View source for SQLite

{{Short description|Serverless relational database management system (RDBMS)}}

{{Infobox software
| logo                   = SQLite370.svg
| logo size              = 220px
| screenshot             = Sqlite3 command screenshot.png
| caption                = Screenshot of <code>sqlite3</code> command-line shell program
| collapsible            = 
| developer              = [[D. Richard Hipp]]
| released               = {{Start date and age|2000|8|17|df=yes|br=yes}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date    =
| programming language   = [[C (programming language)|C]]
| operating system       = [[Cross-platform]]
| platform               = 
| size                   = 699&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]
| genre                  = [[Relational database management system|RDBMS]] ([[Embedded database|embedded]])
| license                = [[Public domain]]<ref name="license">{{cite web
 | url        = https://www.sqlite.org/copyright.html
 | title        = SQLite Copyright
 | publisher        = sqlite.org
 | access-date        = May 17, 2010
 | archive-date        = October 10, 2023
 | archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232204/https://www.sqlite.org/copyright.html
 | url-status        = live
 }}</ref>
| website                = {{Official URL}}
}}

{{Infobox file format
| name          = SQLite Database File Format
| icon          = 
| extension     = .sqlite, .sqlite3, .db, .db3, .s3db, .sl3
| _nomimecode   = yes
| mime          = <code>application/vnd.sqlite3</code><ref>{{cite web
 |url          = https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.sqlite3
 |title        = SQLite database file format media type at IANA
 |website      = [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]
 |publisher    = [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]]
 |access-date  = 2019-03-08
 |archive-date = 2022-11-09
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20221109175151/https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.sqlite3
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>
| type code     = 
| uniform type  = 
| magic         = <code>53 51 4c 69 74 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 33 00</code> (zero-terminated [[ASCII]] "SQLite format 3")
| developer     = 
| genre         = 
| released      = 2004-06-18
| extended from = 
| standard      = 
| open          = yes ([[Public Domain]])
| url           = {{url|https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html}}
}}

'''SQLite''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|s|ˌ|k|juː|ˌ|ɛ|l|ˈ|aɪ|t}},<ref>{{cite episode |series=The Changelog |number=201 |title=Why SQLite succeeded as a database — Richard Hipp, creator of SQLite |time=00:17:25 |url=https://changelog.com/podcast/201 |quote=How do I pronounce the name of the product? I say S-Q-L-ite, like a mineral. |access-date=2019-08-06 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707033506/https://changelog.com/podcast/201 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite video | people = [[D. Richard Hipp]] (presenter) | date = May 31, 2006 | title = An Introduction to SQLite | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f428dSRkTs4#t=1m14s | format = video<!-- HTML5 WebM video is available --> | publisher = Google Inc. | access-date =March 23, 2010 | time = 00:01:14 | quote = [...] ess-kju-ellite [...] }}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|k|w|ə|,|l|aɪ|t}}<ref>{{cite video | people = [[D. Richard Hipp]] (presenter) | date = May 31, 2006 | title = An Introduction to SQLite | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f428dSRkTs4#t=48m15s | format = <!-- HTML5 WebM video is available --> | publisher = Google Inc. | access-date =March 23, 2010 | time = 00:48:15 | quote = [...] sequelite [...] }}</ref>) is a [[database engine]] written in the [[C Language|C programming language]]. It is not a standalone app; rather, it is a [[Library (computing)|library]] that [[Programmer|software developers]] embed in their [[Application software|apps]]. As such, it belongs to the family of [[embedded database]]s. It is the most widely deployed database engine, as it is used by several of the top [[Web browser|web browsers]], [[operating system]]s, [[Mobile phone|mobile phones]], and other [[embedded system]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://sqlite.org/mostdeployed.html |title = Most Widely Deployed SQL Database Estimates |publisher = SQLite.org |access-date = May 11, 2011}}</ref> 

