View source for V-1 and V-2 intelligence

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict   = V-1 and V-2 Intelligence
|partof     = [[World War II#Advances in technology and warfare|World War II technology & warfare]]
|image      =
|caption    =
|date       =
|place      = [[European Theatre of World War II]]<br />
<small>External media: [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/III/AAF-III-4.html map of V-weapon sites]</small>
|result     = ~25% fewer V-1s struck the [[Historical and alternative regions of England#World War II|London Civil Defence Region]] due to Double Cross{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=423}}
|combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flag|United States}}<br />'''Key Figures:'''<br />
*UK: [[Reginald Victor Jones]]
*USA: [[Allen Dulles]]
|combatant2 = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}<br /><br /><br />
*V-1: Max [[Wachtel]]
*V-2: [[Walter Dornberger]]
|commander1 =
|commander2 =
|strength1  = {{nowrap|PR Squadrons (5 UK, 5 USA, & 4 CA){{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=113}} }}<br />[[espionage|agents]] & informants
|strength2  = {{nowrap|V-1: 16 batteries of 220 men}} <!-- <ref name=AxisHistory>{{cite web |date=August 12, 1943 |title=Flak Regiment 155 |url=http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=49&t=93265&st=0&sk=t&sd=a&start=30 |work= Axis History Forum |access-date=2010-03-06}} (the forum posting cites Jones)</ref>  --> 
|casualties1= <!--AGIR agents KIA:Jules Mailly Olivier Giran{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=364}} and the Peenemünde informants were killed in HYDRA, but how many photorecon pilots died?  POW: agents Hollard and Amniarix-->
|casualties2=
}}
{{Polish Underground State sidebar}}

[[Military intelligence]] on the [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]] and [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] weapons{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=437}} developed by the Germans for attacks on the United Kingdom during the [[Second World War]] was important to countering them.{{Rp|437}} Intelligence came from a number of sources and the Anglo-American intelligence agencies used it to assess the threat of the German [[V-weapons]].

The activities included use of the [[Double Cross System]] for counter-intelligence and the British ([[code name]]d) "[[V-1 and V-2 Intelligence#Big Ben|Big Ben]]" project to reconstruct and evaluate German missile technology{{sfn|McGovern|1964|p=74}} for which Denmark, Poland, Luxembourg, Sweden, and the [[USSR]] provided assistance.
German [[counter-intelligence]] [[wiktionary:ruses|ruses]] were used to mislead the Allies about [[V-1 flying bomb facilities|V-1 launch sites]] and the [[Peenemünde Army Research Center]] which were [[Operation Crossbow|targeted for attacks]] by the Allies.

The Polish resistance [[Home Army]] (''Armia Krajowa''), which conducted military operations against occupying German forces, was also heavily involved in [[military intelligence|intelligence]] work. This included operations investigating the German ''[[Wunderwaffe]]'':  the '''[[V-1 flying bomb]]''' and the '''[[V-2 rocket]]'''. [[British intelligence]] received their first Polish report regarding the development of these weapons at [[Peenemünde]] in 1943.{{sfn|Garliński|1978|p=221}}<ref>FOOTNOTE:  Regarding the "widespread conviction" and Wojewódzki (pgs 18, 252) claim that :<blockquote>''Polish authorities in London received despatches and reports on the subject of Peenemünde as early as 1942,''</blockquote> the archives of the VIth Bureau that remained in Polish hands after the war and which, as of 1984, were to be found complete in the Polish Underground Movement (1939–45) Study Trust in London. Among them is "not a single document from 1942 concerning the V-1 and the V-2, nor has any been entered in the day-book of the VIth Bureau", and the lack of documentation regarding the claim was confirmed by Colonel Protasewicz and Lieutenant Colonel Bohdan Zielinski, head of the Bureau of Military Studies in the Home Army Intelligence in Warsaw 1943-44.</ref>

==Early reports==
[[Image:V-2 Bug.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Part of a V-2 rocket recovered from the [[Bug River]] after the war]]

By the summer of 1941 Home Army intelligence began receiving reports from its field units regarding some kind of secret tests being carried out by the Germans on the island of [[Usedom]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. A special "Bureau" was formed within intelligence group "Lombard", charged with espionage inside the 3rd Reich and the Polish areas incorporated into it after 1939, to investigate the matter and to coordinate future actions. Specialized scientific expertise was provided to the group by the engineer [[Antoni Kocjan]], "Korona", a renowned pre-war [[Glider (sailplane)|glider]] constructor. Furthermore, as part of their operations the "Bureau" managed to recruit an Austrian anti-Nazi, [[Roman Traeger]] (T-As2), who was serving as an NCO in the [[Wehrmacht]] and was stationed on Usedom. Trager provided the AK with more detailed information regarding the "flying torpedoes" and pinpointed [[Peenemünde]] on Usedom as the site of the tests. The information obtained led to the first report from the AK to the British which was purportedly written by {{ill|Jerzy Chmielewski|pl}}, "Rafal", who was in charge of processing economic reports the "Lombard" group obtained.

==Operation Most III==
{{main article|Operation Most III}}
[[Image:Home Army intelligence on V1 and V2.JPG|thumb|right|280px|Intelligence reports on the V-1 and V-2]]
After V-2 flight testing began at the [[Blizna V-2 missile launch site]] (the first launch from there was on November 5, 1943), the AK had a unique opportunity to gather more information and to intercept parts of test rockets (most of which did not explode).

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:V-2 Bug parts.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Parts of the recovered V-2 rocket]] -->
The AK quickly located the new testing ground at Blizna thanks to reports from local farmers and AK field units, who managed to obtain on their own pieces of the fired rockets, by arriving on the scene before German patrols. In late 1943 in cooperation with British intelligence, a plan was formed to make an attempt to capture a whole unexploded V-2 rocket and transport it to Britain.

At the time, opinion within British intelligence was divided. One group tended to believe the AK accounts and reports, while another was highly sceptical and argued that it was impossible to launch a rocket of the size reported by the AK using any known fuel.
Then in early March 1944, British Intelligence Headquarters received a report of a Polish Underground worker (code name "Makary") who had crawled up to the [[Blizna V-2 missile launch site|Blizna]] railway line and saw on a flatcar heavily guarded by SS troops "an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo."{{sfn|McGovern|1964|p=42}} The Polish intelligence also informed the British about usage of liquid oxygen in a radio report from June 12, 1944. Some experts within both British and Polish intelligence communities quickly realized that learning the nature of the fuel utilized by the rockets was crucial, and hence, the need to obtain a working example.

From April 1944, numerous test rockets were falling near Sarnaki village, in the vicinity of the [[Bug River]], south of [[Siemiatycze]]. The number of parts collected by the Polish intelligence increased. They were then analyzed by the Polish scientists in Warsaw. According to some reports, around May 20, 1944, a relatively undamaged V-2 rocket fell on the swampy bank of the Bug near Sarnaki and local Poles managed to hide it before German arrival. Subsequently, the rocket was dismantled and smuggled across Poland.<ref name="Wojewódzki">{{cite book |last=Wojewódzki|first=Michał|title=Akcja V-1, V-2|year=1984|location=Warsaw |language=pl|isbn=83-211-0521-1}}  FOOTNOTE: there are no material evidence, nor first-hand reports on capturing a whole rocket in May 1944, only several second-hand ones. An Intelligence report from June 12 mentions only parts of a rocket.</ref>  [[Operation Most III]] (Bridge III) secretly transported parts of the rocket out of Poland for analysis by British intelligence.

