View source for Representative Concentration Pathway

{{Short description|Projections used in climate change modeling}}

[[File:All forcing agents CO2 equivalent concentration.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|right|Different RCP scenarios result in different predicted [[greenhouse gas]] concentrations in the atmosphere (from 2000 to 2100). RCP8.5 would result in the highest greenhouse gas concentration (measured as CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalents).]]
'''Representative Concentration Pathways''' ('''RCP''') are [[Climate change scenario|climate change scenarios]] to project future [[greenhouse gas]] concentrations. These pathways (or ''trajectories'') describe future greenhouse gas concentrations (not [[Greenhouse gas emissions|emissions]]) and have been formally adopted by the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC.]] The pathways describe different climate change scenarios, all of which were considered possible depending on the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted in the years to come. The four RCPs – originally RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5 – are labelled after a possible range of [[radiative forcing]] values in the year 2100 (2.6, 4.5, 6, and 8.5 W/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/RCPs.html |title=Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) |publisher=IPCC |access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Moss |display-authors=etal|title=Towards New Scenarios for Analysis of Emissions, Climate Change, Impacts, and Response Strategies|year=2008|publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|location=Geneva|pages=132|url=http://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/supporting-material/expert-meeting-report-scenarios.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/meetings/session30/inf6.pdf|title=Report of 2.6 Versus 2.9 Watts/m<sup>2</sup> RCPP Evaluation Panel|last1=Weyant|first1=John|last2=Azar|first2=Christian|last3=Kainuma|first3=Mikiko|last4=Kejun|first4=Jiang|last5=Nakicenovic|first5=Nebojsa|last6=Shukla|first6=P.R.|last7=La Rovere|first7=Emilio|last8=Yohe|first8=Gary|publisher=IPCC Secretariat|location=Geneva, Switzerland|date=April 2009|author-link=John Weyant|author-link5=Nebojsa Nakicenovic|author-link8=Gary Yohe}}</ref> The IPCC [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)]] began to use these four pathways for [[Climate model|climate modeling]] and research in 2014. The higher values mean higher greenhouse gas emissions and therefore higher [[Global surface temperature|global surface temperatures]] and more pronounced [[effects of climate change]]. The lower RCP values, on the other hand, are more desirable for humans but would require more stringent [[climate change mitigation]] efforts to achieve them.

In the IPCC's [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] the original pathways are now being considered together with [[Shared Socioeconomic Pathways]]. There are three new RCPs, namely RCP1.9, RCP3.4 and RCP7.<ref name="CarbonBrief">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title=Explainer: How 'Shared Socioeconomic Pathways' explore future climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-shared-socioeconomic-pathways-explore-future-climate-change |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> A short description of the RCPs is as follows: RCP 1.9 is a pathway that limits [[global warming]] to below 1.5&nbsp;°C, the aspirational goal of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref name="CarbonBrief" /> RCP 2.6 is a ''very stringent'' pathway.<ref name="CarbonBrief" /> RCP 3.4 represents an intermediate pathway between the ''very stringent'' RCP2.6 and less stringent mitigation efforts associated with RCP4.5.<ref name=":1" /> RCP 4.5 is described by the IPCC as an ''intermediate scenario''.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In RCP 6, emissions peak around 2080, then decline.<ref name=":2" /> RCP7 is a ''baseline outcome'' rather than a mitigation target.<ref name="CarbonBrief" /> In RCP 8.5 emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|Figure 2, p. 223}}

For the extended RCP2.6 scenario, global warming of 0.0 to 1.2&nbsp;°C is projected for the late 23rd century (2281–2300 average), relative to 1986–2005.<ref name="collins 23rd century projections" /> For the extended RCP8.5, global warming of 3.0 to 12.6&nbsp;°C is projected over the same time period.<ref name="collins 23rd century projections" />