Many [[Programming language|programming languages]] have [[Language binding|bindings]] to the SQLite library. It generally follows [[PostgreSQL]] syntax, but does not enforce [[type checking]] by default.<ref name="Owens 2006">{{cite book |last=Owens |first=Michael |year=2006 |chapter=Chapter 4: SQL |editor1-last=Gilmore |editor1-first=Jason |editor2-last=Thomas |editor2-first=Keir |editor2-link=Keir Thomas |title=The Definitive Guide to SQLite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsZ5bUh0XAkC&pg=PA133 |others=[[D. Richard Hipp]] (foreword), Preston Hagar (technical reviewer) |publisher=[[Apress]] |page=133 |isbn=978-1-59059-673-9 |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124002058/https://books.google.com/books?id=VsZ5bUh0XAkC&pg=PA133 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sqlite.org/stricttables.html | title=STRICT Tables | access-date=2022-08-11 | archive-date=2022-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807204905/https://www.sqlite.org/stricttables.html | url-status=live }}</ref> This means that one can, for example, insert a string into a [[Column (database)|column]] defined as an integer.

==History==
[[D. Richard Hipp]] designed SQLite in the spring of 2000 while working for [[General Dynamics]] on contract with the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Owens06">{{cite book |last=Owens |first=Michael |title=The Definitive Guide to SQLite |year=2006 |publisher=[[Apress]] |isbn=978-1-59059-673-9 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4302-0172-4_1}}</ref> Hipp was designing software used for a [[Damage control (maritime)|damage-control]] system aboard [[guided-missile destroyer]]s; the damage-control system originally used [[HP-UX]] with an [[IBM Informix]] [[database]] back-end. SQLite began as a [[Tcl]] extension.<ref name=":0" />

In August 2000, version 1.0 of SQLite was released, with storage based on [[gdbm]] (GNU Database Manager). In September 2001, SQLite 2.0 replaced gdbm with a custom [[B-tree]] implementation, adding [[Database transaction|transaction]] capability. In June 2004, SQLite 3.0 added [[Internationalization and localization|internationalization]], [[manifest typing]], and other major improvements, partially funded by [[America Online]]. In 2011, Hipp announced his plans to add a [[NoSQL]] interface to SQLite, as well as announcing UnQL, a functional superset of [[SQL]] designed for [[document-oriented databases]].<ref name="unql-interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoq.com/news/2011/08/UnQL |title=Interview: Richard Hipp on UnQL, a New Query Language for Document Databases |publisher=InfoQ |date=August 4, 2011 |access-date=October 5, 2011 |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215240/http://www.infoq.com/news/2011/08/UnQL |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, SQLite adopted a Code of Conduct based on the [[Rule of Saint Benedict]] which caused some controversy and was later renamed as a Code of Ethics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Kieren |title=SQLite creator crucified after code of conduct warns devs to love God, and not kill, commit adultery, steal, curse... |url=https://www.theregister.com/2018/10/22/sqlite_code_of_conduct/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117120853/https://www.theregister.com/2018/10/22/sqlite_code_of_conduct/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

SQLite is one of four formats recommended for long-term storage of [[Data set|datasets]] approved for use by the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sqlite.org/locrsf.html |title=LoC Recommended Storage Format |website=www.sqlite.org |access-date=2020-04-09 |archive-date=2020-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423212849/https://www.sqlite.org/locrsf.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000461.shtml |title=SQLite, Version 3 |date=2017-03-28 |website=www.loc.gov |access-date=2020-04-09 |archive-date=2020-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511194518/https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000461.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rfs/data.html |title=Recommended Formats Statement – datasets/databases |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=2020-04-09 |archive-date=2018-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113435/https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/rfs/data.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Design==
SQLite was designed to allow the program to be operated without installing a database management system or requiring a [[database administrator]]. Unlike [[Client–server model|client–server]] database management systems, the SQLite engine has no standalone [[process (computing)|process]]es with which the application program communicates. Instead, a [[Linker (computing)|linker]] integrates the SQLite library {{emdash}} [[static library|statically]] or [[dynamic linker|dynamically]] {{emdash}} into an application program which uses SQLite's functionality through simple [[subroutine|function calls]], reducing [[latency (engineering)|latency]] in database operations; for simple queries with little concurrency, SQLite [[Computer performance|performance]] profits from avoiding the overhead of [[inter-process communication]].

