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1888 United States presidential election

26th quadrennial U.S. presidential election
(Redirected from Blocks of Five)

The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1888. Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison, a former U.S. senator from Indiana, defeated incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland of New York. It was the third of five U.S. presidential elections (and second within 12 years) in which the winner did not win the national popular vote, which would not occur again until the 2000 US presidential election. Cleveland was the last incumbent Democratic president to lose reelection until Jimmy Carter in 1980.

1888 United States presidential election
← 1884 November 6, 1888 1892 →
401 members of the Electoral College
201 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout80.5%[1] Increase 3.0 pp
 
Nominee Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Indiana New York
Running mate Levi P. Morton Allen G. Thurman
Electoral vote 233 168
States carried 20 18
Popular vote 5,443,892 5,534,488
Percentage 47.8% 48.6%
<imagemap>

Image:ElectoralCollege1888.svg|348px|center|

poly 28 148 51 155 71 161 92 166 76 231 148 338 147 341 150 347 151 351 153 354 152 356 149 358 146 360 145 363 144 366 144 368 139 373 139 381 142 384 140 386 123 386 92 381 93 367 82 351 76 351 74 357 76 359 76 360 74 360 73 359 71 367 72 370 73 371 71 371 70 370 70 366 71 367 73 359 71 356 72 355 74 357 76 351 77 349 76 344 73 343 70 343 69 342 66 341 65 340 53 340 47 340 45 338 46 337 48 337 51 340 53 340 51 338 51 337 53 337 55 339 57 339 57 340 65 340 66 341 66 339 63 335 62 333 60 331 56 330 53 329 50 327 45 326 42 324 42 321 44 315 45 313 45 310 43 308 43 306 39 300 37 296 35 290 34 285 30 281 31 273 33 273 35 271 35 266 33 265 31 265 28 260 27 254 28 249 29 246 29 244 23 238 24 231 17 217 16 212 18 204 19 203 19 195 17 189 16 185 14 185 14 183 16 177 22 172 26 161 27 152 1888 United States presidential election in California poly 29 146 26 142 27 139 28 128 34 120 38 114 44 102 49 88 53 80 58 64 61 61 66 61 67 64 70 64 73 67 73 77 78 81 86 81 87 80 89 80 90 81 93 81 93 82 96 82 99 84 104 85 104 84 106 84 107 86 113 86 114 85 117 85 118 86 133 85 161 92 161 96 165 99 165 102 163 104 162 107 159 110 157 112 157 115 155 117 153 117 149 122 148 125 148 129 149 130 151 130 152 132 151 133 140 176 89 164 56 155 1888 United States presidential election in Oregon poly 148 336 77 231 94 167 136 177 187 187 163 313 161 316 159 313 153 311 151 313 150 335 1888 United States presidential election in Nevada poly 254 309 261 259 265 223 324 230 380 235 374 321 316 316 1888 United States presidential election in Colorado poly 489 257 486 253 485 249 482 244 482 234 480 231 480 225 477 222 475 212 473 205 470 204 469 201 458 196 451 197 448 199 440 192 418 192 352 188 349 231 382 234 380 256 438 257 445 258 1888 United States presidential election in Nebraska poly 376 321 380 257 420 259 491 260 493 263 497 263 498 265 496 267 496 271 502 279 504 292 503 325 436 324 1888 United States presidential election in Kansas poly 350 431 353 376 357 334 410 336 408 365 408 379 414 385 418 384 422 384 421 387 424 388 428 390 432 390 436 392 437 391 440 390 445 397 448 397 450 395 452 395 455 398 460 400 464 396 469 398 475 400 477 400 479 398 482 397 485 398 487 396 489 397 493 397 495 396 503 400 506 401 510 404 512 403 515 403 516 432 516 433 517 438 519 441 520 446 524 451 525 458 525 463 522 467 522 468 523 472 523 475 522 481 521 483 521 487 514 489 509 492 505 493 503 497 499 499 486 510 477 513 467 520 463 521 458 527 454 527 453 529 455 531 451 545 451 551 453 559 454 566 455 569 457 567 456 559 454 554 454 552 453 550 453 544 455 535 460 527 464 522 465 522 465 523 461 528 458 532 455 535 453 545 454 545 454 550 455 551 455 556 457 558 458 561 458 567 457 567 453 571 450 571 446 568 442 567 436 567 432 563 426 562 419 559 417 554 417 551 415 547 413 546 413 540 412 539 412 536 413 535 410 532 407 530 402 521 396 517 396 514 391 502 391 499 389 497 389 495 380 488 380 486 378 483 372 483 371 482 362 482 361 481 358 480 355 481 350 485 349 490 345 493 345 495 342 498 340 498 338 496 332 494 329 490 325 489 317 480 315 476 315 466 312 463 312 460 308 455 304 454 295 444 294 440 288 438 288 435 285 432 283 430 283 426 