View source for SASM/GNC romanization

{{Short description|Romanization systems used in China}}
{{Contains special characters|Mongolian}}
{{Contains special characters|Uyghur}}

The former State Administration of Surveying and Mapping,<ref>{{lang-zh|国家测绘总局}}, known as State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping ({{lang|zh|国家测绘局}}) after 1982 and renamed to National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation ({{lang|zh|国家测绘地理信息局}}) in 2011</ref> Geographical Names Committee<ref>{{lang-zh|中国地名委员会}}</ref> and former Script Reform Committee<ref>{{lang-zh|中国文字改革委员会}}, renamed to State Language Commission or National Language and Character Working Committee ({{lang|zh|国家语言文字工作委员会}}) in 1985</ref> of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] have adopted several romanizations for [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], officially known as [[pinyin]], [[Pinyin#For other languages|Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages]] and Orthography of Chinese Personal Name in Hanyu Pinyin Letters. These systems may be referred to as '''SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions''' or '''SASM/GNC romanizations'''.

These romanization systems have been used for foreign translations of Chinese personal names and toponyms since 1978.<ref>国务院批转《关于改用汉语拼音方案作为我国人名地名罗马字母拼写法的统一规范的报告》</ref>

All schemes except [[pinyin]] have a strict form and a broad form, where the broad form is used in general. In the case of pinyin, tone marks are omitted in practice.

==Chinese==
{{Main|Pinyin}}

Hanyu Pinyin is used for the romanization of Chinese; however, the tone marks are omitted in the broad sense and included in the strict sense.

==Mongolian==

===Scheme===
{| class="wikitable + sortable"
![[Traditional Mongolian alphabet|Mongolian]]!![[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|extended IPA]]!!SASM/GNC/SRC (broad)!!SASM/GNC/SRC (strict)
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠠ}}||{{IPA|a}}||a||a
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠪ}}||{{IPA|p˭}}||b||b
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠼ}}||{{IPA|tsʰ}}||c||c
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠳ᠊ ᠳ}}||{{IPA|t˭}}||d||d
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠡ}}||{{IPA|ə}}||e||e
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠹ}}||{{IPA|f}}||f||f
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠭ ᠭ‍}}||{{IPA|k˭}}||g||g
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬ ᠬ‍}}||{{IPA|x}}||h||h
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠢ}}||{{IPA|i}}||i||i
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠵ}}||{{IPA|tʃ˭}}||j||j
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠺ}}||{{IPA|kʰ}}||k||k
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠯ}}||{{IPA|l}}||l||l
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠮ}}||{{IPA|m}}||m||m
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠨ}}||{{IPA|n}}||n||n
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠥ}}||{{IPA|o}}||o||o
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠫ}}||{{IPA|pʰ}}||p||p
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠴ}}||{{IPA|tʃʰ}}||q||q
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠷ}}||{{IPA|r}}||r||r
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠰ}}||{{IPA|s}}||s||s
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠲ}}||{{IPA|tʰ}}||t||t
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠦ}}||{{IPA|u}}||u||u
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠸ}}||{{IPA|w}}||w||w
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠱ}}||{{IPA|ʃ}}||x||x
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠶ}}||{{IPA|j}}||y||y
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠽ}}||{{IPA|ts˭}}||z||z
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠣ}}||{{IPA|ɔ}}||o||ô
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠤ}}||{{IPA|ʊ}}||u||û
|}
Though Mongolian script is listed within the standard, it is still a [[phonetic transcription]] based on the [[Chakhar Mongolian|Qahar dialect]]. For example, {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ}} is not transcribed as ''Ûlaganhada hôta'' but rather ''Ûlaanhad hôt'' (strict) or ''Ulanhad hot'' (broad).

Though it is recommended within the standard the strict transcription to use the system when transcribing place names and broad transcription is recommended for general use, ''strict'' transcription is rarely used in practice, e.g. [[Hohhot]] rather than ''[[Hohhôt]]''. In certain occasions, the SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Mongolian is even fused with [[Hanyu pinyin]], such as ''Huhhot'' or ''Huhehot''.