==Impact on the course of the war==
While the early knowledge on a rocket by AK was quite a feat in pure intelligence terms, it did not necessarily translate into significant results on the ground. On the other hand, the AK did alert the British as to the dangers posed by both missile designs, which led them to allocate more resources to bombing production and launching sites and thus lessened the eventual devastation caused by them.  Also, the [[Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II|Operation Hydra]] bombing raid on Peenemünde, purportedly carried out on the basis of Home Army intelligence, did delay the V-2 by [[Operation Crossbow#Strategic bombing|six to eight weeks]].{{sfn|Middlebrook|1982|p=222}}

==Timeline==
*Key
**PR — [[aerial reconnaissance|aerial photographic reconnaissance]]
**[[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]]- exchange of early stray V2 rocket.
**[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] — events regarding [[Nazi Germany]] [[V-weapon]] planning
**[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] — locations in [[German occupation of France during World War II|Occupied France]] ({{lang-de|[[Military Administration in Belgium and North France|Nordfrankreich]]}})
**[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] — Polish reports of the [[Armia Krajowa]]
**[[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px]] — Reports gathered by the [[Luxembourg Resistance]]
**[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]], [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] — events regarding [[Allies of World War II|Anglo-American]] intelligence
**[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]], [[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]], [[File:Roundel of Germany – Type 1 – Border.svg|12px]] — military operations (RAF, US, [[Luftwaffe]])