==Concentrations==
The RCPs are consistent with a wide range of possible changes in future anthropogenic (i.e., human) [[greenhouse gas emissions]], and aim to represent their atmospheric concentrations.<ref name="collins rcp ghg emissions">Collins, M., ''et al.'': Section 12.3.1.3 The New Concentration Driven RCP Scenarios, and their Extensions, in: [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf Chapter 12: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility] (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140715080337/http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf 16 July 2014]), in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ IPCC AR5 WG1], p. 1045–1047
</ref> Despite characterizing RCPs in terms of inputs, a key change from the 2007 to the 2014 IPCC report is that the RCPs ignore the [[carbon cycle]] by focusing on concentrations of greenhouse gases, not greenhouse gas inputs.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_TS_FINAL.pdf |title=IPCC 2013: Technical Summary |quote=the uncertainty is now estimated to be smaller than with the AR4 method for long-term climate change, because the carbon cycle–climate feedbacks are not relevant for the concentration-driven RCP projections}}</ref> The IPCC studies the carbon cycle separately, predicting higher ocean uptake of carbon corresponding to higher concentration pathways, but land carbon uptake is much more uncertain due to the combined effect of climate change and [[land use change]]s.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_TS_FINAL.pdf |title=IPCC AR5- Technical Summary- TFE.7 Carbon Cycle Perturbation and Uncertainties |quote=With very high confidence, ocean carbon uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions will continue under all four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) through to 2100, with higher uptake corresponding to higher concentration pathways. The future evolution of the land carbon uptake is much more uncertain, with a majority of models projecting a continued net carbon uptake under all RCPs, but with some models simulating a net loss of carbon by the land due to the combined effect of climate change and land use change. In view of the large spread of model results and incomplete process representation, there is low confidence on the magnitude of modelled future land carbon changes.}}</ref>

The four RCPs are consistent with certain socio-economic assumptions but are being substituted with the [[shared socioeconomic pathways]] which are anticipated to provide flexible descriptions of possible futures within each RCP. The RCP scenarios superseded the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios]] projections published in 2000 and were based on similar socio-economic models.<ref name="Ward2012">{{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=James D.|last2=Mohr|first2=Steve H.|last3=Myers|first3=Baden R.|last4=Nel|first4=William P.|date=December 2012|title=High estimates of supply constrained emissions scenarios for long-term climate risk assessment|journal=[[Energy Policy (journal)|Energy Policy]]|volume=51|pages=598–604|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.003}}</ref>

==Pathways used in modelling==

===RCP 1.9===
RCP 1.9 is a pathway that limits [[global warming]] to below 1.5&nbsp;°C, the aspirational goal of the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref name="CarbonBrief" />

===RCP 2.6===
RCP 2.6 is a "very stringent" pathway.<ref name="CarbonBrief" />
According to the IPCC, RCP 2.6 requires that carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) emissions start declining by 2020 and go to zero by 2100.  It also requires that [[methane emissions]] ({{CH4}}) go to approximately half the {{CH4}} levels of 2020, and that sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions decline to approximately 10% of those of 1980–1990.  Like all the other RCPs, RCP 2.6 requires negative {{CO2}} emissions (such as {{CO2}} absorption by trees).  For RCP 2.6, those negative emissions would be on average 2 Gigatons of {{CO2}} per year (GtCO<sub>2</sub>/yr).<ref name="ar5-syr.ipcc.ch">{{Cite web |title=Topic 2: Future changes, risks and impacts |url=http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_futurechanges.php |website=IPCC 5th Assessment Synthesis Report |at=Box 2.2}}</ref>  RCP 2.6 is likely to keep global temperature rise below 2&nbsp;°C by 2100.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Topic 2: Future changes, risks and impacts |url=http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_futurechanges.php |website=IPCC 5th Assessment Synthesis Report |at=Box 2.2, figure 1}}</ref>