==={{Anchor|MongExamples}}Examples===
{| class="wikitable + sortable"
![[Mongolian script|Mongolian]]||'''SASM/GNC/SRC (strict)'''!!'''SASM/GNC/SRC (broad)'''!!Scientific!!Cyrillic!!Common transcription of Cyrillic
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ}}||Hohhôt||Hohhot||Kökeqota||Хөххот||Khökhkhot
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ}}||Ûlaanhad hôt||Ulanhad hot||Ulaɣanqada qota||Улаанхад хот||Ulaankhad khot
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ}}||Ereen hôt||Eren hot||Eriyen qota||Эрээн хот||Ereen khot
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|<span style{{=}}"color:green;">ᠰ&zwj;</span>&zwj;ᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠤᠯ}}||<span style{{=}}"color:green;">X</span>iliin gôl||Xilin gol||Sili-yin γoul||Шилийн гол||Shiliin gol (Shiliyn gol)
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ}}||Alxaa||Alxa||Alaša||Алшаа||Alshaa
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ}}||<span style{{=}}"color:red;">Q</span>ahar||Qahar||Čaqar||<span style{{=}}"color:red;">Ц</span>ахар||Tsakhar
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}||<span style{{=}}"color:red;">Q</span>agaan||Qagan||Čaɣan||<span style{{=}}"color:red;">Ц</span>агаан||Tsagaan
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}||Qingis Haan||Qingis Han||Činggis Qaɣan||Чингис Хаан||Chingis Khaan
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ}}||H<span style="color:red;">i</span>tdûûd||Hitdud||Kitad-ud||Х<span style{{=}}"color:red;">я</span>тадууд||Khyataduud
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠭᠠᠷᠤ}}||ag<span style="color:red;">a</span>rûû||agaru||aɣaru||агруу||agruu
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ}}
|Bûgt
|Bugt
| rowspan="2" |Buɣutu
| rowspan="2" |Бу<span style="color:red;">га</span>т
| rowspan="2" |Bugat
|-
|Bû<span style="color:red;">û</span>t
|But
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ}}||B<span style="color:red;">irag</span>||Birag||Biraɣu||Б<span style{{=}}"color:red;">яруу</span>||Byaruu
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠠ}}||Bar<span style{{=}}"color:red;">ag</span>||Barag||Barɣu||Бар<span style{{=}}"color:red;">га</span>||Barga
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ}}||Bûriyad||Buriad|| rowspan="2" |Buriyad||Буриад||Buriad
|-
|Bûryaad
|Buryad
|Буряад
|Buryaad
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳ}}||Dor<span style{{=}}"color:red;">b</span>od||Dor<span style{{=}}"color:red;">b</span>od||Dörbed||Дөр<span style{{=}}"color:red;">в</span>өд||Dör<span style{{=}}"color:red;">v</span>öd
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠩᠨᠢᠭᠤᠳ}}||Ô<span style{{=}}"color:red;">ng</span>niûd||O<span style{{=}}"color:red;">ng</span>niud||Ongniɣud||О<span style{{=}}"color:red;">н</span>ниуд||O<span style{{=}}"color:red;">n</span>niud
|}

''Characters labeled as <span style="color:red;">red</span> in SASM/GNC/SRC strict and Cyrillic Mongolian are not mutually isomorphic. This may be caused by dialectal difference (Chakhar and Khalkha) or different interpretation of the concept phonetical and phonemical. ''
''Characters labeled as <span style="color:green;">green</span> in SASM/GNC/SRC strict and Traditional Mongolian are not mutually equivalent. ''

==Tibetan==
{{Main|Tibetan pinyin}}

==Uyghur==
{{Distinguish|Uyghur New Script}}

The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization system for the [[Uyghur language]] is based on [[Uyghur New Script|Uyghur New script]] (commonly known as Yengi Yeziⱪ or ''Uyghur Pinyin Yëziqi''), since at the time it devised Uyghur New script was the official orthography of the Uyghur language in China.

