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The '''Simpcw First Nation''', formerly known as the '''North Thompson Indian Band''', is a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nation]]s band government based in the [[Thompson Country]] of [[British Columbia]], Canada. It is a member of the [[Shuswap Nation Tribal Council]].<ref name="gov.bc.ca.shuswap">{{cite web |year= 2009 |url = http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/shuswap_nation_tribal_council/default.html|title = Shuswap Nation Tribal Council|publisher = [[Executive Council of British Columbia]]| access-date = July 26, 2009}}</ref>  It is a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] government of the [[Secwepemc]] (Shuswap) Nation, located in the [[British Columbia Interior|Central Interior]] region of the [[Canadian province]] of British Columbia. The band's main community is at Chu Chua, British Columbia. Four of the five First Nation Reserves in Simpcw territory were designated on [[#First Nation Reserves|July 5, 1877]] and the fifth was designated on [[#First Nation Reserves|February 24, 1916]]. The [[Shuswap language]] name for North Thompson Band's community and reserve is 'Simpcw'.

==Chief and Councillors==
The current chief and council were sworn in on June 1, 2015 at 1:00 pm, they will serve a 3-year term until the next election.

===Historical Leaders===
Chief [[#History|Cinnitza]] was mentioned by [[Archibald McDonald]] from a trip in 1828. Chief [[#First Nation Reserves|André]] is mentioned in records from the time of settling First Nation Reserves in 1877 as well as being a signatory to the [[#See Also|Memorial to Frank Oliver]] in 1911.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Tseyenetssa/6000000025779215993 |title=Tseyenetssa |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Geni.com |access-date=August 18, 2017 }}</ref>

==Treaty Process==

Simpcw First Nation is currently not involved in the treaty process and has never ceded or surrendered any of their land.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/simpcw-first-nation-north-thompson-river |title=Simpcw First Nation treaty process with BC Government |website=BC Government |access-date=August 12, 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
The Simpcw inhabit Simpcwúl̓ecw, an area now known in English as the North Thompson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simpcw.com/our-land.htm |title=Our Land: Simpcw First Nation |website=www.simpcw.com |access-date=August 13, 2017 }}</ref> Simpcw lands include an area from [[McLure, British Columbia|McLure]] to [[McBride, British Columbia|McBride]], from [[Jasper, Alberta|Jasper]] to the headwaters of the [[Athabasca River|Athabasca]]. The Simpcw collected local plants and animals for survival and employed various methods for fishing. An example of a kind of fishing barrier observed in the Barrière River was described by [[George Mercer Dawson]] as "two weirs or fences each of which stretched completely across the stream."<ref name=Dawson>{{ref|a}}
{{cite book |last= Dawson|first=George Mercer |date= 1891|title=Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ssAAAAYAAJ |author-link=George Mercer Dawson}}</ref>{{rp|16}} The Simpcw interacted with other First Nations in [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.simpcw.com/our-history.htm
|title=Simpcw-Our History
|website=simpcw.com
|access-date=August 11, 2017}}</ref>