{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Chronology
! width=8%  | Date
! width=8% | Location/Topic
! Event
|-
| {{dts|1939-11-02|format=dmy}}
| [[Oslo Report]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] German scientist [[Hans Ferdinand Mayer]] anonymously sent information and a sample of German technology to the British embassy in [[Oslo]]. He warned the British of current German technology including radar and planned German secret weapons such as rockets and winged missiles. Reception of the report was mixed with some believing it to be misdirection. Some of the information was second-hand and proved to be incorrect.<!--ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|107}} SHOULD ALSO BE IN Jones' BOOK and --> "Head of the Scientific Section of [[Secret Intelligence Service|M.I.6]]".
|-
|1941
|Peenemünde
|German scientist [[Paul Rosbaud]] and Norwegian [[XU]] agent [[Sverre Bergh]] submitted the first detailed description of the Peenemünde facilities and size/shape of missiles to British intelligence. Their reports were largely ignored until corroborated in 1943.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Griffen - den største spionhistorien|last=Kramish|first=Arnold|publisher=J. W. Cappelens Forlag|year=1987|isbn=978-82-02-10743-7|location=Oslo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Spion i Hitlers Rike|last=Bergh|first=Sverre|publisher=Cappelen|year=2006|isbn=978-82-04-12361-9|location=Oslo}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1942-05-15|format=dmy}}
| [[Peenemünde Army Research Center|Peenemünde]]: [[Test Stand VII|P-7]]<!--Huzel uses P-7 instead of P-VII-->
|{{sort|PR1942-05-15|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] The [[Peenemünde Army Research Center|Peenemunde research centre]] was photographed by a British photo-reconnaissance [[Supermarine Spitfire]]. The photographs{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=114}} showed "unusual" circular embankments but these were "dismissed".<!--CITATION: Ordway p. 114, BUT THE SOURCE IS PROBABLY "Evidence in Camera", 2004-->
|-
| {{dts|1943-01-05|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|PR1943-01-19|}}[[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px]] [[Luxembourg Resistance]] members around Dr {{ill|Fernand Schwachtgen|lb}} ("John the Blind") and Pierre Ginter provide the British military intelligence for the first time with a smuggled sketch concerning information on the development of V1 rockets. This information were gathered by Luxembourgish forced laborers working at the Peenemünde Army Research Center and passed on to the Luxembourg resistance.<ref name="auto">Aloyse Raths - Unheivolle Jahre für Luxemburg 1940-1945 p. 259-261</ref>
|-
|-
| {{dts|1943-01-19|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|PR1943-01-19|}}[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] The US requested photo-reconnaissance of [[Usedom]] island.{{sfn|Garliński|1978|p=61}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-03-22|format=dmy}}
|
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma]], a General captured in [[North African campaign|North Africa campaign]] was secretly recorded while in a British prison. In conversation with a fellow prisoner-of-war he disclosed he had seen the launch of a "huge" rocket{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=333}} circa 1936-7.
|-
| {{dts|1943-04-22|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde: P-7
|{{sort|PR1943-04-22|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] [[de Havilland Mosquito]] ''DZ473'' was carrying out [[bomb damage assessment]] on [[History of Szczecin#In the Third Reich (1933-1945)|Stettin]]. On leaving Stettin, they left their cameras "running all down the north coast of Germany."  The photograph interpreters at [[RAF Medmenham]] noticed an object of {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Bowman|1999|p=16}} —an "enormous cloud of steam" that had disappeared 4 seconds later in the subsequent image.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}  The "object" was both the cooling steam from leaky flame deflector pipes<!--Huzel--> and the flames of a V-2 motor at the end of a test{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=339, 433}} being directed horizontally by the P-7 flame trenches.
|-
| {{sort|1943-05-15|1943-05}}
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|US|}}[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] The senior US intelligence representative in Switzerland ([[Allen Dulles]]) identified Peenemünde to the US.{{sfn|Collier|1976|p=143}}<!-- just prior to the formation of the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] on June 13.-->  In 1943, agent "[[Fritz Kolbe|George Wood]]" began providing Dulles with intelligence<!-- that included V-1 and V-2 data-->.{{Specify|reason=THE Fritz Kolbe WIKIARTICLE MAKES THIS CLAIM BUT DOESN'T IDENTIFY A SPECIFIC PIECE OF INTEL|date=March 2010}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-05-17|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Blockhaus d'Éperlecques|Watten]]
|{{sort|PR1943-05-17|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] After an agent had reported "enormous trenches" at Watten during April, photoreconnaissance showed the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais#History|Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] site was "a large rail-, and canal-served clearing in the woods, possibly a gravel pit."{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} [[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]] The Watten blockhouse, which was being constructed for launching V-2s, was bombed for the first time on August 27, 1943 as a suspected [[V-1 flying bomb]] site.
|-
| {{dts|1943-05-14|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde: P-7
|{{sort|PR1943-05-14|}} Two sorties photographed an "unusually high level of activity" at "the Ellipse" (the Reich Director of Manpower was visiting for a V-2 test launch).{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|58}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-06-04|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px]] The Luxembourg Resistance provided [[R.V. Jones]] of the British military intelligence with additional smuggled sketches concerning the northwestern [[Usedom]] island as well as more detailed information concerning the Peenmünde Army Research Center.<ref name="auto"/> The information were gathered and passed via the "[[Famille Martin]]" network.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=338}}  Also in June, agent [[Leon Henri Roth]] at Peenemünde reported "development of a large rocket which made a noise resembling that of 'a squadron at low altitude."{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=337}}  Luxembourgish [[forced labor]]ers of the V-2 test center were housed at Camp [[Trassenheide]], and two  additional reports beginning in June from the camp (sent via Spain) identified the "rocket assembly hall", "experimental pit", and "launching tower".{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|139}}
|-
| 1943-06-12
| {{nowrap|Peenemünde: P-7}}
|{{sort|PR1943-06-12|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] Mosquito PR sortie N/853{{sfn|Middlebrook|1982|p=41}} showed: "a white-[[:wiktionary:-ish|ish]] cylinder about 35 feet long and 5 or so feet in diameter with fins"{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=300c,340}}
|-
| 1943-06-22
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] A disgruntled officer in a [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]] weapons department reported "winged' missiles… Thirty catapults had been constructed…fifteen were already serviceable."{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=338}} <br />[[File:Roundel of Germany – Type 1 – Border.svg|12px]]At [[Peenemünde Airfield|Peenemünde-West]] on December 24, 1942, the first ramp-launched [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]] traveled 3,000 yards{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|25}}{{sfn|Collier|1976|p=18}} and was the first flight powered by the [[Argus As 014]] [[pulse jet engine]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pocock|first= Rowland F|title=German Guided Missiles of the Second World War|year=1967 |publisher=Arco Publishing Company, Inc |location=New York |page=22}}</ref>
|-
| 1943-06-23
| Peenemünde: P-7
|{{sort|PR1943-06-23|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] PR by a [[No. 540 Squadron RAF]] Mosquito PR.4 showed two V-2s<ref>Collier, 1976 {{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Cooksley|1979|p=53}} which were identified by interpreter André Kenny.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1351907/Constance-Babington-Smith.html |url-access=subscription  | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Constance Babington Smith | date=9 August 2000   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713163056/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1351907/Constance-Babington-Smith.html |archive-date= 13 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 1943-06-29
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Churchill and the [[Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II#Cabinet Defence Committee (Operations)|Cabinet Defence Committee (Operations)]] reviewed V-2 intelligence: "Peenemünde is … beyond the range of our radio navigation beams and … we must bomb by moonlight, although the German night fighters will be close at hand and it is too far to send our own. Nevertheless, we must attack it on the heaviest possible scale."<ref name=ScienceMuseum>
{{cite web |title=The V2 rocket: A romance with the future |url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/defiant_modernism/01.ST.03/?scene=9&tv=true |work=Science in war |publisher=The Science Museum |year=2004 |access-date=2008-09-22 }}</ref>
|-
| 1943-07-26
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|PR1943-07-26|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] Mosquito PR prior to the Hydra attack detected new anti-aircraft guns and a row of six smoke generators.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|82}}
|-
| 1943-08-16
| Peenemünde
|Two days prior to the [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] bombing raid on the scientists quarters, workshops, and experimental facilities, a [[Westland Lysander]] picked up French agent Lèon Faye who carried "a detailed report of the top secret V-weapon rocket development at Peenemünde" to England.<ref>{{cite book |last=Verity |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Verity |title=We Landed by Moonlight |page=118}} (cited by Middlebrook p. 39)</ref>
|-
| 1943-08-22
| Denmark
|An air-launched test of an overfuelled V-1 from the "G.A.F. Research Center, Karlshagen" (Peenemunde),{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} [[Bornholm#History|crashed on Bornholm]], and {{ill|Hasager Christiansen|de}} obtained photos of the automatic pilot, compressed air cylinder, main fuselage and wings before the German recovery team arrived.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=300d}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-09|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde: P-7
|PR showed P-7 bomb craters,{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=174e}} but Peenemünde personnel had fabricated post-Hydra bomb damage by creating craters in the sand, by blowing-up lightly damaged and minor buildings, and by painting "black and white lines to simulate charred beams".{{sfn|Middlebrook|1982|p=198}} Research and development on the V-2 continued promptly despite Operation Hydra, and the next V-2 test launch was 49 days later.
|-
| 1943-09-07
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] An [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] intercept identified that an agent tasked with gathering rocket intelligence had been captured ([[Jeannie Rousseau]] "Amniarix" survived the war).{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=353}}
|-
| 1943-09-19<!--date Jones got the diagram which Lindemann used to prepare the questionnaire -->
|
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] The 'Questionnaire…to establish the practicability…of the German Long-Range Rocket' was distributed regarding the interpretation of V-2 intelligence:{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|131}}  "it is not without precedent for the Germans to have succeeded while we doubted: [[Battle of the Beams|the beams]] are a sufficient example." (September 25, R. V. Jones<!--circulated paper-->)<!--{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=358}}--> vs. "at the end of the war, when we knew the full story we should find that the ''[60 ton]'' rocket was a [[wiktionary:mare's nest|mare's nest]]" (October 25, [[Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell|Lord Cherwell]]).{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|3,159}}
|-
| 1943-09-28
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[V-3 cannon]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] The [[Central Interpretation Unit]] issued a report on the Marquise-Mimoyecques site ([[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]]1st bombed November 5 as a suspected V-2 launch bunker).{{Citation needed|reason=THE V-3 Cannon WIKIARTICLE MAKES THE SAME CLAIM WITHOUT CITATION|date=March 2010}}
|-
| 1943-09-30
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|PR1943-09-30|}} 133 V-weapon facilities had been photographed by the [[No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF|PRU]]{{sfn|Bowman |1999|p=18}} including [[V-1 flying bomb (facilities)#V-1 storage depots|V-1 flying bomb storage depots]] in Occupied France under construction since August.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|194}} (They were not used for the modified sites.){{sfn|Jones|1978|p=423}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-09|format=dmy}}<!--Jones p357 says "in the next few months" after "14th September"-->
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] After a [[Réseau AGIR]] informant reported{{When|date=February 2010}} unusual construction in [[Upper Normandy]],{{Specify|WHICH SITE?|date=February 2010}} [[Michel Hollard]] smuggled a report via Switzerland that identified six [[V-1 flying bomb (facilities)|V-1 sites]].<ref name=AfterTheBattle/>{{Rp|3}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-10|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Yvrench|Bois Carré]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] The Réseau AGIR reported the Bois Carré V-1 site (1.4&nbsp;km east of Yvrench)<ref>{{cite web |title=Michel Hollard |url=https://www.christianch.ch/index.php/geschichte/michel-hollard |publisher=christianCH.ch |access-date=2020-01-29|language=de}}</ref> had "a concrete platform with centre axis pointing directly to London".{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=300e,360}}  The network reconnoitered 104<ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 2004 |title=Eurostar remembers Michel Hollard |url=http://www.atoc-comms.org/dynamic/toc-press-story/257320/Eurostar-remembers-Michel-Hollard-160-160-the-man-who-saved-London |access-date=2010-03-15}}</ref> V-1 facilities and provided rough sketches such as one by André Comps of Bois Carré.<ref name=AfterTheBattle>