===Scheme===
* UEY – [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur Arabic script]] ('''U'''yghur '''E'''reb '''Y'''ëziqi)
* USY – [[Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet]] ('''U'''yghur '''S'''iril '''Y'''ëziqi)
* ULY – [[Uyghur Latin alphabet|Uyghur Latin script]] ('''U'''yghur '''L'''atin '''Y'''ëziqi)
* UYY – [[Uyghur New Script|Uyghur New script]] ('''U'''yghur '''Y'''ëngi '''Y'''ëziqi)
* broad – SASM/GNC/SRC broad
* strict – SASM/GNC/SRC strict
{| class="wikitable + sortable"
!UEY!![[ISO 233]]!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!!USY!!ULY!!UYY!!broad!!strict
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ا, ئا}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|a}}||я, a||a||a||a||a
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ب}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|b}}||б||b||b||b||b
|-
|{{Lang|ug|تس}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|tsʰ}}||(тс)||(ts)||c||c||c
|-
|{{Lang|ug|د}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|d}}||д||d||d||d||d
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ې, ئې}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|e}}||е||ë||e||e||ê
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ف}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|f}}||ф||f||f||f||f
|-
|{{Lang|ug|گ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ɡ}}||г||g||g||g||g
|-
|{{Lang|ug|خ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|x}}||х||x||h||h||h
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ئى ,ى}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|i}}||и||i||i||i||i
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ج}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|dʒ}}||җ||j||j||j||j
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ك}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|kʰ}}||к||k||k||k||k
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ل}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|l}}||л||l||l||l||l
|-
|{{Lang|ug|م}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|m}}||м||m||m||m||m
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ن}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|n}}||н||n||n||n||n
|-
|{{Lang|ug|و, ئو}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|o}}||о||o||o||o||o
|-
|{{Lang|ug|پ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|pʰ}}||п||p||p||p||p
|-
|{{Lang|ug|چ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|tʃʰ}}||ч||ch||q||q||q
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ر}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|r}}||р||r||r||r||r
|-
|{{Lang|ug|س}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|s}}||с||s||s||s||s
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ت}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|tʰ}}||т||t||t||t||t
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ۇ, ئۇ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|u}}||ю, у||u||u||u||u
|-
|rowspan=2|{{Lang|ug|ۋ}}
|<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|v}}
|rowspan=2|в||rowspan=2|w||v||v||v
|-
|<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|w}}||w||w||w
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ش}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ʃ}}||ш||sh||x||x||x
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ي}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|j}}||й||y||y||y||y
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ز}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|z}}||з||z||z||z||z
|-
|{{Lang|ug|غ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ʁ}}||ғ||gh||ƣ||g||ĝ
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ھ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|h}}||Һ||h||ⱨ||h||ĥ
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ق}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|qʰ}}||қ||q||ⱪ||k||k̂
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ە, ئە}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ɛ}}||ə||e||ə||a<Br />(e)||ä
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ۆ, ئۆ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ø}}||ө||ö||ɵ||o||ö
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ۈ, ئۈ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|y}}||ү||ü||ü||ü||ü
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ژ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ʒ}}||ж||zh||ⱬ||y <small>(Initial)</small><Br />j <small>(Coda)</small>||ŷ <small>(Initial)</small><Br />ĵ <small>(Coda)</small>
|-
|{{Lang|ug|ڭ}}||<!--ISO-->||{{IPA|ŋ}}||ң||ng||ng||ng||ng
|}

==Non-SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions and orthographies in China==

===Pinyin-based or pinyin-influenced===
Romanizations such as [[Bbánlám Hōng'ggián Pìngyīm Hōngàn|Bbánlám pìngyīm]] and [[Guangdong Romanization]], in addition with orthographies such as the [[Standard Zhuang#Writing systems|Zhuang alphabet]] (1982) and [[Yengi Yeziⱪ]] for Uyghur ([[Uyghur Pinyin Yëziqi]]) are not SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions.

===Non-SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions used in China===
Non-SASM/GNC/SRC transliterations may be used in China for scholarly purposes, and are promoted for those circumstances. For example, libraries in China use Wylie transliteration and scientific transcription to transcribe Tibetan and Mongolian book titles respectively within the [[library catalog]].

Non-SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions (e.g. the [[Tibetan and Himalayan Library|THDL]]), however, are not rather promoted.

===Personal and place names from languages without SASM/GNC/SRC romanization===
For personal and place names from languages without SASM/GNC/SRC romanization, the [[pinyin]] romanization of its [[transcription into Chinese characters]] are used. For example, [[Xishuangbanna]] is not transcribed as ''Sipsongpanna'' or ''Sibsongbanna''.

The [[Oirat language]], however, is transcribed from the corresponding [[Chakhar Mongolian|Qahar dialect]], since it is considered officially by the PRC government as a dialect of Mongolian.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* [http://www.china-language.gov.cn/wenziguifan/scanning/gfhbz/gfbz06.htm Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages]

==External links==
; Bureaus
* [http://en.sbsm.gov.cn/ National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, formerly State Administration of Surveying and Mapping] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.china-language.gov.cn/6/index.htm National Language and Character Working Committee, formerly Script Reform Committee] {{in lang|zh}}
; UN
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_zh.pdf Chinese – United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_mnc.pdf Mongolian – United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_bo.pdf Tibetan – United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ug.pdf Uighur – United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names] {{in lang|en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SASM GNC romanization}}
[[Category:Romanization]]