View source for Out-of-the-loop performance problem

{{Automation}}
{{Other uses|Out of the Loop (disambiguation){{!}}Out of the Loop}}
{{other uses of|OOL}}
The '''out-of-the-loop performance problem''' (OOL or OOTL<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merat |first1=Natasha |last2=Seppelt |first2=Bobbie |last3=Louw |first3=Tyron |last4=Engström |first4=Johan |last5=Lee |first5=John D. |last6=Johansson |first6=Emma |last7=Green |first7=Charles A. |last8=Katazaki |first8=Satoshi |last9=Monk |first9=Chris |last10=Itoh |first10=Makoto |last11=McGehee |first11=Daniel |last12=Sunda |first12=Takashi |last13=Unoura |first13=Kiyozumi |last14=Victor |first14=Trent |last15=Schieben |first15=Anna |last16=Keinath |first16=Andreas |title=The "Out-of-the-Loop" concept in automated driving: proposed definition, measures and implications |journal=Cognition, Technology & Work |date=1 February 2019 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8 |s2cid=52279007 |language=en |issn=1435-5566|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/93316 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>) arises when an operator suffers from performance decrement as a consequence of [[automation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Endsley |first1=Mica R. |last2=Kiris |first2=Esin O. |title=The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation |journal=Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society |date=June 1995 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=381–394 |doi=10.1518/001872095779064555 |s2cid=2147200 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1518/001872095779064555 |language=en |issn=0018-7208}}</ref><ref name=kaber>{{cite journal |last1=Kaber |first1=David B. |last2=Endsley |first2=Mica R. |title=Out-of-the-loop performance problems and the use of intermediate levels of automation for improved control system functioning and safety |journal=Process Safety Progress |date=1997 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=126–131 |doi=10.1002/prs.680160304 |s2cid=14070085 |url=https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/prs.680160304 |language=en |issn=1066-8527}}</ref> The potential loss of skills and of [[situation awareness]] caused by [[Alertness|vigilance]] and [[Automation bias#Automation-induced complacency|complacency]] problems might make operators of automated systems unable to operate manually in case of system failure. Highly automated systems reduce the operator to monitoring role, which diminishes the chances for the operator to understand the system.<ref name="mwlink">{{cite journal |last1=Gouraud |first1=Jonas |last2=Berberian |first2=Bruno |last3=Delorme |first3=Arnaud |title=Chapter 54 - Link Between Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Mind Wandering: How to Keep the Operator in the Loop |journal=Neuroergonomics |date=1 January 2018 |pages=239 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128119266000543 |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-811926-6.00054-3 |isbn=9780128119266 |language=en}} </ref> It is related to [[mind-wandering|mind wandering]].<ref name=mwlink/>

==Etymology==

OOL is also known as '''out-of-the-loop syndrome'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nadj |first1=Mario |last2=Maedche |first2=Alexander |last3=Schieder |first3=Christian |title=The effect of interactive analytical dashboard features on situation awareness and task performance |journal=Decision Support Systems |date=1 August 2020 |volume=135 |pages=113322 |doi=10.1016/j.dss.2020.113322 |pmid=32834262 |pmc=7234950 |language=en |issn=0167-9236}}</ref> and '''out-of-the-loop effect'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Endsley |first1=Mica R. |title=From Here to Autonomy: Lessons Learned From Human–Automation Research |journal=Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society |date=February 2017 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=5–27 |doi=10.1177/0018720816681350 |pmid=28146676 |s2cid=3771328 |language=en |issn=0018-7208|doi-access=free }}</ref> One of the first mentions of the term "out of the loop" is found in a patent by Willard Meilander from [[Goodyear Aerospace Corporation]] for automated aircraft control in 1972.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merat |first1=Natasha |last2=Seppelt |first2=Bobbie |last3=Louw |first3=Tyron |last4=Engström |first4=Johan |last5=Lee |first5=John D. |last6=Johansson |first6=Emma |last7=Green |first7=Charles A. |last8=Katazaki |first8=Satoshi |last9=Monk |first9=Chris |last10=Itoh |first10=Makoto |last11=McGehee |first11=Daniel |last12=Sunda |first12=Takashi |last13=Unoura |first13=Kiyozumi |last14=Victor |first14=Trent |last15=Schieben |first15=Anna |last16=Keinath |first16=Andreas |title=The "Out-of-the-Loop" concept in automated driving: proposed definition, measures and implications |journal=Cognition, Technology & Work |date=1 February 2019 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8 |s2cid=254136498 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8 |language=en |issn=1435-5566|hdl=1721.1/118125 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Meilander |first1=Willard C. |title=Method and apparatus for vehicle traffic control |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3668403A/en |access-date=26 March 2023 |date=6 June 1972}}</ref> More early mentions of OOL came up in the context of flight automation in 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiener |first1=Earl L. |last2=Nagel |first2=David C. |title=Human Factors in Aviation |date=1988 |publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing |isbn=978-0-12-750031-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi2Bqh_6fW4C |language=en}}</ref>

==Consequences==
[[Three Mile Island accident]] in 1979, [[USAir Flight 5050]] crash in 1989, [[Air France Flight 447]] in 2009 and the [[Knight Capital Group#2012 stock trading disruption|loss of $400 million by Knight Capital Group]] in 2012 are attributed to OOL.<ref name=kaber/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Berberian |first1=Bruno |last2=Gouraud |first2=Jonas |last3=Somon |first3=Bertille |last4=Sahai |first4=Aisha |last5=Le Goff |first5=Kevin  |title=Augmented Cognition. Neurocognition and Machine Learning |chapter=My Brain is Out of the Loop: A Neuroergonomic Approach of OOTL Phenomenon |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2017 |volume=10284 |pages=3–18 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58628-1_1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-58628-1_1 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-58627-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Automatic train operation==

[[Automatic train operation]] is meant to reduce manual operation. This results in OOL performance problem for [[train driver]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Aobo |last2=Guo |first2=Beiyuan |last3=Du |first3=Hao |last4=Bao |first4=Haifeng |title=Impact of Automation at Different Cognitive Stages on High-Speed Train Driving Performance |journal=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |date=2022 |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=24599–24608 |doi=10.1109/TITS.2022.3211709 |s2cid=253325209 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9925995 |issn=1558-0016}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Automation bias]]

==References==
<references/>

{{robotics-stub}}
[[Category:Impact of automation]]
[[Category:Cognitive ergonomics]]