Due to the serverless design, SQLite applications require less configuration than client–server databases. SQLite is called ''zero-conf''<ref>{{cite web |title = SQLite Is A Zero-Configuration Database |url = https://sqlite.org/zeroconf.html |access-date = August 3, 2015 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = May 2, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240502210736/https://sqlite.org/zeroconf.html |url-status = live }}</ref> because it does not require service management (such as startup scripts) or access control based on [[Data control language|GRANT]] and passwords. [[Access-control list|Access control]] is handled by means of [[file-system permissions]] given to the database file itself. Databases in client–server systems use [[File system|file-system]] permissions that give access to the database files only to the [[Daemon (computing)|daemon]] process, which handles its locks internally, allowing [[Concurrency (computer science)|concurrent]] writes from several processes.

SQLite stores the whole database (definitions, [[Table (database)|tables]], indices, and the data itself) as a single [[Cross-platform software|cross-platform]] file on a host machine, allowing several processes or [[thread (computer science)|threads]] to access the same database concurrently. It implements this simple design by [[lock (computer science)|locking]] the database file during writing. Write access may fail with an [[error code]], or it can be retried until a configurable timeout expires. SQLite read operations can be [[Computer multitasking|multitasked]], though due to the serverless design, writes can only be performed sequentially. This concurrent access restriction does not apply to temporary tables, and it is relaxed in version 3.7 as [[write-ahead logging]] (WAL) enables concurrent reads and writes.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://sqlite.org/wal.html |title = Write Ahead Logging in SQLite 3.7 |publisher = SQLite.org |access-date = September 3, 2011 |quote = WAL provides more concurrency as readers do not block writers and a writer does not block readers. Reading and writing can proceed concurrently. |archive-date = May 2, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240502210711/https://sqlite.org/wal.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Since SQLite has to rely on file-system locks, it is not the preferred choice for write-intensive deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title = Appropriate Uses For SQLite |url = https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html |access-date = 2015-09-03 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = 2024-05-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240502210713/https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

SQLite uses [[PostgreSQL]] as a reference platform. "What would PostgreSQL do" is used to make sense of the SQL standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/601144/ |title=PGCon 2014: Clustering and VODKA |website=Lwn.net |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2015-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629195442/https://lwn.net/Articles/601144/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgcon.org/2014/schedule/events/736.en.html |title=PGCon2014: SQLite: Protégé of PostgreSQL |website=Pgcon.org |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2014-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230193958/http://www.pgcon.org/2014/schedule/events/736.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One major deviation is that, with the exception of [[primary key]]s, SQLite does not enforce [[type checking]]; the type of a value is dynamic and not strictly constrained by the [[database schema|schema]] (although the schema will trigger a conversion when storing, if such a conversion is potentially reversible). SQLite strives to follow [[Robustness principle|Postel's rule]].<ref name=":1" />

==Features==
SQLite implements most of the [[SQL-92]] standard for SQL, but lacks some features. For example, it only partially provides [[database trigger|triggers]] and cannot write to [[view (database)|views]] (however, it provides INSTEAD OF triggers that provide this functionality). Its support of [[Data definition language#ALTER statement|ALTER TABLE]] statements is limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sqlite.org/changes.html|title=Release History of SQLite|access-date=2021-03-22|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316043517/https://www.sqlite.org/changes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

SQLite uses an unusual [[type system]] for an SQL-compatible DBMS: instead of assigning a [[SQL data types|type]] to a column as in most SQL database systems, types are assigned to individual values; in language terms it is ''dynamically typed''. Moreover, it is ''weakly typed'' in some of the same ways that [[Perl]] is: one can insert a [[string (computer science)|string]] into an [[Integer (computer science)|integer]] column (although SQLite will try to convert the string to an integer first, if the column's preferred type is integer). This adds flexibility to columns, especially when bound to a dynamically typed scripting language. However, the technique is not portable to other SQL products. A common criticism is that SQLite's type system lacks the [[data integrity]] mechanism provided by statically typed columns, although it can be emulated with constraints like {{code|2=sql|1=CHECK(typeof(x)='integer')}}.<ref name="Owens06" /> Strict tables were added in version 3.37.1.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title = SQLite: StrictMode |url = https://sqlite.org/src/wiki?name=StrictMode |website = Sqlite.org |access-date = September 3, 2015 |archive-date = March 4, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115940/https://sqlite.org/src/wiki?name=StrictMode |url-status = live }}</ref>