{{Cite magazine |year=1974 |title=The V-Weapons |url=http://www.afterthebattle.com/ab-con1.html#index |magazine=After The Battle |pages=3, 14, 16 |access-date=2007-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312065112/http://www.afterthebattle.com/ab-con1.html#index |archive-date=2009-03-12   |issue=6 }}</ref>{{Rp|3}} Comps copied the blueprints after Hollard had him infiltrate the site as a [[Drafter|draughtsman]].<!--{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=362}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1943-10-03|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]]
|{{sort|RAF|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] [[List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons|No. 542 Squadron RAF]] photographed the Siracourt bunker<ref name=AfterTheBattle/> ([[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]] 1st bombed January 31, 1944).<ref>McKillop, January 1944</ref>
|-
| {{sort|1943-10-20|1943 autumn}}
|
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] The PR image of a {{Convert|40|x|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} object with {{sic|"three}} fins" and a blunt nose (later identified as a V-2 without warhead) was code named ''Bodyline''.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|149}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-10-21|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|PR1943-10-21|}}PR was ordered for the whole of [[German occupation of France during World War II|Northern France]].{{sfn|Collier|1976|p=36}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-10-28|format=dmy}}<!--Bowman p 92 says October 28 1942(sic)-->
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] Bois Carré
|{{sort|PR1943-11-03|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] PR by Mosquito ''LR424''{{sfn|Bowman|1999|p=18}} of [[No. 540 Squadron RAF]] was the first to show "ski-shaped buildings" at the Bois Carré (Yvrench) site.<ref name=Sharp>{{cite book |last1=Sharp |first1=C. Martin |last2=Bowyer |first2=Michael J. F.  |year=1971 |title=Mosquito |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iogeAQAACAAJ |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |page=132 |isbn=978-0-85979-115-1}}</ref>{{Rp|132}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-11-03|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] Bois Carré
|{{sort|PR1943-11-03|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] PR by Mosquito on [[No. 541 Squadron RAF]] sortie E/463<ref name=NCAP>{{cite web |title=Operation Crossbow - V1 Bois Carré Sites |url=http://aerial.rcahms.gov.uk/006-008-000-695-C |work=The National Collection of Aerial Photography |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |access-date=2011-12-26}}</ref> confirmed existence of a concrete platform with axis pointing directly towards London, as informed by an agent infiltrating the Bois Carré (Yvrench) construction site.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=300e}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-11-28|format=dmy}}
| [[Peenemünde Airfield|Peenemünde-West]]
|{{sort|PR1943-11-28|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] Mosquito PR by Sqn Ldr Merrifield and F/O Whalley{{sfn|Bowman|1999|p=18}} (scheduled by Jones for a likely V-1 launch time),{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=367}} photographed a "midget aircraft"<!--quote from Bowman 18--> on the ramp at the edge of the Peenemünde-West airfield, which Babington-Smith detected on December 1.  An additional ramp was between [[Zinnowitz]] and [[Zempin]], and the small aircraft was [[code name]]d 'Peenemünde 20'.{{sfn|Cooksley|1979|p=44}} <!--(miniature aircraft 'Peenemünde 30' was the [[Messerschmitt Me 163|Me 163 Komet]]).--><!--<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|117}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1943-11|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|PR1943-11|}}72 "ski sites" had been photographed.<ref name=Gurney/>{{Rp|184}}
|-
| {{dts|1943-12-04|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|PR1943-12-04|}}PR was again conducted across Northern [[France]]<ref name=AfterTheBattle/>{{Rp|3}} just before the December 5 start of "''[[Operation Crossbow|Crossbow Operations Against Ski Sites]]''", which the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] authorized on December 2.<ref>Bomber Command Campaign Diary</ref> [[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]]The [[Ninth Air Force]] conducted [[V-1 flying bomb (facilities)#V-1 launching sites|the first attack]] (3 sites at [[Ligescourt]]), and the 1st major strike on ski sites by [[VIII Bomber Command]] was December 24.<!--<ref name=McKillop/-->
|-
| {{dts|1943-12-04|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] 'Druides' agent Amniarix ('''Jeannie Rousseau''') reported the V-1 organization was moving and being renamed from [[Flak]] Regiment 155W to Flak Gruppe [[Creil]].{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=354,374}}<!-- [[Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)#Luftwaffe V-1 fixed/mobile ramps units|Luftflotte 3]] had a V-1 unit.-->
|-
|{{dts|1944-01-04|format=dmy}}
| [[The Pentagon]]<br /><br />[[Operation Crossbow Site|Eglin Field]]
|{{sort|UKUS|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[William Napier, 13th Lord Napier|Brigadier Napier]] of the [[Ministry of Supply#World War II|Ministry of Supply]] briefed the [[Military history of the United States during World War II#European and North African Theaters|US military]] regarding German long range weapon intelligence, and [[General Ismay]] directed reports be shared with the US.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}  The US "Crossbow Committee" under General Stephen Henry of the New Developments Division{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=29}} first met on January 6 after forming on December 29.  In February and March, the US used [[technical intelligence]] data to build [[Operation Crossbow Site|full-size replicas of ski site buildings]] to plan bombing tactics.{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=29}}  <!--In July, Eisenhower's Scientific Advisor, General Bob [[Robertson]], became R. V. Jones' deputy on the British air intelligence team.--><!--{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=425}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-02|format=dmy}}
| Peenemunde: P-7
|{{sort|PR1944-02|}}PR showed roads north of the ellipse that matched roadways later discovered after the [[Normandy Invasion]] at the [[Le Molay-Littry|Château de Molay]] V-2 site.<!--{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=396c,433}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-02-25|format=dmy}}
|
|{{sort|Z|}}[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] The 1st transportable V-1 catapult ramp was ready (95 were ready by the end of March).{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}{{Rp|194}}  Ramp sections built by the [[Hellmuth Walter|HWK]] in Kiel were hidden from PR until enough V-1s were ready for an initial assault.  An October 22/23, 1943, [[Area bombing directive|area bombing]] had [[Bombing of Kassel in World War II|wrecked Kassel homes]] of [[Fieseler]] workers, delaying their transfer to the new V-1 plant at [[Rothwesten]] and as a result, delaying "''the final trials of the ''[V-1]'' weapon's power unit, control-gear, diving mechanism, compass and air-log''" until February{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and production for "three or four" months.<ref>{{cite book |last=D'Olier |first=Franklin |author2=Alexander |author3=Ball |author4=Bowman |author5=Galbraith |author6=Likert |author7=McNamee |author8=Nitze |author9=Russell |author10=Searls |author11=Wright |date=September 30, 1945 |chapter=The Secondary Campaigns |chapter-url=http://www.usaaf.net/surveys/eto/ebs14.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090317/http://www.usaaf.net/surveys/eto/ebs14.htm |archive-date=2008-05-16 |title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (European War) |access-date=2008-09-22}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080528051903/http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/USSBS/USSBS.pdf Alternate version]) (cited by Mets p. 239, which has the "three or four" numbers)</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1944-03|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|Z|}}[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] A plan for underground concealment of a total of 5000 V-1s to supply 8 depots (each holding 250 more for the modified launchers){{citation needed|date=March 2013}} was initiated for<ref name=Henshall/> [[Nucourt]]'s limestone caves, [[Rilly-la-Montagne]]'s rail tunnel, and [[Saint-Leu-d'Esserent]]'s mushroom caves.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=426}}  Also in March, the [[Brécourt]] [[V-2]] bunker was ordered to be converted to a V-1 bunker.<!--SOURCE: See Brécourt WIKIARTICLE-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-03|format=dmy}}
| [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [[Secret Intelligence Service|Intelligence headquarters]] received a [[Home Army and V1 and V2|Polish report]] of "an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo" on a Blizna railroad car that was heavily guarded by [[Schutzstaffel|SS troops]].{{sfn|McGovern|1964|p=42}}  The [[List of V-2 test launches#Blizna test launch list|first V-2 training launch at Blizna]] had been on November 5, 1943,{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} after Major Weber's experimental staff at [[Köslin]] and Experimental Battery 444 transferred to Blizna at the end of October.<ref name=Dornberger>