===RCP 3.4===
{{expand section|date=March 2020}}
RCP 3.4 represents an intermediate pathway between the "very stringent" RCP2.6 and less stringent mitigation efforts associated with RCP4.5.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-shared-socioeconomic-pathways-explore-future-climate-change|title=Explainer: How 'Shared Socioeconomic Pathways' explore future climate change|date=April 19, 2018|website=Carbon Brief}}</ref> As well as just providing another option a variant of RCP3.4 includes considerable [[Carbon dioxide removal|removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere]].<ref name="CarbonBrief" />

A 2021 paper suggests that the most plausible projections of cumulative {{CO2}} emissions (having a 0.1% or 0.3% tolerance with historical accuracy) tend to suggest that RCP 3.4 (3.4&nbsp;W/m^2, 2.0–2.4 degrees Celsius warming by 2100 according to study) is the most plausible pathway.<ref name="Pielke2021" >{{Cite journal|last=Pielke JR.|first=Roger|date=April 10, 2021|title=Most plausible 2005-2040 emissions scenarios project less than 2.5 degrees C or warming by 2100|url=https://osf.io/m4fdu/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=osf.io|doi=10.31235/osf.io/m4fdu|s2cid=241829692|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===RCP 4.5===
RCP 4.5 is described by the IPCC as an intermediate scenario.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Emissions in RCP 4.5 peak around 2040, then decline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Meinshausen |first1=Malte |last2=Smith |first2=S. J. |last3=Calvin |first3=K. |last4=Daniel |first4=J. S. |last5=Kainuma |first5=M. L. T. |last6=Lamarque |first6=J-F. |last7=Matsumoto |first7=K. |last8=Montzka |first8=S. A. |last9=Raper |first9=S. C. B. |last10=Riahi |first10=K. |last11=Thomson |first11=A. |last12=Velders |first12=G. J. M. |last13=van Vuuren |first13=D.P. P. |date=2011 |title=The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300 |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=109 |issue=1–2 |pages=213–241 |doi=10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z |bibcode=2011ClCh..109..213M |issn=0165-0009|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|Figure 2, p. 223}} According to resource specialists IPCC emission scenarios are biased towards exaggerated availability of [[fossil fuels]] reserves; RCP 4.5 is the most probable baseline scenario (no climate policies) taking into account the exhaustible character of non-renewable fuels.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Höök M, Sivertsson A, Aleklett K |title= Validity of the Fossil Fuel Production Outlooks in the IPCC Emission Scenarios |date= 2010-02-18 |journal=  Natural Resources Research |volume=19 |issue= 2 |pages= 63–81 |doi= 10.1007/s11053-010-9113-1 |bibcode= 2010NRR....19...63H |s2cid= 14389093 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226079486
|access-date= 2021-10-10 |quote= It is found that the SRES unnecessarily takes an overoptimistic stance and that future production expectations are leaning toward spectacular increases from present output levels. In summary, we can only encourage the IPCC to involve more resource experts and natural science in future emission scenarios.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ECS/IEW2001/pdffiles/Papers/Laherrere-long.pdf |title= Estimates of Oil Reserves |last= Laherrère |first= Jean |date=2001-06-10 |work= EMF/IEA/IEW meeting |publisher= IIASA |access-date= 2021-10-10 |quote= It is obvious that the IPCC assumptions for oil and gas are based on the assumption of abundant cheap oil and gas. This concept has to be revised.}}</ref>

According to the IPCC, RCP 4.5 requires that carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) emissions start declining by approximately 2045 to reach roughly half of the levels of 2050 by 2100.  It also requires that methane emissions ({{CH4}}) stop increasing by 2050 and decline somewhat to about 75% of the {{CH4}} levels of 2040, and that sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions decline to approximately 20% of those of 1980–1990.  Like all the other RCPs, RCP 4.5 requires negative {{CO2}} emissions (such as {{CO2}} absorption by trees).  For RCP 4.5, those negative emissions would be 2 Gigatons of {{CO2}} per year (GtCO<sub>2</sub>/yr).<ref name="ar5-syr.ipcc.ch"/>  RCP 4.5 is more likely than not to result in global temperature rise between 2&nbsp;°C and 3&nbsp;°C, by 2100 with a mean [[sea level rise]] 35% higher than that of RCP 2.6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary for Policymakers |url=http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_summary.php |website=IPCC 5th Assessment Synthesis Report |at=table SPM.1}}</ref>  Many plant and animal species will be unable to adapt to the effects of RCP 4.5 and higher RCPs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topic 2: Future changes, risks and impacts |url=http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_futurechanges.php |website=IPCC 5th Assessment Synthesis Report |at=2.3.1}}</ref>