Tables normally include a hidden ''rowid'' index column, which gives faster access.<ref>{{cite web |title=SQL As Understood By SQLite |url=https://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html#rowid |website=SQLite |access-date=21 May 2018 |quote=Searching for a record with a specific rowid, or for all records with rowids within a specified range is around twice as fast as a similar search made by specifying any other PRIMARY KEY or indexed value. |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104530/https://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html#rowid |url-status=live }}</ref> If a database includes an Integer Primary Key column, SQLite will typically optimize it by treating it as an alias for ''rowid'', causing the contents to be stored as a [[strictly typed]] 64-bit signed integer and changing its behavior to be somewhat like an auto-incrementing column. Future{{when|date=August 2019}} versions of SQLite may include a command to introspect whether a column has behavior like that of ''rowid'' to differentiate these columns from weakly typed, non-autoincrementing Integer Primary Keys.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/2494132a2b1221a4 |title=SQLite: Check-in [2494132a] |quote=Add the "PRAGMA table_ipk(TABLE)" command for evaluation purposes. |website=www.sqlite.org |date=2017-11-28 |access-date=2018-05-21 |archive-date=2018-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104641/https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/2494132a2b1221a4 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}}

Version 3.6.19 released on October 14, 2009 added support for foreign key constraints.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karwin |first=Bill |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Jacquelyn |date=May 2010 |title=SQL Antipatterns: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Database Programming |publisher=The Pragmatic Bookshelf |isbn=978-1-934356-55-5 |page=70 |quote=Sometimes you're forced to use a database brand that doesn't support foreign key constraints (for example MySQL's MyISAM storage engine or SQLite prior to version 3.6.19).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_6_19.html|title=SQLite Release 3.6.19 On 2009-10-14|website=sqlite.org|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029060401/http://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_6_19.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Stored procedure]]s are not supported; this is an explicit choice by the developers to favor simplicity, as the typical use case of SQLite is to be embedded inside a host application that can define its own procedures around the database.<ref>Source: developers' comments on [https://sqlite.org/forum/info/78a60bdeec7c1ee9 SQLite forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401220416/https://sqlite.org/forum/info/78a60bdeec7c1ee9 |date=2023-04-01 }}</ref>

Full support for [[Unicode]] case-conversions can be enabled through an optional extension.<ref>{{cite web |title = Case-insensitive matching of Unicode characters does not work |url = https://sqlite.org/faq.html#q18 |website = SQLite Frequently Asked Questions |access-date = 2015-09-03 |archive-date = 2015-09-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054749/http://www.sqlite.org/faq.html#q18 |url-status = live }}</ref>

SQLite version 3.7.4 first saw the addition of the FTS4 ([[full-text search]]) module, which features enhancements over the older FTS3 module.<ref>{{cite web |title = SQLite Release 3.7.4 On 2010-12-08 |url = https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_7_4.html |access-date = September 3, 2015 |date = December 8, 2010 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = September 16, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150916212345/http://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_7_4.html |url-status = live }}</ref> FTS4 allows users to perform full-text searches on documents similar to how [[Search engine|search engines]] search webpages.<ref>{{cite web |title = SQLite FTS3 and FTS4 Extensions |url = https://sqlite.org/fts3.html |access-date = September 3, 2015 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = September 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905095801/http://www.sqlite.org/fts3.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Version 3.8.2 added support for creating tables without [[Pseudocolumn|rowid]],<ref>{{cite web |title = SQLite Release 3.8.2 On 2013-12-06 |url = https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_8_2.html |access-date = September 3, 2015 |date = December 6, 2013 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = September 24, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105132/http://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_8_2.html |url-status = live }}</ref> which may provide space and performance improvements.<ref>{{cite web |title = The WITHOUT ROWID Optimization |url = https://sqlite.org/withoutrowid.html |access-date = September 3, 2015 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = September 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093326/http://www.sqlite.org/withoutrowid.html |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Common table expressions]] support was added to SQLite in version 3.8.3.<ref>{{cite web |title = SQLite Release 3.8.3 On 2014-02-03 |url = https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_8_3.html |access-date = September 3, 2015 |date = February 3, 2014 |publisher = SQLite.org |archive-date = September 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093435/http://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_8_3.html |url-status = live }}</ref> 3.8.11 added a newer search module called FTS5, the more radical (compared to FTS4) changes requiring a bump in version. 

