.

{{coord missing|Laos}}

[[Category:Battles and operations of the Laotian Civil War|Sayasila]]
[[Category:1971 in Laos]]