View source for Spectacled tyrant

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Spectacled tyrant
| image = Ojos raros (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = male
| image2 = Female spectacled tyrant.jpg
| image2_caption = female
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Hymenops perspicillatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22700266A93766598 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700266A93766598.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Hymenops
| parent_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1828
| species = perspicillatus
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789)
| synonyms = 
| range_map = Hymenops perspicillatus map.svg
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#aa87de|Year-round}}{{leftlegend|#87aade|Non-Breeding}}
}}

The '''spectacled tyrant''' ('''''Hymenops perspicillatus''''') is a species of bird in the tyrant flycatcher [[family (biology)|family]] [[Tyrannidae]]. It is the only species placed in the [[genus]] '''''Hymenops'''''.

It is found in Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; it is a vagrant to Bolivia, Paraguay and south-eastern Brazil, once even in far north-eastern Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sagot-Martin|first1=François|last2=Lima|first2=Rafael Dantas|last3=Pacheco|first3=José Fernando|last4=Irusta|first4=Jorge Bañuelos|last5=Pichorim|first5=Mauro|last6=Hassett|first6=David Maurice|date=2020-09-21|title=An updated checklist of the birds of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, with comments on new, rare, and unconfirmed species|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.25226/bboc.v140i3.2020.a2|s2cid=221823889|issn=0007-1595|doi-access=free}}</ref> Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and swamps.

==Taxonomy==
The spectacled tyrant was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1789 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the wagtails in the [[genus]] ''[[Motacilla]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Motacilla perspicillata''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=969 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656464 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Traylor | editor-first=Melvin A. Jr | author-link=Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr. | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=8 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=178 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14500955 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on "Le clignot ou traquet à lunette" that had been described in 1778 by the French polymath the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]] in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1778 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=5 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=234–236 | chapter=Le clignot ou traquet à lunette | language=French | chapter-url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42410767 }}</ref> The spectacled tyrant is now the only species placed in the genus ''Hymenops'' that was introduced in 1828 by the French naturalist [[René Lesson]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Lesson | first1=René P. | author1-link=René Lesson  | last2=Garnot | first2=Prosper | author2-link=Prosper Garnot | date=1828 | title=Voyage autour du monde : exécuté par ordre du roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825 | volume=1, Livre 6 | language=French | page=239 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38660675 }} For the date of publication see: {{ cite book | last1=Dickinson | first1=E.C. | author1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | last2=Overstreet | first2=L.K. | last3=Dowsett | first3=R.J. | last4=Bruce | first4=M.D. | year=2011 | title=Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers | location=Northampton, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-1-5 | pages=122–123 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Tyrant flycatchers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flycatchers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 March 2023 }}</ref> The genus name is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''humēn'' meaning "skin" or "membrane" and ''ōps'' meaning "eye". The specific epithet ''perspicillatus'' is [[Neo-Latin|Modern Latin]] meaning "spectacled".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n198/mode/1up 198], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n299/mode/1up 299]}}</ref> Within the family Tyrannidae the spectacled tyrant  is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the genus ''[[Knipolegus]]'' containing the black tyrants.<ref name=harvey>{{Cite journal | last1=Harvey | first1=M.G. | display-authors=etal | date=2020 | title=The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot | journal=Science | volume=370 | issue=6522 | pages=1343–1348 | doi=10.1126/science.aaz6970 | pmid=33303617 | bibcode=2020Sci...370.1343H | hdl=10138/329703 | hdl-access=free }} A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website [http://www.harveybirdlab.org/docs/Harveyetal2020_Fig1_tree_HiRes.pdf here].</ref>

Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''H. p. perspicillatus'' ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789) – southeast Brazil, Uruguay and east Paraguay to central north Argentina
* ''H. p. andinus'' ([[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1879) – central Chile and central west, central south Argentina

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Passeriformes|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1056830}}

[[Category:Tyrannidae|spectacled tyrant]]
[[Category:Birds of Argentina]]
[[Category:Birds of Chile]]
[[Category:Birds of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1789|spectacled tyrant]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|spectacled tyrant]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]


{{Tyrannidae-stub}}