In 2015, with the ''json1 extension''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sqlite.org/json1.html |title=The JSON1 Extension |website=SQLite.org |access-date=2017-09-14 |archive-date=2017-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125149/https://sqlite.org/json1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and new subtype interfaces, SQLite version 3.9 introduced [[JSON]] content managing.

As of version 3.33.0, the maximum supported database size is 281 [[Units of information|TB]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sqlite.org/limits.html|title=Limits In SQLite|website=SQLite.org|access-date=2022-09-19|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107064937/https://sqlite.org/limits.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Development and distribution==
SQLite's code is hosted with [[Fossil (software)|Fossil]], a [[distributed version control system]] that uses SQLite as a local cache for its non-relational database format, and SQLite's SQL as an implementation language.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.fossil-scm.org/home/doc/trunk/www/theory1.wiki|title = Thoughts On The Design Of The Fossil DVCS|publisher = Fossil-scm.org|date = July 12, 2017|access-date = October 14, 2022|archive-date = October 13, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013234319/https://www.fossil-scm.org/home/doc/trunk/www/theory1.wiki|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.fossil-scm.org/index.html/doc/tip/www/stats.wiki|title = Fossil: Fossil Performance|publisher = Fossil-scm.org|date = August 23, 2009|access-date = September 12, 2009|archive-date = October 9, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091009054952/http://www.fossil-scm.org/index.html/doc/tip/www/stats.wiki|url-status = live}}</ref>

SQLite is [[Public-domain software|public domain]], but not "open-contribution", with the website stating "the project does not accept patches from people who have not submitted an [[affidavit]] dedicating their contribution into the public domain."<ref>{{Cite web |title=SQLite Copyright |url=https://sqlite.org/copyright.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=sqlite.org |archive-date=2024-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315172355/https://www.sqlite.org/copyright.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Instead of a [[code of conduct]], the founders have adopted a [[ethical code|code of ethics]] based on the [[Rule of Saint Benedict|Rule of St. Benedict]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Code Of Ethics |url=https://sqlite.org/codeofethics.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=sqlite.org |archive-date=2024-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219225117/https://sqlite.org/codeofethics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

A standalone [[Console application|command-line]] [[Shell (computing)|shell]] program called ''sqlite3''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.sqlite.org/cli.html|title = Command Line Shell For SQLite|publisher = Sqlite.org|access-date = October 14, 2022|archive-date = October 6, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221006104551/https://www.sqlite.org/cli.html|url-status = live}}</ref> is provided in SQLite's distribution. It can be used to create a database, define tables, insert and change rows, run queries and manage an SQLite database file. It also serves as an example for writing applications that use the SQLite library.

SQLite uses automated [[regression testing]] prior to each release. Over 2 million tests<ref name=tests>{{cite web |url = https://sqlite.org/testing.html |title = How SQLite Is Tested |publisher = SQLite.org |access-date = September 12, 2009 |archive-date = October 6, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091006224147/http://www.sqlite.org/testing.html |url-status = live }}</ref> are run as part of a release's verification. Starting with the August 10, 2009 release of SQLite 3.6.17, SQLite releases have 100% branch test coverage, one of the components of [[code coverage]]. The tests and [[test harness]]es are partially public-domain and partially [[proprietary software|proprietary]].<ref name=tests />