Early interactions with Europeans began around the start of the nineteenth century with fur traders. [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Alexander Ross]] wrote that [[David Stuart (fur trader)|David Stuart]] came to the area to spend the winter of 1811–12. Stuart's wrote of his visit that after being blocked from a return to [[Fort Astoria]] by snow "[we] passed our time with the She Whaps and other tribes in that quarter."<ref name="Ross1849">{{Cite book
 | last = Ross
 | first = Alexander
 | title = Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific
 | publisher = Smith, Elder and Co.
 | date = 1849
 | isbn = 9780598286024
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AoEFAAAAQAAJ
 }}</ref>{{rp|151}} [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Ross]] came himself in May 1812 to establish 'Fort Cumcloups' where he "sent messages to the different tribes around who soon assembled bringing with them their furs. Here we stayed for ten days The number of Indians collected on the occasion could not have been less than 2,000."<ref name="Ross1849"/>{{rp|200}} [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Alexander Ross]]'s account of a journey in about 1815 describes some meetings specifically in the North Thompson.<ref name="Ross">{{Cite book
 | last = Ross
 | first = Alexander
 | title = The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1
 | publisher = Smith, Elder and Co.
 | date = 1855
 | isbn = 9780665402289
 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_40228
 }}</ref> Describing his journey from Kamloops to the Rocky mountains he writes, 
{{blockquote|"I therefore received orders from head quarters to examine the eastern section, lying between the She-whaps and the Rocky Mountains."<ref name="Ross"/>{{rp|142}} He wrote about meeting some families near East Barriere Lake, "We left Fort She-whaps on the 14th day of August...At the outset we proceeded up the North, or Sun-tea-coot-a-coot River, for three days; then turning to the right, we took to the woods, steering our course in the eye of the rising sun, nearly midway between Thompson's River on the south, and Fraser's River on the north. The first day after turning our back on North River, we made but little progress; but what we made was in an easterly direction. The second day our courses per compass were, ESE 6 miles, E 4 miles, SE 2 miles, E by N 5 miles, E 1 mile, NE 2 miles, NNE 4miles: we then encamped. The country through which we passed this day was covered with heavy timber, but having clear bottom and being good travelling, with here and there small open plains. During the third day the face of the country became timberless, with frequently open clear ground, so that we made a long day's journey. In the evening we fell upon a small lake, on the northern margin of which we encamped for the night. Here we found two Indian families, living on fish roots, and berries, which they were all employed in procuring: they belonged to the Sun-tea-coot-a-coot tribe, and seemed...to live very comfortably and happily. One of the men belonging to these families, who pretended to have a perfect knowledge of the country through which we had to pass, volunteered to accompany us as a guide; for which services I promised to reward him with a blanket and some ammunition when we returned...Leaving this place, which we called Friendly Lake..."<ref name="Ross"/>{{rp|143–146}}}} The lake called by [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Ross]] "Friendly Lake" is identified as East Barriere Lake by Kenneth A. Spaulding in his edited edition of [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Ross]]'s account.<ref name="Spaulding">{{cite encyclopedia
 | last = Ross
 | first = Alexander
 | author-link = Alexander Ross (fur trader)
 | editor-last = Spaulding
 | editor-first = Kenneth A.
 | title = The Fur Hunters of the Far West
 | pages = 100
 | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press
 | orig-year = 1956
 | date = 2001
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cUvle4AUbdsC| isbn = 9780806133928
 }}</ref>

[[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Ross]] also notes the extent of the area with which the guide he met near East Barriere Lake was familiar when he writes after reaching Eagle Hill, "As we journeyed along our guide took us up to another height and pointing out to us the country generally, said he had passed and repassed through various parts of it seven different times, and in as many different places; he seemed to know it well, and observed that the road we had travelled, with all its difficulties, was the very best to be found."<ref name="Ross"/>{{rp|149–150}}

On the way back to Canoe River and passing 'a considerable lake' they returned to 'Friendly Lake' where the guide's family had departed, but had left behind a stick with a certain notch, stuck in the ground with a certain lean which indicated to their guide where his family had gone.<ref name="Ross"/>{{rp|153}} Spaulding identified the 'considerable lake' as [[Adams Lake]].<ref name="Spaulding"/>{{rp|105}}

In 1828, [[Archibald McDonald]] kept a journal of a trip from [[Hudson Bay|Hudson's Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="McDonald">{{cite encyclopedia
 | last = McDonald
 | first = Archibald
 | author-link = Archibald McDonald
 | editor-last = McLeod
 | editor-first = Malcolm
 | title = Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828
 | publisher = J. Durie & Son
 | location = Ottawa
 | date = 1872
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W6UNAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> In an entry for October 3 he described meeting Chief Cinnitza at 'the Fort' after a traverse of the 'North River'. On October the 4th he wrote, "At Barrier Village by eight." And described a breakfast at eleven "surrounded by the Indians of the Barrier."<ref name="McDonald"/>{{rp|33}}