{{cite book |last=Dornberger |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Dornberger |others=translated by James Cleugh and Geoffrey Halliday |year=1954 |orig-date=1952: V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall |title=V-2 |publisher=Viking Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-553-12660-0 |edition=1979 Bantam |page=[https://archive.org/details/v2thebantamwarbo00walt/page/214 214] |url=https://archive.org/details/v2thebantamwarbo00walt/page/214 }}</ref>  In May, the 953 (Semi-Mobile) Artillery Detachment started ''Abteilungen'' ("firing detachment") training at Blizna for operations at [[La Coupole|Wizernes]],{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and Ultra decoded [[Enigma machine|Enigma messages]] about the transfer to Blizna.<!--<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|465}}-->{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-04-22|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|US|}}[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] The Crossbow Committee issued a revised ski site diagram based on a January 20 sketch. [[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]][[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]]By the end of March, Anglo-American attacks had destroyed nine ski sites and seriously damaged 35 more.{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=31}} On April 19 at the request of the [[Churchill War Ministry|War Cabinet]], General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] had designated [[Operation Crossbow|Crossbow targets]] as the highest priority for the [[Combined Bomber Offensive]].
|-
| {{dts|1944-04-26|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] "[[Arrondissement of Cherbourg|Belhamelin]], near [[Cotentin Peninsula|Cherbourg]]"
|{{sort|PR1944-04-26|}}PR identified{{Specify|RAF OR USAAF?|date=March 2010}} the 1st camouflaged "modified" site,<ref name=AfterTheBattle/>{{Rp|8}} and 12 more were identified within days.<ref>