=={{anchor|Adoption}}Notable uses==

===Operating systems===
SQLite is included by default in:<ref name=":0" />
* [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
* [[BlackBerry 10]] OS
* [[Fedora Linux]] where it is used by the [[rpm (software)|rpm]] core package management system
* [[FreeBSD]] where starting with 10-RELEASE version in January 2014, it is used by the core package management system.
* [[illumos]]
* [[iOS]]
* [[Mac OS X 10.4]] onwards (Apple adopted it as an option in [[macOS]]'s [[Core Data]] API from the original implementation)
* [[Maemo]]
* [[MeeGo]]
* [[MorphOS]] 3.10 onwards
* [[NetBSD]]
* [[NixOS]] where it is used by the [[Nix (package manager)|Nix]] core package management system
* [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] where it is used in the same way as Fedora, from which Red Hat Enterprise Linux is derived
* [[Solaris 10]] where the [[Service Management Facility]] database is serialized for booting.
* [[Symbian OS]]
* [[Tizen]]
* [[webOS]]
* [[Windows 10]] onwards<ref>{{cite web| url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/data-access/sqlite-databases#to-use-the-version-of-sqlite-that-is-installed-with-windows| title=To use the version of SQLite that is installed with Windows| date=20 October 2022| access-date=31 March 2022| archive-date=31 March 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170828/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/data-access/sqlite-databases#to-use-the-version-of-sqlite-that-is-installed-with-windows| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middleware===
* [[ADO.NET]] adapter, initially developed by Robert Simpson, is maintained jointly with the SQLite developers since April 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://system.data.sqlite.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki |title=Home |website=System.Data.SQLite |date=2016-12-30 |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2014-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713080835/http://system.data.sqlite.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[ODBC]] driver has been developed and is maintained separately by Christian Werner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ch-werner.de/sqliteodbc/ |title=SQLite ODBC Driver |website=Ch-werner.de |date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2014-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626165719/http://www.ch-werner.de/sqliteodbc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Werner's ODBC driver is the recommended connection method for accessing SQLite from [[OpenOffice.org]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documentation.openoffice.org/HOW_TO/data_source/SQLite.pdf |title=Using SQLite Database with OpenOffice.org : Version 2.0 |website=Documentation.openoffice.org |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928073029/http://documentation.openoffice.org/HOW_TO/data_source/SQLite.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Component Object Model|COM]] ([[ActiveX]]) wrapper making SQLite accessible on Windows to scripted languages such as [[JScript]] and [[VBScript]]. This adds SQLite database capabilities to [[HTML Application]]s (HTA).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://sqlite.org/cvstrac/wiki?p=SqliteWrappers|title = sqlite&nbsp;— Sqlite Wrappers|date = February 7, 2009|publisher = SQLite.org|access-date = February 7, 2009|archive-date = February 5, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205225756/http://sqlite.org/cvstrac/wiki?p=SqliteWrappers|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Web browsers===
* The browsers [[Google Chrome]], [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and the [[Android Browser]] all allow for storing information in, and retrieving it from, an SQLite database within the browser, using the official SQLite Wasm ([[WebAssembly]]) build,<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://sqlite.org/wasm
| title = sqlite3 WebAssembly & JavaScript Documentation Index
| website = SQLite
| access-date = 2023-05-08
| archive-date = 2024-05-02
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240502210710/https://sqlite.org/wasm/doc/trunk/index.md
| url-status = live
}}</ref> or using the [[Web SQL Database]] technology, although the latter is becoming deprecated (namely superseded by SQLite Wasm or by [[IndexedDB]]). Internally, these [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] based browsers use SQLite databases for storing configuration data like site visit history, cookies, download history etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxtonforensics.com/browser-history-examiner/chrome-history-location |title=Location of Google Chrome history |website=www.foxtonforensics.com |date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228184524/https://www.foxtonforensics.com/browser-history-examiner/chrome-history-location |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Mozilla Firefox]] and [[Mozilla Thunderbird]] store a variety of configuration data (bookmarks, cookies, contacts etc.) in internally managed SQLite databases. Until Firefox version 57 ([[History of Firefox#Firefox 57|"Firefox Quantum"]]), there was a third-party add-on that used the API supporting this functionality to provide a user interface for managing arbitrary SQLite databases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sqlite-manager/ |title=SQLite Manager :: Add-ons for Firefox |website=Addons.mozilla.org |date=2015-02-28 |access-date=2017-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102010658/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sqlite-manager/ |archive-date=2017-01-02}}</ref>
* Several third-party add-ons can make use of [[JavaScript]] APIs to manage SQLite databases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sqlite-manager-webext/ |title=SQLite Manager – Get this Extension for 🦊 Firefox (en-US) |website=Addons.mozilla.org |date=2018-07-24 |access-date=2018-10-05 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112443/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sqlite-manager-webext/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sql-reader/ |title=SQLite Reader – Get this Extension for 🦊 Firefox (en-US) |website=Addons.mozilla.org |date=2018-09-01 |access-date=2018-10-05 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112536/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sql-reader/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Web application frameworks===
* [[Symfony]] 
* [[Laravel]]
* [[Bugzilla]]
* [[Django (web framework)|Django]]'s default database management system
* [[Drupal]]
* [[Trac]]
* [[Ruby on Rails]]'s default database management system
* [[web2py]]
* [[Jam.py (web framework)|Jam.py]]