[[Archibald McDonald|McDonald]] lists "Shin-poos (of the north branch of the Thompson)" as one of seven tribes that traded at Fort Kamloops in the reports of his father, Angus McDonald. And writes, "As to the Shin-poos, a mountain race, a remnant of the 'Snare Indians', my father in his report says, that there were but few of them (about 60 families) and that they did not come very regularly to the Fort."<ref name="McDonald"/>{{rp|115–116}}

[[Archibald McDonald|McDonald]] also copied the following from his father's report to the Governor and Council reporting on the spring of 1823: "This Tribe (the Shin-poo) inhabits the north branch of Thompsons River. They are good beaver hunters, and go sometimes to and even east of the Rocky Mountains&mdash;I had in view to have one or two men to accompany them all summer, so as to endeavor to meet the Gentlemen (that is to say the Express and Passengers coming in by Rocky Mountain Portage) coming to the Columbia next fall, at the little House (which I believe was at the east end of the Portage) which would be by far a nearer and more practicable way of obtaining a knowledge of the country about the heads of the Thompson and N Branch than by sending from the east side, as Mr Annance was, last summer: the Tribe not having come to the Port this Spring prevents my sending with them."<ref name="McDonald"/>{{rp|116}}

In 1862 a gold rush in the Cariboo brought smallpox to the area which caused many deaths, reducing the population to "the merest handful."<ref name="Dunford" />{{rp|7}}

From the 1890s to 1970 children were taken to the [[Kamloops Indian Residential School]] where life was harsh and use of their own language was forbidden. Some Simpcw served in the [[WWII|Second World War]].<ref name="Dunford" />{{rp|8}}

In 1909 anthropologist [[James Teit]] recorded "opinions held by the tribe regarding the qualities and average characteristics of their neighbors and also of the several divisions of their own people in former days." Of the 'North Thompson' he wrote that, "The North Thompson division were probably the best hunters and greatest travellers. They were mild, quiet, steady, rather serious, hospitable, rather poor."<ref name="Teit">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Teit |first=James A. |author-link=James Teit |editor-last=Boas |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=The Shuswap |year=1909 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |volume=II, Part VII |location=New York |hdl=2246/38 |pages=471 }}</ref>

In August 1916, the Simpcw people of the [[Tête Jaune Cache, British Columbia|Tête Jaune Cache]] were forcibly relocated out of the area to Chu Chua and other places. The people were made to travel the 300 kilometres by foot. In August 2016 events were held to mark the 100th anniversary of that event. The people of the Simpcw First Nation have made applications to the government to have lands at [[Tête Jaune Cache, British Columbia|Tête Jaune Cache]] formally recognized.<ref>{{cite web
 | url =http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/simpcw-first-nation-anniversary-relocation-1.3717141
 | title =Simpcw First Nation marking 100th anniversary of forced relocation
 | last1 =Kurjata
 | first1 =Andrew
 | last2 = Norwell| first2 = Jennifer 
 | date = August 12, 2016
 | website = cbc.ca/news
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kamloops/simpcw-first-nation-are-marking-the-100th-anniversary-of-their-forced-relocation-1.3720581
 | title = Simpcw First Nation are marking the 100th anniversary of their forced relocation
 | last = Daybreak Kamloops
 | date = August 11, 2016
 | website = cbc.ca/news
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.simpcw.com/docs/retracingoursteps_press.pdf?LanguageID=EN-US
 | title = Press Release: Simpcw First Nation: Retracing Our Steps
 | date = August 13, 2016
 | website = simpcw.com
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.fitzhugh.ca/simpcw-first-nation-commemorate-forced-removal-100-years-ago/
 | title = Simpcw First Nation commemorate forced removal 100 years ago
 | last = Clark
 | first = Paul
 | date = August 17, 2016
 | website = fitzhugh.ca
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2016/09/simpcw-efforts-in-tete-jaune-not-finished/
 | title = Simpcw efforts in Tête Jaune not finished
 | last = Matthews
 | first = Evan
 | date = September 1, 2016
 | website = therockymountaingoat.com
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url =http://www.therockymountaingoat.com/2016/07/remembering-the-simpcw-relocation-of-1916/
 | title = Remembering the Simpcw relocation of 1916
 | author = Goat Staff
 | date = July 17, 2016
 | website = therockymountaingoat.com
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.barrierestarjournal.com/news/simpcw-plan-tete-jaune-cache-commemoration/
 | title = Simpcw plan Tete Jaune Cache commemoration
 | last = McNeill
 | first = Keith
 | date = July 27, 2016
 | website = barrierestarjournal.com
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://blackpress.tv/video.php?id=18077
 | title = Chief Nathan Matthew speaks at Tete Jaune Cache (video)
 | last = Times
 | first = Clearwater
 | date = August 18, 2016
 | website = blackpress.tv
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref><ref name="Dunford" />{{rp|8}}