{{cite journal |date=October 28, 1957 |title=V-Bomb Photo Search |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA143 |journal=Life Magazine |page=143 |access-date=2010-02-12}}
</ref> [[V-1 flying bomb (facilities)#V-1 launching sites|The V-1 launch site design had been modified]] for simplicity and to use transportable catapult sections, making them "more difficult to discover and easy to replace",<!--{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=424}}--> bombing more difficult, and completion time relatively short when V-1 supplies were sufficient. [[Operation Crossbow|Crossbow]] continued bombing the obsolete and heavily damaged "ski sites" due to a German [[deception]] that portrayed them as being repaired.{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=3}} Additionally, espionage became more difficult as only German & prisoner/[[forced labor]] was used for "modified" sites instead of the previously-used French construction firms.<ref>Zaloga{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1944-04|format=dmy}}
| [[Mittelwerk]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] An intelligence report identified "Sixty flat cars left the plant; three cars had two rockets each in them."<!--<ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|87}}-->  Reports came from 2 Polish laborers of the [[Mittelbau-Dora]] camp.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=454}}{{sfn|Garliński|1978|pp=52, 82}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-05-05|format=dmy}}
| Poland
|{{sort|PR1944-05-05|}}[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] PR of "the flying bomb compound" at Blizna contained an image of a rocket that R. V. Jones subsequently recognized on July 17.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=436}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-06||format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|PR1944-06-06|}}61 modified sites had been photographed,{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and 83 of 96 ski sites had been destroyed (only 2 of the ski sites launched V-1s).{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=32,75}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-10|format=dmy}}
| [[History of Belgium#World War II|Belgium]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] A Belgian agent reported 33 railcars (carrying 99 V-1s) had passed through [[Ghent]].{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=417}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-11|format=dmy}}<!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|417}}-->
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Vignacourt]]
|{{sort|PR1944-06-11|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] PR showed the Vignacourt modified site was being completed, which allowed image interpreters to predict sites would be ready to launch V-1s{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=174d}} within 3 days<ref name=Gurney>{{Cite book |last=Gurney |first=Gene (Major, USAF) |year=1962 |title=The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat |location=New York |publisher=Bonanza Books
|page=184}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-11|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Saleux]]
|{{sort|PR1944-06-11|}}66 modified sites had been photographed.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}  On the 13th just after midnight, the [[Saleux]] site launched the first combat V-1 ([[Hans Kammler]] visited the Saleux V-1 site on August 10).{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=258d}}
|-
| {{sort|1944-06-15|1944-06}}
| [[RAF Medmenham]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] A special Medmenham [[Aerial photographic and satellite image interpretation|image interpretation]] section for site photographs was set up for [[Duncan Sandys]].{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=339}} <!-- and despite policy requiring he only be provided with the intel, [[Stewart (surname)|'Pop' Stewart]] and Roddie Nicholson provided R.V. Jones the photos.--><!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|337}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-13|format=dmy}}
| {{sort|Sweden|}}[[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]]
| Stray test V2 rocket explodes over [[Bäckebo]] Sweden, fired from Peenemünde and aimed at Baltic sea outside island of Bornholm, but overshoots the target area and lands in south Sweden. Remains are shipped to the UK [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/fordon_motor/article3208141.ece].
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-17|format=dmy}}
| Poland
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] An intel report identified apparatus 17053 was sent to Peenemünde from Blizna<!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|434}}-->—launches of [[Mittelwerk]] V-2s [[List of V-2 test launches|17001-17100 (January–April) were at both Peenemünde and Blizna]].
|-
| {{dts|1944-06-30|format=dmy}}
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|UKUS|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] Anglo-American Intelligence had identified [[Nucourt]] and [[Saint-Leu-d'Esserent]] were [[V-1 flying bomb (facilities)|underground V-1 storage]].{{sfn|Collier|1976|p=68,82,84,103 }}  On June 15, 55 sites were launching V-1s,{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and in July, 38 sites launched 316 V-1s over a 24-hour period (25 crashed at launch).{{sfn|Cooksley|1979|p=81}}  By July 10, [[Arthur Tedder]] had assigned 30 [[Operation Crossbow|Crossbow targets]] to [[Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet|Arthur Harris]]' [[RAF Bomber Command]], 6 to [[Allied Expeditionary Air Force|AEAF]] tactical airforce, and 68 to [[Carl Spaatz]]' [[USSTAF]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mets |first=David R. |year=1997|edition=paperback|orig-date=1988 |title=Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spaatz |page=239}}</ref> Code named NOBALL, the targets numbered as high as 147 (i.e., "no ball V1 site No.147, {{sic|[[Ligescourt|Ligercourt]]}}").<ref>{{cite book |last=Clostermann |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Clostermann |year=2004 |title=The Big Show |url=http://www.checksix-fr.com/bibliotheque/index.php?page=detail&ID=5046 |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84619-2 |access-date=2010-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| 1944-07-16
|
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] A report misidentified the likely rocket fuel was [[hydrogen peroxide]] ([[T-Stoff]]),{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=434}} and [[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]][[Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II|attacks were conducted on suspected sources]].
|-
| 1944-07-18
|{{sort|France|}}[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]]
|{{sort|Z|}}[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[Adolf Hitler]] ruled the V-2 launch bunker plans could be abandoned.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}  To reduce the risk of espionage and counterattacks, [[Meillerwagen|mobile firing batteries]] were subsequently used for [[Shoot-and-scoot|launching and then leaving the site]].<ref name=Huzel>{{cite book |last=Huzel|first=Dieter K|title=Peenemünde to Canaveral|year=1960|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ|page=93}}</ref>  An alternate concealment plan for firing V-2s just outside railway tunnels (code named [[Meillerwagen|Regenwurm]]) was also abandoned,<ref name=Huzel/> as was an earlier plan that had constructed fixed concrete launch pads in clearings of Northern France.
|-
| {{dts|1944-07|format=dmy}}
| [[Wright Field]]
|{{sort|US|}}[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] Experts fired a V-1 engine [[Reverse engineering|reconstructed]] from "[[The Blitz#V-Weapons offensive|Robot Blitz]]"<!--Roderick Hill term--> wreckage{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=174b}} (an entire V-1 was reconstructed at [[Republic Aviation]] by September 8).<ref>U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles, (2009), George Mindling, Robert Bolton  {{ISBN|978-0-557-00029-6}}</ref>{{Verify source||date=March 2009}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-07-21|format=dmy}}
|
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] The British inaccurately interpreted the July 18–21 effort of 50 air-launched V-1s had been "ground-launched" from the [[Low Countries]], particularly near [[Ostend]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-07-22|format=dmy}}{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
|
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] The [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] at [[Farnborough Airfield|Farnborough]] issued a report on [[Sweden during World War II#The Bäckebo rocket|June 13 V-2 wreckage from Sweden]] for which the UK agreed to exchange [[Supermarine Spitfires|Spitfires]].{{sfn|Collier|1976|p=103}}  The lack of lubricant in the wreckage's turbopump indicated cooling by a pumped liquefied gas, and intelligence reports about [[liquid oxygen]] as rocket fuel allowed the accurate interpretation that the payload was 2 tons or less.<!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|434,448}}-->  Conversely, the British mistakenly prepared [[Radio jamming|radio jammers]] since the wreckage happened to have [[Wasserfall]] guidance control for a test (only a small portion of combat V-2s used radio motor cutoff—during ascent and with a 10&nbsp;km interference range from the "firing point").<!--ref>Klee & Merk p 78</ref-->  The test was for determining "the [[Electric field screening|influence of the rocket jet on the guidance radio signal.]]"<ref name=Huzel/>{{Rp|100}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-07-28|format=dmy}}{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
| Big Ben
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Eight V-2 parts from Poland along with photographs, drawings, and ''Special Report 1/R no. 242'' arrived in the UK from [[Brindisi]], Italy. In [[Operation Most III]] an RAF [[C-47 Skytrain|Dakota]] had landed at an abandoned German airfield in Poland on July 25/26 and collected the {{convert|100|lb|abbr=on}} of cargo from the Polish underground.{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=158,173}}  The Polish parts came from V-2s launched from Blizna (one had crashed near Sarnaki without exploding on May 20),<!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|443}}--> and [[Home Army and V1 and V2|the underground]] had hidden wreckage in the [[Western Bug]] river.{{sfn|McGovern|1964|p=71}} [[Antoni Kocjan]] prepared the Polish parts and information, which arrived after the British had already obtained similar material from the Swedish V-2 wreckage (as did Sanders' Blizna report).  Most III also transported{{Clarify|which way?|date=July 2011}} Jerzy Chmielewski, who had cycled 200 miles through enemy territory and reported the [[V-2#Airburst problem|V-2 airbursts]] to the British.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=444}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-07-31|format=dmy}}
| 
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] A dummy rocket and a [[Meillerwagen]] erector trailer captured at a V-2 storage site at [[Hautmesnil]] <!--[[Operation Totalize]] --> confirmed the size of the V-2.{{sfn|Jones|1978|p=446}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-08-15|format=dmy}}
| [[Double Cross System]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Use of [[double agents]] to deceive the [[Luftwaffe]] into [[wiktionary:mis-|mis-aiming]] the V-1s continued despite risking civilians in one area over others.<!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|422,424}}-->   After the last V-1 launch in France on September 1, Canadian troops captured the last of the initial V-1 launch sites.<ref name=Henshall>{{cite book |last=Henshall|first=Phillip|title=Hitler's Rocket Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersrocketsit00hens|url-access=registration|year=1985|location=New York |publisher=St Martin's Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrocketsit00hens/page/64 64], 111|isbn=978-0-312-38822-5}}</ref>  Despite intelligence and [[Operation Crossbow|countermeasures]], V-1s killed/seriously injured over 6,000/17,000 UK civilians,<!--SOURCE: Operation Crossbow WIKIARTICLE--> even when only ~1/4 of the V-1s launched at England struck successfully.{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=42}}  Over 8000 V-1s were launched at London<ref>{{cite book |last=von Braun  |first=Wernher |author-link=Wernher von Braun |author2=[[Frederick I. Ordway III|Ordway III, Frederick I]] |author3=Dooling, David Jr |title=Space Travel: A History |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1985|edition=first |orig-date=1975 |isbn=978-0-06-181898-1 |page=105}}</ref>  (2,448 at Antwerp){{sfn|Cooksley|1979|p=82}}—2340 reached the London Civil Defence Region from France,<ref>{{cite book |last=Collier |first=Basil |editor=Butler, J. R. M. |year=1995 |orig-date=1957 |title=The Defence of the United Kingdom |series=[[History of the Second World War]]  |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |isbn=978-1-870423-09-0}} (cited as the "Official History" by Jones, p. 423)</ref> and by June 27 in the UK,{{Verify source|WHAT LOCATION DOES D Eisenhower SPECIFY?|date=March 2010}} "over 200,000 houses had been damaged or destroyed by the V-1… and shattered sewage systems threatened serious epidemics<!-- unless fixed by winter-->."<ref name=Eisenhower>{{cite book |last=Eisenhower |first=David |author-link=David Eisenhower |year=1991 |orig-date=1986 |title=Eisenhower: At War 1943-1945 |location=New York |publisher=Wings Books |page=349 |isbn=978-0-517-06501-3 |quote=Of the 10,500 V-I's launched at England, an estimated 25 percent flew off course because of malfunction.  Roughly 20 percent penetrated British defenses and hit targets, claiming 10,000 lives and 1.1 million homes}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1944-08-25|format=dmy}}
|
|{{sort|UKUS|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]]  Plans for [[aerial reconnaissance]] of V-2 sites were included{{sfn|Gruen|1998|p=37}} in the joint "Plan for Attack on the German Rocket Organization When Rocket Attacks Commence".<ref name=Craven>{{cite book |editor-last=Craven |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor-last2=Cate |editor-first2=James Lea |title=Volume 3 Europe: Argument to V-E Day |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/III/index.html#contents |via=Hyperwar Foundation |series=The Army Air Forces in World War II |page=535 |isbn=978-1-4289-1586-2 }}</ref>  Based on rocket fuel intelligence the plan also identified primary and secondary liquid-oxygen plants as the third priority targets{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} <br />[[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]] Mission 572 on August 24 had targeted rocket fuel production in France and Belgium.<ref name=McKillopAug44>McKillop, ''Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103512/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm August 1944]</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1944-08-25|format=dmy}}
| Belgium
|{{sort|USAAF|}}[[File:US roundel 1942-1943.svg|12px]]  Based on the intelligence of V-2 [[liquid oxygen]], the [[Eighth Air Force]] bombed 5 LOX plants (the next day's mission was "to hit liquid oxygen plants at [[La Louvière]], Torte and [[Willebroek]]").<ref name=McKillopAug44/>
|-
| {{dts|1944-09-08|format=dmy}}
| [[Sound ranging]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Microphones in [[East Kent]] reported the times of the first London V-2s: 18:40:52 and 18:41:08 (at different locations, both Jones and [[Duncan Sandys]] recognized the [[sonic boom|supersonic "double-crack"]]).<!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|459}}-->{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}  The [[Sound ranging#World War II|ranging system]] provided the V-2 "trajectory from which the general launching area could be determined."{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=251}} [[Civil defense]] officials refused to give any public information about the rocket ("It might have been a gas main explosion"), and despite that day's German headline— ''[[Vergeltungswaffe]]-2 Gegen London im Einsatz'' ("Vengeance Weapon 2 in Action Against London")<ref name=Huzel/>{{Rp|119}}—the British's official SECRET statement was that "BIG BEN" had not been "CONFIRMED".<ref name=Johnson>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |year=1982 |title=V-1, V-2: Hitler's Vengeance on London |publisher=Stein and Day |pages=117, 130}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1944-09-17|format=dmy}}
| [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|Netherlands]]
|{{sort|RAF|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] [[Airfield]]s suspected as [[Heinkel He 111|He 111]] bases for V-1 air-launches were attacked{{sfn|Gruen|1998|p=37}} (airfields were bombed at Hopsten, [[Leeuwarden]], [[Steenwijk]], and [[Rheine]]).<ref>[https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706055403/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html Campaign Diary September 1944]</ref> [[File:Roundel of Germany – Type 1 – Border.svg|12px]][[V-1 flying bomb#Experimental, piloted, and long-range variants|Modified V-1s]] were air-launched from September 16-January 14 (865 launches).<ref name=Pocock>