===RCP 6===
In RCP 6, emissions peak around 2080, then decline.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/RCPs.html|title = Socio-Economic Data and Scenarios}}</ref> The RCP 6.0 scenario uses a high greenhouse gas emission rate and is a stabilisation scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised after 2100 by employment of a range of technologies and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 6.0&nbsp;W/m<sup>2</sup> refers to the radiative forcing reached by 2100 Projections for temperature according to RCP 6.0 include continuous global warming through 2100 where CO<sub>2</sub> levels rise to 670&nbsp;ppm by 2100 making the global temperature rise by about 3–4&nbsp;°C by 2100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Model: Temperature Change (RCP 6.0) - 2006 - 2100 |url=https://sos.noaa.gov/catalog/datasets/climate-model-temperature-change-rcp-60-2006-2100/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Science On a Sphere |date=15 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

===RCP 7===
RCP7 is a baseline outcome rather than a mitigation target.<ref name="CarbonBrief" />

===RCP 8.5===
In RCP 8.5 emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|Figure 2, p. 223}} RCP8.5 is generally taken as the basis for worst-case climate change scenarios. Since the publication of the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report]] (2014) the likelihood of this RCP has been debated, due to overestimation of projected coal outputs.<ref name="HausfatherPeters2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csythg|title=BBC World Service - The Inquiry, Have our climate models been wrong?|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> On the other hand, many uncertainties remain on [[carbon cycle]] feedbacks, which could lead to warmer temperatures than projected in representative concentration pathways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlingstein |first=Pierre |last2=Meinshausen |first2=Malte |last3=Arora |first3=Vivek K. |last4=Jones |first4=Chris D. |last5=Anav |first5=Alessandro |last6=Liddicoat |first6=Spencer K. |last7=Knutti |first7=Reto |date=2014-01-15 |title=Uncertainties in CMIP5 Climate Projections due to Carbon Cycle Feedbacks |url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00579.1 |journal=Journal of Climate |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=511–526 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00579.1 |issn=0894-8755}}</ref> RCP 8.5 is still used for predicting mid-century (and earlier) emissions based on current and stated policies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schwalm|first1=Christopher R.|last2=Glendon|first2=Spencer|last3=Duffy|first3=Philip B.|date=2020-08-18|title=RCP8.5 tracks cumulative CO2 emissions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=117|issue=33|pages=19656–19657|doi=10.1073/pnas.2007117117|issn=0027-8424|pmid=32747549|pmc=7443890|bibcode=2020PNAS..11719656S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Projections based on the RCPs==
===21st century===
Mid- and late 21st-century (2046–2065 and 2081–2100 averages, respectively) projections of global warming and global mean sea level rise from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5 WG1) are tabulated below. The projections are relative to temperatures and sea levels in the late 20th to early 21st centuries (1986–2005 average). Temperature projections can be converted to a reference period of 1850–1900 or 1980–99 by adding 0.61 or 0.11&nbsp;°C, respectively.<ref name="ar5 21st century projections">
IPCC: Table SPM-2, in: [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf Summary for Policymakers] (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716042158/http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf 16 July 2014]), in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ IPCC AR5 WG1]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ AR5 global warming increase (°C) projections<ref name="ar5 21st century projections"/>
|-
! rowspan="2"|Scenario !! 2046–2065 || 2081–2100
|-
! <span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">|Mean (''likely'' range)
! <span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">|Mean (''likely'' range)
|-
| RCP2.6 || 1.0 (0.4 to 1.6) || 1.0 (0.3 to 1.7)
|-
| RCP4.5 || 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) || 1.8 (1.1 to 2.6)
|-
| RCP6 || 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) || 2.2 (1.4 to 3.1)
|-
| RCP8.5 || 2.0 (1.4 to 2.6) || 3.7 (2.6 to 4.8)
|}

Across all RCPs, global mean temperature is projected to rise by 0.3 to 4.8&nbsp;°C by the late 21st century.