The Simpcw have been known in English by different names, "The name of the North Thompson Band, simpxʷwemx...also known in English to traders as people of the North Fork of Thompson River, was spelled Chin-Poo by [[John McLeod (explorer)|[John] McLeod]] (1823) and [[Archibald McDonald|[Archibald] McDonald]] (1827), Shinpoo by the [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate|Oblate Missionaries]]...and Nsi'mpxemux̣ by [[James Teit|Teit]]. Their former main village, ciqʷceqʷélqʷ 'red willows' (Cornus stolonifera)...was referred to as Tsuk-tsuk-kwalk, erroneously translated as 'red pine' by Dawson...and as Tcoqtceqwa'llk by Teit. The reserve name Chu Chua is not derived from this but is an anglicization of texʷcwex 'creek running through the bush'."<ref name="Ignace" />

==Demographics==
The Simpcw First Nation currently has 724 members.<ref name="Simpcw">{{cite web |year= 2017 |url = http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=691&lang=eng|title = Simpcw First Nation|work= [[Government of Canada]]|publisher = [[Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada]]| access-date = August 13, 2017 }}</ref>

[[Archibald McDonald]] reported that in about the 1820s his father wrote that there was about sixty Simpcw families.<ref name="McDonald"/>{{rp|115–116}} In 1883 a government report on population listed "North Thompson and Canoe Lake: 144."<ref>{{cite book |last=Canada |first=Department of Indian Affairs |date=1883 |title=Annual Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBBAQAAMAAJ |location=Ottawa |publisher=Maclean, Roger & Co |page=259 }}</ref> In 1850 the population after being reduced by foreign infections was estimated at 250, in 1906 the population was down to 70.<ref name="Dunford" />{{rp|8}}

==Economic Development==
The Simpcw First Nation has a highly developed and active economic development organization currently known as the Simpcw Resources Group of Companies (SRG)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simpcw.com/simpcw-resources-group.htm |title=Simpcw Resources Group Ltd. |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.simpcw.com |access-date=August 13, 2017 }}</ref>

==Social, Educational and Cultural Programs and Facilities==
Simpcw Fisheries manages and operates a [[Fish hatchery|hatchery]] called Dunn Lake Hatchery. Simpcw hosts a special 'Coho Day' in October at the hatchery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simpcw.com/simpcw-fisheries.htm/ |title=Simpcw Fisheries |website=Simpcw.com |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sep-pmvs/projects-projets/cedp-pdec/dunn-eng.html |title=Dunn Creek Hatchery - Simpcw First Nation |website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Dunn+Lake+Hatchery/@51.4593869,-120.1472789,17z/data=!4m8!1m2!3m1!2sDunn+Lake+Hatchery!3m4!1s0x0:0xa8216df5257f1cd3!8m2!3d51.4593868!4d-120.1450903 |title=Dunn Lake Hatchery |last=Doe |publisher=Google Maps |website=google.ca/maps |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref>