{{cite book |last=Pocock|first=Rowland F|title=German Guided Missiles of the Second World War|year=1967|publisher=Arco Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York|page=104}}</ref>{{Rp|104}} On October 21, the first V-1 launches for [[Operation Donnerschlag]] ("Thunderclap") began from Germany.{{sfn|Zaloga|2008|p=46}}
|-
| {{dts|1944-09-22|format=dmy}}
| Poland
|{{sort|UKUS|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] After the Soviets captured Blizna in July and the Anglo-American Sanders Mission<!-- (with Jones' representative Eric Ackerman)--><!--ref name=Jones/>{{Rp|441}}--> arrived on September 3, Colonel [[Terence Sanders|T.R.B Sanders]] issued his preliminary report.<!--ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|179}}-->
|-
| {{sort|1944-10-15|1944-10}}
| Mittelwerk
|{{sort|PR1944-10-15|}}PR of [[Niedersachswerfen]] showed shadows of railcars consistent with those loaded with V-2s.<!--ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|87}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-10-25|format=dmy}}
| Netherlands
|{{sort|UKUS|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] An informant arrived behind Allied lines with reports of V-2 launches from [[Wassenaar]].<!--ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|224}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-12|format=dmy}}
| [[Royal Artillery]]
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Project Firework was enacted by the [[Army Group Royal Artillery|11th Survey Regiment]]<!--unit name from Collier p 114--> to watch for "all data obtained regarding the origin and flight of enemy rockets" with the use of [[sound ranging]] stations and, after modification, [[History of radar#United Kingdom|the radar stations]] at Swingate, Rye, [[Pevensey]], Poling, and [[Ventnor]] ([[No. 11 Group RAF]]); and Branscombe, Ringstead, and Southbourne ([[No. 10 Group RAF]]) along with the pair at St Lawrence and Newchurch.{{sfn|Cooksley|1979|p=56, 157}}  Radar allowed [[London Passenger Transport Board|London Transport]] to be warned when the predicted impact (5 mile accuracy) was near the [[Tower Subway|Thames subway tunnels]].<!--ref name=Ordway/>{{Rp|258}}-->
|-
| {{dts|1944-12-31|format=dmy}}
| Netherlands
|{{sort|UK|}}[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] At the home of 14 yr old Hans van Wouw Koeleman, who observed and reported{{Clarify|reported to who?|date=July 2011}} a few Dutch coast launches of V-2s, his father toasted the "favourable results the Germans had achieved that night" when a V-2 launch just prior to midnight "to wish Londoners a Happy New Year" failed and hit a German barracks.<ref name=Johnson/>{{Rp|133,177}}
|-
| {{dts|1945-02-08|format=dmy}}
| Peenemünde
|{{sort|PR1945-02-08|}}[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg|20px]] Ten Soviet prisoners led by [[Mikhail Devyatayev]] escape from the concentration camp on [[Usedom]] by stealing the camp commander's plane, which contained special equipment for tracking V-2 launches.  They tell how Germans hide V-2 launch sites on the island using movable trees.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mikhail|first1=Devi︠a︡taev|title=Pobeg iz ada: Na samolete vraga iz nemet︠s︡ko-fashistskogo plena|date=2015|publisher=Moskva : Obshchestvo sokhranenii︠a︡ literaturnogo nasledii︠a︡|location=Moscow, Russia|isbn=978-5-902484-72-1|lccn=2016454013|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1945-03-20|format=dmy}}
| Netherlands
|{{sort|PR1945-03-20|}}[[File:RAF roundel.svg|12px]] After PR showed V-1 sites at [[Ypenburg]] and [[Vlaardingen]], an [[RAF Fighter Command]] squadron attacked the former, while on the 23rd the [[RAF Second Tactical Air Force]] attacked the latter.{{sfn|Collier|1976|p=133–6}}
|-
| {{dts|1945-03|format=dmy}}
| [[Operation Paperclip]]
|{{sort|US|}}A Polish laboratory technician found pieces of the [[Operation Paperclip#Osenberg List|Osenberg List]] of German scientists in a toilet at [[University of Bonn|Bonn University]].{{sfn|McGovern|1964|p=104}} The [[United States Army Ordnance Corps]] used the Osenberg List to compile the list of rocket scientists to be captured and interrogated ([[Wernher von Braun]]'s name was at the top).{{sfn|Ordway|Sharpe|1979 |p=314}}
|-
| {{dts|1945-04-11|format=dmy}}
| Mittelwerk
|{{sort|US|}}[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] After intelligence had said to "expect something a little unusual" at [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]], the Army found the underground factory rockets, the dead [[Mittelbau-Dora|Boelcke Kaserne]] [[forced labor]]ers, and the evacuated [[Dora concentration camp]].  In June 1945, a mission led by the British engineer [[Roy Fedden]] inspected the factory.  Earlier 1944 technical inspections included one by [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] and [[Duncan Sandys]] to Watten on September 10 and one by Colonel T.R.B. Sanders to [[La Coupole|Wizernes]] in November.<ref name=Henshall/>  Similarly in July 1944, both Eisenhower and Churchill had visited the [[Brécourt]] bunker – the latter reportedly dropping an apple he was eating in astonishment of the massive facility.<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |last=Maridor |first=Jean |title= Le site V1 de Cherbourg Brécourt |url=http://www.jean-maridor.org/francais/brecourt.htm |work= Les bombes volantes V1 |access-date=2008-02-27}}</ref>
|-
|}

The day after Strategic Bombing Directive No. 4 ended the strategic air war in Europe, the use of radar was discontinued in the [[Historical and alternative regions of England#World War II|London Civil Defence Region]] for detecting V-2 launches.<!--ref name=Collier/>{{Rp|136}}-->  The last launches had been on March 27 (V-2) and March 29 (V-1 flying bomb).

==See also==
*[[Battle of the V-1]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|30em