===Others===
* [[Adobe Systems]] uses SQLite as its file format in [[Adobe Photoshop Lightroom]], a standard database in [[Adobe AIR]], and internally within [[Adobe Reader]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Well-Known Users Of SQLite|url = https://sqlite.org/famous.html|access-date = August 5, 2015|publisher = SQLite|archive-date = July 11, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711135311/http://sqlite.org/famous.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* As with much Apple software, [[Photos (Apple)|Photos]] uses SQLite internally.<ref name="apple-photos">{{cite web|url = https://simonwillison.net/2020/May/21/dogsheep-photos/|access-date = May 23, 2020|title = Using SQL to find my best photo of a pelican according to Apple Photo|work = Simon Willison’s Weblog|archive-date = May 22, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200522181550/https://simonwillison.net/2020/May/21/dogsheep-photos/|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Audacity (audio editor)|Audacity]] uses SQLite as its file format, as of version 3.0.0.<ref name="audacity">{{cite web|url = https://www.audacityteam.org/audacity-3-0-0-released/|access-date = March 17, 2021|title = Audacity 3.0.0 Released|date = 17 March 2021|archive-date = 14 August 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230814021313/https://www.audacityteam.org/audacity-3-0-0-released/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* [[Evernote]] uses SQLite to store its local database repository in Windows.
* [[Skype]]<ref name="skype">{{cite mailing list|url = https://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users%40sqlite.org/msg27326.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061133/https://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users%40sqlite.org/msg27326.html|archive-date=2007-11-17|first=Jeremy|last=Hinegardner|title = Skype client using SQLite?|mailing-list=sqlite-users|date = August 28, 2007|access-date = June 14, 2010}}</ref>
* The Service Management Facility, used for service management within the [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] and [[OpenSolaris]] operating systems
* [[Flame (malware)]]
* [[BMW]] [[IDrive]] Sat Nav system
* [[TomTom]] GPS systems, for the [[Navigation Data Standard|NDS]] map data
* [[Proxmox Virtual Environment|Proxmox VE]] - ''Proxmox Cluster File System'' ([https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Proxmox_Cluster_File_System_(pmxcfs) pmxcfs])

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Comparison of relational database management systems]]
* [[List of relational database management systems]]
* [[MySQL]]
* [[SpatiaLite]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book
 |first1       = Grant
 |last1        = Allen
 |first2       = Mike
 |last2        = Owens
 |date         = November 5, 2010
 |title        = The Definitive Guide to SQLite
 |edition      = 2nd
 |publisher    = [[Apress]]
 |page         = 368
 |isbn         = 978-1-4302-3225-4
 |url          = http://apress.com/book/view/1430232250
 |access-date  = December 23, 2010
 |archive-date = December 30, 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230035043/http://apress.com/book/view/1430232250
 |url-status   = dead
}}
* {{cite book
 |first1       = Jay A.
 |last1        = Kreibich
 |date         = August 17, 2010
 |title        = Using SQLite
 |edition      = 1st
 |publisher    = [[O'Reilly Media]]
 |page         = 528
 |isbn         = 978-0-596-52118-9
 |url          = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521196
 |access-date  = December 23, 2010
 |archive-date = December 25, 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101225102001/http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521196
 |url-status   = live
}}
* {{cite book
 |first1       = Chris
 |last1        = Newman
 |date         = November 9, 2004
 |title        = SQLite (Developer's Library)
 |edition      = 1st
 |publisher    = [[Sams]]
 |page         = 336
 |isbn         = 0-672-32685-X
 |url          = http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=067232685X
 |access-date  = May 12, 2010
 |archive-date = January 14, 2012
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075902/http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=067232685X
 |url-status   = live
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{cite web |url=https://corecursive.com/066-sqlite-with-richard-hipp/|title=The Untold Story of SQLite |publisher=CoRecursive}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:SQLite| ]]
[[Category:2000 software]]
[[Category:C (programming language) libraries]]
[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
[[Category:Database engines]]
[[Category:Embedded databases]]
[[Category:Free computer libraries]]
[[Category:Free database management systems]]
[[Category:Public-domain software with source code]]
[[Category:Relational database management software for Linux]]
[[Category:Relational database management systems]]
[[Category:Serverless database management systems]]
[[Category:Symbian software]]
[[Category:Public-domain software]]