Neqweyqwelsten School is an elementary school located in Chu Chua. It is open to all Simpcw First Nation and community members, as well as non-members if space is available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simpcw.com/neqweyqwelsten-school.htm |title=Neqweyqwelsten School |website=simpcw.com |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fnsa.ca/meet-the-schools/list-of-schools |title=First Nations School Directory Association of British Columbia |website=First Nations Schools Association of British Columbia |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref>

==First Nation Reserves==
First Nation Reserves under the administration of the Simpcw First Nation are:

*'''North Thompson 1''' (07186), 1236.1 ha, "[[Kamloops]] District on the east bank of the [[North Thompson River]] about 45 miles north of [[Kamloops]]."<ref name="Lands">{{cite web |url=http://www.simpcw.com/housing-lands.htm |title=Housing Lands |website=simpcw.com |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07186&lang=eng |title=Reserve Detail |website=fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca |date=3 November 2008 |publisher=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JDLCH |title=Geographical Names Board of Canada |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref>
*'''Nekalliston 2''' (07187), 1.4 ha, "[[Kamloops]] District near [[Little Fort]] and opposite Nekalliston Creek 50 miles north of [[Kamloops]]."<ref name="Lands" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07187&lang=eng |title=Reserve Detail |website=fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca |date=3 November 2008 |publisher=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JDLCG |title=Geographical Names Board of Canada |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref>
*'''Barriere River 3A''' (07188), 1.6 ha, "[[Kamloops]] District on left bank of the [[Barrière River (North Thompson River)|Barrière River]] about 2 miles from mouth of the [[North Thompson River]]."<ref name="Lands" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07188&lang=eng |title=Reserve Detail |website=fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca |date=3 November 2008 |publisher=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JDLCF |title=Geographical Names Board of Canada |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref>
*'''Louis Creek 4''' (07189), 3 ha, "[[Kamloops]] District on the left bank of Louis Creek about ¼ mile from its confluence with [[North Thompson River]] about 34 miles north of [[Kamloops]]."<ref name="Lands" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07189&lang=eng |title=Reserve Detail |website=fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca |date=3 November 2008 |publisher=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JDLCE |title=Geographical Names Board of Canada |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref>
*'''Boulder Creek 5''' (07190), 280 ha "[[Kamloops]] District, Lot 4088, north of Dunn Lake."<ref name="Lands" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07190&lang=eng |title=Reserve Detail |website=fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca |date=3 November 2008 |publisher=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique.php?id=JDLCD |title=Geographical Names Board of Canada |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref>

In the 1870s the government created the Red Trees Reserve at Chu Chua without consulting with the Simpcw.<ref name="Dunford" />{{rp|8}} In the report of a survey of 1872, [[Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn|Alfred R C Selwyn]] mentions two stays at what he calls the "Red Pine Reserve".<ref>{{cite book |last=Selwyn |first=Alfred R C |date=1872 |title=Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report 1871-72 |url=http://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/publications/ess_sst/123/123577/rp_1871_72.pdf |location=Montreal |publisher=Dawson Brothers |pages=25, 48 |author-link=Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69951.1|title=I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871 |last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin F |date=1871 |website=collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca |publisher=McCord Museum |access-date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69993.1|title=I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871 |last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin F |date=1871 |website=collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca |publisher=McCord Museum |access-date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69927|title=I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871 |last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin F |date=1871 |website=collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca |publisher=McCord Museum |access-date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69927.1|title=I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871 |last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin F |date=1871 |website=collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca |publisher=McCord Museum |access-date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-69928.1|title=I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871 |last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin F |date=1871 |website=collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca |publisher=McCord Museum |access-date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin |date=1978 |title=Benjamin Baltzly: photographs & journal of an expedition through British Columbia, 1871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stQCAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Coach House Press |pages=32, 127 |isbn=9780889100435 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jcah-ahac.concordia.ca/pdf/download/jcah-ahac_35-1_baltzly |title=The Journal of Benjamin F Baltzly|last=Baltzly |first=Benjamin F |date=1871 |website=concordia.ca |publisher=Journal of Canadian Art History, Concordia|access-date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref>