According to a 2021 study in which plausible AR5 and RCP scenarios of {{CO2}} emissions are selected,<ref name="Pielke2021" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+AR5 and RCP Scenarios and temperature change projections
!RCP Scenario
!Range of Global Mean Temperature Increase (Celsius) – 2100 from pre-Industrial baseline
|-
|RCP 1.9
|~1 to ~1.5
|-
|RCP 2.6
|~1.5 to ~2
|-
|RCP 3.4
|~2 to ~2.4
|-
|RCP 4.5
|~2.5 to ~3
|-
|RCP 6.0
|~3 to ~3.5
|-
|RCP 7.5
|~4
|-
|RCP 8.5
|~5
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ AR5 global mean sea level (m) increase projections<ref name="ar5 21st century projections"/>
|-
! rowspan="2"|Scenario !! 2046–2065 || 2081–2100
|-
! <span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">|Mean (''likely'' range)
! <span style="font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">|Mean (''likely'' range)
|-
| RCP2.6 || 0.24 (0.17 to 0.32) || 0.40 (0.26 to 0.55)
|-
| RCP4.5 || 0.26 (0.19 to 0.33) || 0.47 (0.32 to 0.63)
|-
| RCP6 || 0.25 (0.18 to 0.32) || 0.48 (0.33 to 0.63)
|-
| RCP8.5 || 0.30 (0.22 to 0.38) || 0.63 (0.45 to 0.82)
|}

| RCP 8.6 || {insert Here}
|

Across all RCPs, global mean sea level is projected to rise by 0.26 to 0.82&nbsp;m by the late 21st century.

===23rd century===
The [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report]] also projected changes in climate beyond the 21st century. The extended RCP2.6 pathway assumes sustained net negative anthropogenic GHG emissions after the year 2070.<ref name="collins rcp ghg emissions"/> ''Negative emissions'' means that in total, humans absorb more GHGs from the atmosphere than they release. The extended RCP8.5 pathway assumes continued anthropogenic GHG emissions after 2100.<ref name="collins rcp ghg emissions"/> In the extended RCP 2.6 pathway, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations reach around 360&nbsp;ppmv by 2300, while in the extended RCP8.5 pathway, CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations reach around 2000&nbsp;ppmv in 2250, which is nearly seven times the pre-industrial level.<ref name="collins rcp ghg emissions"/>

For the extended RCP2.6 scenario, global warming of 0.0 to 1.2&nbsp;°C is projected for the late 23rd century (2281–2300 average), relative to 1986–2005.<ref name="collins 23rd century projections">Collins, Matthew, ''et al.'': Executive summary, in: [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf Chapter 12: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility] (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716042158/http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf 16 July 2014]), in [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ IPCC AR5 WG1], p. 1033
</ref> For the extended RCP8.5, global warming of 3.0 to 12.6&nbsp;°C is projected over the same time period.<ref name="collins 23rd century projections"/>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Coupled Model Intercomparison Project}}
* {{annotated link|IPCC Sixth Assessment Report}}
* {{annotated link|Special Report on Emissions Scenarios}}
* {{annotated link|Shared Socioeconomic Pathways}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z Special Issue: The representative concentration pathways: an overview, ''Climatic Change'', Volume 109, Issue 1–2, November 2011]. Most papers in this issue are freely accessible.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2013/aug/30/climate-change-rcp-handy-summary The Guardian: A guide to the IPCC's new RCP emissions pathways] (2013)

{{climate change}}
[[Category:Climate change assessment and attribution]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]
[[Category:Greenhouse gas emissions]]