}}
;Bibliography
*{{cite book |last=Bowman |first=Martin W |title=Mosquito Photo-Reconnaissance Units of World War 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx85T-eYPdQC&pg=PA19 |via=Google Books |isbn=978-1-85532-891-4 |date=1999-07-15|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}
*{{cite book |last=Collier |first=Basil |year=1976 |orig-date=1964 |title=The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945 |location=Yorkshire |publisher=The Emfield Press |isbn=978-0-7057-0070-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Cooksley |first=Peter G |year=1979 |title=Flying Bomb |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons }}
*{{cite book |last=Garliński|first=Józef|author-link=Józef Garliński|title=Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2|year=1978|publisher=Times Books|location=New York}}
*{{cite web |last=Gruen |first=Adam L  |date=1998 |title=Preemptive Defense, Allied Air Power Versus Hitler's V-Weapons, 1943–1945 |url=http://www.usaaf.net/ww2/preemptivedefense |series=The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II |pages=4(Round 1),5(Round 2) |access-date=2007-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705002929/http://www.usaaf.net/ww2/preemptivedefense/ |archive-date=2009-07-05 }}
*{{cite book |last=McGovern |first=James |year=1964 |title=Crossbow and Overcast |publisher=W. Morrow |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/crossbowovercast00mcgo/ |via=archive.org }}
*{{cite book |last=Middlebrook|first=Martin|title=The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943|year=1982|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ordway |first1=Frederick I III |author-link=Frederick I. Ordway III |last2=Sharpe |first2= Mitchell R |year=1979 |title=The Rocket Team |url=http://www.apogeebooks.com/indices/RocketTeamindex.htm |format=index |series=Apogee Books Space Series 36 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell |location=New York |pages=57,114,117,174b–e,251,258d |isbn=978-1-894959-00-1 |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304025247/http://www.apogeebooks.com/indices/RocketTeamindex.htm |archive-date=2012-03-04 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jones |first=R. V. |author-link=Reginald Victor Jones |year=1978 |title=Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945 |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=978-0-241-89746-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/mostsecretwar0000jone}}
*{{cite web |title=Campaign Diary |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html |work=Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary |publisher=UK Crown |access-date=2009-03-22}}
*{{cite web |last=McKillop |first=Jack |url=http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |title=Combat Chronology of the USAAF |access-date=2007-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610115615/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |archive-date=2007-06-10 }}
*{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |orig-date=2007 |year=2008 |others=<!--Johnson, Hugh & Taylor, Chris (Illustrations)--> |title=German V-Weapon Sites 1943-45  |location=New York |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |series=Fortress 72 |isbn=978-1-84603-247-9}}
<!--
<br />'''1940''':
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_france.html May-June (Battle of France)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207002424/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_france.html |date=2008-12-07}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_bob.html June-October (Battle of Britain)] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_bob.html |date=2007-07-06}}
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary_france.html July-December] ,<br />'''1941''':
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_1.html January-April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011155524/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_1.html |date=2012-10-11}}
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_2.html May-August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303223416/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_2.html |date=2009-03-03}}
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_7.html September- December]<br />'''1942''':
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan42.html January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207003320/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan42.html |date=2008-12-07}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb42.html February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607044832/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb42.html |date=2007-06-07}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar42.html March],
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr42.html April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929070535/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may42.html |date=2012-09-29}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun42.html June] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun42.html |date=2007-07-06}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul42.html July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611032112/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul42.html |date=2007-06-11}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug42.html August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611030306/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug42.html |date=2007-06-11}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep42.html September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610105237/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep42.html |date=2007-06-10}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct42.html October] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct42.html |date=2007-07-06}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov42.html November] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov42.html |date=2007-07-06}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec42.html December] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec42.html |date=2007-07-06}}<br />'''1943''':
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan43.html January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074735/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb43.html February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074327/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar43.html March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074708/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr43.html April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074817/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may43.html May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074220/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun43.html June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074751/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul43.html July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074624/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul43.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug43.html August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011115432/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug43.html |date=2012-10-11}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep43.html September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040929002241/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep43.html |date=2004-09-29}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct43.html October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303235000/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct43.html |date=2009-03-03}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov43.html November] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http:/www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov43.html |date=2007-07-06}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec43.html December] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728094313/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec43.html |date=2012-07-28}}<br />'''1944''':
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan44.html January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611025957/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan44.html |date=2007-06-11}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb44.html February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112173933/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb44.html |date=2007-11-12}}
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar44.html March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074418/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar44.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr44.html April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221074831/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr44.html |date=2006-02-21}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may44.html May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409100024/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may44.html |date=2013-04-09}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun44.html June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611023020/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun44.html |date=2007-06-11}} ([http://www.raf.mod.uk/dday/timeline_june6.html D-Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012042243/http://www.raf.mod.uk/dday/timeline_june6.html |date=2012-10-12}}),
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html July] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html |date=2007-07-06}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug44.html August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607035123/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug44.html |date=2007-06-07}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html September],
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct44.html October],
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov44.html November],
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html December] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html |date=2007-07-06}}<br />'''1945'''
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan45.html January] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http:/www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan45.html |date=2007-07-06}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209165055/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html |date=2013-02-09}},
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar45.html March],
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr45.html April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728094923/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr45.html |date=2012-07-28}} -->
<!--
{{cite web |last=McKillop |first=Jack |url=http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |title=Combat Chronology of the USAAF |access-date=2007-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610115615/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |archive-date=2007-06-10 }}<br />'''1942''':
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/jan42.htm January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204143319/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/jan42.htm |date=2009-02-04}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/feb42.htm February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103911/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/feb42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/mar42.htm March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103117/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/mar42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/apr42.htm April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103421/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/apr42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/may42.htm May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103916/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/may42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/jun42.htm June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102250/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/jun42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/jul42.htm July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103056/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/jul42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/aug42.htm August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102639/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/aug42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/sep42.htm September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102337/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/sep42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/oct42.htm October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101801/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/oct42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/nov42.htm November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102714/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/nov42.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/42/dec42.htm December] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102644/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/dec42.htm |date=2009-02-11}}<br />'''1943''':
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jan43.htm January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531191539/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jan43.htm |date=2012-05-31}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/feb43.htm February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101850/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/feb43.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/mar43.htm March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103950/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/mar43.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/apr43.htm April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101806/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/apr43.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/may43.htm May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228133354/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/may43.htm |date=2009-02-28}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jun43.htm June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228133323/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jun43.htm |date=2009-02-28}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jul43.htm July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103201/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/jul43.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/aug43.htm August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182006/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/aug43.htm |date=2009-02-12}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/sep43.htm September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103429/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/sep43.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/oct43.htm October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531191604/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/oct43.htm |date=2012-05-31}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/nov43.htm November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101956/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/nov43.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/dec43.htm December] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007025927/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/dec43.htm |date=2006-10-07}}<br />'''1944''':
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jan44.htm January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104025/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/jan44.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/feb44.htm February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227223115/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/feb44.htm |date=2014-12-27}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/mar44.htm March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104458/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/mar44.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/apr44.htm April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134921/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/apr44.htm |date=2009-02-16}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/may44.htm May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606084013/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/may44.htm |date=2012-06-06}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jun44.htm June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134948/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/jun44.htm |date=2009-02-16}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jul44.htm July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104023/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jul44.htm |date=2013-05-27}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103512/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/sep44.htm September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213065727/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/sep44.htm |date=2009-02-13}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/oct44.htm October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201338/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/oct44.htm |date=2010-03-07}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/nov44.htm November] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104529/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/nov44.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/dec44.htm December] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102831/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/dec44.htm |date=2009-02-11}}<br />'''1945''':
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jan45.htm January] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216135327/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/jan45.htm |date=2009-02-16}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/feb45.htm February] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121205064402/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/feb45.htm |date=2012-12-05}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm March] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602071111/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm |date=2013-06-02}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/apr45.htm April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201343/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/apr45.htm |date=2010-03-07}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/may45.htm May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201214/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/may45.htm |date=2010-03-07}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jun45.htm June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104534/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jun45.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jul45.htm July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201203/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jul45.htm |date=2010-03-07}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/aug45.htm August] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103609/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/aug45.htm |date=2009-02-11}},
[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/sep45.htm September] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104645/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/sep45.htm |date=2009-02-11}} -->

==Further reading==
*Churchill 'Memoirs of the Second World War'
*Eisenhower 'European Crusade'
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=70WtsC6kYtwC&dq=tuchola&pg=PA13 V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942 - 52]
{{Armia Krajowa}}

{{V-weapons}}

[[Category:V-weapons]]
[[Category:Technical intelligence during World War II]]
[[Category:Nazi-related lists]]
[[Category:German military-related lists]]
[[Category:World War II-related lists]]