Records of decisions on the reserves are listed online in the BC Provincial Collection at the Federal and Provincial Collections of Minutes of Decision, Correspondence, and Sketches which is a collection of materials produced by the Joint Indian Reserve Commission and Indian Reserve Commission from 1876–1910. Decisions for North Thompson 1, Nekalliston 2, Barriere River 3, and Louis Creek 4 are item 1081/78, from July 5, 1877. Barriere River 3 was sold in 1921 in exchange for Barriere River 3A.<ref name="JIRC">{{cite web |url=http://jirc.ubcic.bc.ca/node/3 |title=BC Provincial Collection |last=Joint Indian Reserve Commission |first=The |website=jirc.ubcic.bc.ca |publisher=Union of BC Indian Chiefs |access-date=August 17, 2017 |quote=Binder 2: p 4, 26-30}}</ref><ref name="Schedule">{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/first-nations/indian-affairs-annual-reports/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=33396|title=Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Dominion of Canada Part 2, Reserves in the Province of British Columbia Recompiled and Corrected up to March 31, 1943|website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Library and Archives Canada|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref>

These decisions were made by [[Alexander Caulfield Anderson|A. C. Anderson]] during a trip up the [[North Thompson River]] with Chief André on July 3–5, 1877 to as far as Little Fort. This decision was made at a time when other First Nations in the area were considering going to war over their treatment by the government.<ref name="Anderson" />{{rp|202}}<ref name="Harris" />{{rp|122f}}<ref name="Journal" /><ref>{{cite book |last=British Columbia |date=1878 |title=Sessional Papers, Expenses of Indian Commission |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4lAQAAIAAJ |location=Victoria |page=504 |quote=$8 spent July 4+5 1877 for survey of North Thompson Reserve}}</ref>

The sale of Barriere River 3 and the Boulder Creek reserve are listed in the 1943 Schedule. Boulder Creek was allotted by Royal Commission on February 24, 1916.<ref name="Schedule" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=q-00000-00---off-0finalre8--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-boulder--00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=finalre8&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASH01cb3881bc574c1df759677a.26 |title=McKenna-McBride Royal Commission, Minutes of Decision-Kamloops Agency |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 10, 1916 |website=gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca |publisher=Union of BC Indian Chiefs |access-date=August 24, 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Shuswap Nation Tribal Council]]
*[http://secwepemc.sd73.bc.ca/sec_home/sec_resourfs.html/ School District 73 Secwepemc Resources]<ref>{{cite web
 | url =http://secwepemc.sd73.bc.ca/sec_home/sec_resourfs.html
 | title = Secwepemc Resources
 | website = sd73.bc.ca
 | access-date = August 10, 2017
 }}</ref>
*Dunford, Murial Poulton. [http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf/ "The Simpcw of the North Thompson"] British Columbia Historical News, Vol. 35, No. 3, Summer 2002<ref name="Dunford">{{cite journal |last1=Dunford |first1=Murial Poulton |date=2002 |title=The Simpcw of the North Thompson |url=http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchn_2002_summer.pdf |journal=British Columbia Historical News |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=6–8 |access-date=August 10, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/351875cea91308da3182df1ff4a6e9ba/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28071|title=The Simpcw of the North Thompson|website=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docplayer.net/37351582-Historical-news-british-columbia-volume-35-no-3-summer-2002-5-00-issn-journal-of-the-british-columbia-historical-federation.html|title = HISTORICAL NEWS BRITISH COLUMBIA. Volume 35, No. 3 Summer 2002 $5.00 ISSN Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation - PDF Free Download}}</ref>
*[http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Secwepemc-Land-Laws-1.pdf/ Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project]<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Secwepemc-Land-Laws-1.pdf
 |title=Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project
 |date=2016
 |website=shuswapnation.com
 |access-date=August 11, 2017
 }}</ref>
*[http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=07186&lang=eng First Nation Profile] at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=yDeHDAAAQBAJ The New Trail of Tears: How Washington Is Destroying American Indians]<ref>{{cite book |last=Riley |first=Naomi |date=July 26, 2016 |title= The New Trail of Tears: How Washington Is Destroying American Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDeHDAAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher= Encounter Books|isbn=9781594038532 }}</ref>
*Ignace, Marianne (1998). "Shuswap" in [[Handbook of North American Indians#Volume 12: Plateau|Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 12]]<ref name="Ignace">
{{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Ignace
  | first = Marianne Boelscher
  | editor-last = Walker Jr.
  | editor-first = Deward E.
  | title = Handbook of North American Indians
  | trans-title = Shuswap
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SUEqUylPDJEC
  | year = 1998
  | publisher = Smithsonian Institution
  | volume = 12
  | location = Washington
  | isbn = 0-16-049514-8
  | pages = 203–219
}}</ref>
*[[Cole Harris|Harris, R. Cole]] (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4xo_Nqh0O_AC Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia]<ref name="Harris">{{cite book |last=Harris |first=R. Cole |date=2002 |title=Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xo_Nqh0O_AC |location=Vancouver |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=0774809000 |author-link=Cole Harris}}</ref>
*Ignace, Ron (2008). [http://shuswapnation.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Ron-Ignace-PhD-Thesis.pdf Our Oral Histories Are Our Iron Posts: Secwepemc Stories and Historical Consciousness], doctoral thesis, Simon Fraser University.
*Anderson, Nancy Marguerite (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0k4FdGBXSJoC The Pathfinder: A.C. Anderson’s Journeys in the West]. Heritage House Publishing.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Nancy Marguerite |date=2011 |title=The Pathfinder: A.C. Anderson's Journeys in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k4FdGBXSJoC |publisher=Heritage House Publishing |isbn= 9781927051023}}</ref> 
**Chapter 28 (page 201ff), 'Hawking About the Country: 1877-1883' describes [[Alexander Caulfield Anderson|Anderson]]'s work with the Indian Reserve Commission in the Kamloops area.
*[[Archibald McDonald|McDonald, Archibald]] (1872). McLeod, Malcolm, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W6UNAAAAQAAJ Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828]. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son.<ref name=McDonald />
*[[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Ross, Alexander]] (1849). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AoEFAAAAQAAJ Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co.]
*[[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Ross, Alexander]] (1855). [https://archive.org/details/cihm_40228/ The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co]
*Joint Indian Reserve Commission (1877). Online at [http://jirc.ubcic.bc.ca/node/3/ Union of BC Indian Chiefs Digital Archive].
*[http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768/ Journal of Proceedings of the Commission for the Settlement of the Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia], 1877, NAC, RG 10, vol. 1284 (reel C-13902), Mikan no. 157582.<ref name="Journal">{{cite archive |first= |last= |item =Journal of Proceedings of the Commission for the Settlement of the Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia |item-url = http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=157582&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=157582,161979,2034768|type = |item-id = |date =1877 |page= |pages= |fonds =RG 10 |series =vol. 1284 |file = reel C-13902 |box= |collection = 
Office of the Indian Reserve Commissioner for the Province of British Columbia|collection-url = |repository = |institution = Collections Canada|location = |oclc= |accession= }}</ref>
*[http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=2061517&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=2061517/ Ninety-Seven Pages Census Report of The Shuswap And Okanagan Tribes by Alexander Anderson of The British Columbia Reserve Commission], 1878, NAC, RG 10, vol. 3659 (reel C-10115), Mikan no. 2061517.<ref name="Report">{{cite archive |first= |last= |item =Ninety-Seven Pages Census Report of The Shuswap And Okanagan Tribes by Alexander Anderson of The British Columbia Reserve Commission |item-url = http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=2061517&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=2061517|type = |item-id = |date =1878 |page= |pages= |fonds =RG 10 |series =vol. 3659 |file = reel C-10115 |box=Inventory no.: 10-4 |collection =Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development fonds 
|collection-url = |repository = |institution = Collections Canada|location = |oclc= |accession= }}</ref>
*[[George Mercer Dawson|Dawson, George M.]] (1891). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ssAAAAYAAJ Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia]<ref name="Dawson" />
*[[James Teit|Teit, James]] (1900). [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/13/ "The Thompson Indians of British Columbia" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. I, Pt. IV]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Teit |first=James A. |author-link=James Teit |editor-last= Boas|editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=The Thompson Indians of British Columbia |year=1900 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |volume=I, Part IV |location=New York |hdl=2246/13 }}</ref>
*Smith, Harlan I. (1900). [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/18/ "Archaeology of the Thompson River Region" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. I, Pt. VI]<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Harlan I. |editor-last=Boas |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=Archaeology of the Thompson River Region |year=1900 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |volume=I, Part VI |location=New York |hdl=2246/18 }}</ref>
*[[James Teit|Teit, James]] (1909). [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/38/ "The Shuswap" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. II, Pt. VII]<ref name="Teit"/>
*[[James Teit|Teit, James]] (1912). [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/37/ "The Mythology of the Thompson Indians" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. VIII, Pt. II]<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Teit |first=James A. |author-link=James Teit |editor-last=Boas |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition  |title=The Mythology of the Thompson Indians |year=1912 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |volume=VIII, Part II |location=New York |hdl=2246/37 }}</ref>
*[http://shuswapnation.org/to-sir-wilfrid-laurier/ Laurier Memorial], August 25, 1910.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shuswapnation.org/to-sir-wilfrid-laurier |title=Laurier Memorial |author=The Chiefs of the Shuswap, Okanagan and Couteau or Thompson tribes per their secretary, J.A. Teit |access-date=August 18, 2017 }}</ref>
*[https://kerrycoast.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/memorial-to-frank-oliver-minister-of-the-interior-1911/ Memorial to Frank Oliver], Minister of the Interior, May 10, 1911.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://williamslakeband.ca/?page_id=371  |title=Memorial to Frank Oliver |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerrycoast.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/memorial-to-frank-oliver-minister-of-the-interior-1911 |title=Memorial to Frank Oliver |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=August 18, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDM2606071&R=2606071 |title=Memorial to Frank Oliver, microfilm holding|author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=August 18, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents/42776/42776E.pdf |title=Memorial to Frank Oliver |author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=August 18, 2017 }}</ref>
**Signed by chiefs from the Secwepemc, T’silqot’in, St’lat’limc, Okanagan, Carrier, Thompson (N’lkapmc), Tahltan and Sto:lo Nations including Chief André of the North Thompson.
*[[McKenna–McBride Royal Commission]] (1916). Online at [http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/mckenna_mcbride_royal_commission/ Union of BC Indian Chiefs Digital Archive]<ref name="mckenna">{{cite web |url=http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/mckenna_mcbride_royal_commission/ |title=McKenna-McBride Royal Commission |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1913–1916 |website=www.ubcic.bc.ca |publisher=Union of BC Indian Chiefs |access-date=August 24, 2017 }}</ref>

==Notes==
:1.{{note|a}}The notes published in this book were based on observations made by [[George Mercer Dawson]] in the years 1877, 1888, 1889, and 1890.

==External links==
*[http://www.simpcw.com/ Simpcw First Nation website]
*[http://www.shuswapnation.org/ Shuswap Nation website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1d-CVmbJqU/ Harlan Smith silent film footage, reclaimed, with narration]

==References==
<references/>

{{Secwepemc First Nations}}

[[Category:Secwepemc governments]]
[[Category:Thompson Country]]