316 429 1888 United States presidential election in Texas poly 475 180 475 141 469 137 469 135 472 132 472 118 470 113 469 106 469 101 468 99 468 88 464 82 464 68 465 65 463 63 463 61 493 61 494 53 498 55 498 62 501 67 505 67 507 69 512 69 513 71 517 71 521 68 528 71 535 74 538 74 539 73 540 76 544 78 546 80 551 80 556 76 557 76 559 79 561 79 561 78 570 78 571 81 575 79 577 80 573 83 569 84 563 87 559 89 552 95 552 98 549 100 537 110 536 123 528 130 528 134 531 138 531 141 529 143 529 155 533 158 536 158 539 161 541 161 549 169 551 170 555 174 555 179 512 180 1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota poly 486 245 484 243 483 236 483 233 481 231 481 225 479 222 478 216 475 210 475 205 473 202 472 201 472 197 473 195 474 189 471 186 471 182 503 182 556 181 556 183 559 186 557 188 557 194 560 198 565 199 566 201 566 203 570 205 570 207 575 211 574 217 572 219 572 221 570 223 564 224 561 227 561 232 563 233 563 236 561 237 561 242 557 244 557 247 556 248 553 245 553 243 515 244 1888 United States presidential election in Iowa poly 505 335 505 284 504 281 504 277 497 270 497 268 499 266 499 264 498 262 493 261 487 252 486 247 551 245 555 249 555 257 557 261 557 264 566 272 570 275 570 280 572 281 578 281 580 283 580 286 578 288 576 296 585 305 589 305 591 307 591 310 593 312 593 314 593 316 594 320 596 322 599 323 600 327 593 333 593 339 591 340 592 343 588 345 584 344 583 342 587 339 586 335 584 333 541 335 1888 United States presidential election in Missouri poly 569 412 517 412 517 404 514 401 511 402 509 402 508 401 508 361 507 356 507 342 505 338 505 337 538 336 584 335 585 338 584 340 581 342 580 344 580 346 590 346 590 348 589 349 589 353 584 356 584 359 585 360 584 365 582 366 582 369 578 372 578 374 577 376 577 378 574 382 571 385 571 387 572 387 572 389 568 391 568 395 567 397 567 399 568 401 567 402 567 404 569 406 1888 United States presidential election in Arkansas poly 522 488 523 483 524 481 524 473 525 472 525 471 524 470 524 468 526 465 527 455 526 454 526 451 521 446 521 441 518 435 517 414 541 414 568 413 568 419 569 420 570 425 571 426 571 429 570 430 570 433 568 437 567 441 565 442 565 444 562 447 562 457 565 458 597 457 596 464 600 468 602 474 600 475 599 478 600 480 603 480 603 479 605 475 606 475 607 477 607 479 608 480 608 481 606 482 604 482 603 484 602 484 602 487 604 490 608 490 615 493 615 495 613 496 608 495 605 493 601 493 599 489 595 490 595 493 596 494 594 497 591 498 590 499 590 498 592 497 591 494 589 494 586 495 585 497 582 499 578 499 571 495 573 492 571 489 567 490 565 485 560 485 558 484 556 484 555 486 555 488 560 488 562 489 562 490 559 490 558 489 554 489 553 490 547 490 542 487 535 485 530 485 524 486 1888 United States presidential election in Louisiana poly 538 123 538 111 541 109 544 111 545 111 551 109 557 105 559 104 561 105 559 107 558 111 558 112 560 112 561 111 563 111 564 113 567 113 571 118 574 118 599 124 601 124 604 127 607 128 608 137 612 140 607 146 606 152 607 154 611 150 611 148 620 136 620 137 620 140 614 152 613 158 614 159 614 162 612 163 612 168 613 169 613 174 612 175 611 179 610 180 610 182 611 184 611 189 613 193 613 197 598 198 566 200 565 198 562 197 559 194 559 188 561 186 557 183 557 174 553 169 550 168 544 161 542 160 540 160 538 156 534 156 532 154 531 143 533 140 533 138 530 134 530 130 535 126 1888 United States presidential election in Wisconsin poly 568 201 590 201 613 199 613 204 617 209 618 216 623 265 622 267 622 273 624 276 625 282 622 284 622 287 617 293 617 304 614 306 615 307 617 309 614 311 612 311 610 313 611 316 612 317 610 319 609 317 606 317 605 316 600 319 598 321 595 319 594 315 595 314 595 310 592 308 592 305 590 304 585 304 578 295 578 292 580 287 582 284 582 281 578 280 572 281 571 278 571 274 558 263 558 259 556 257 556 251 559 248 559 245 562 243 562 239 565 237 565 233 562 230 562 229 564 226 570 225 573 222 573 219 576 216 576 211 568 202 1888 United States presidential election in Illinois poly 632 211 685 206 686 203 690 200 690 194 692 193 693 188 694 186 696 187 698 187 698 177 692 160 688 155 682 158 682 161 679 164 678 167 675 167 672 165 672 161 674 159 677 156 676 153 679 151 679 140 676 137 675 135 678 134 674 129 670 129 662 124 658 125 654 122 654 118 655 116 664 115 666 116 671 117 673 114 670 112 667 113 667 114 669 114 668 116 666 116 661 112 661 106 660 104 659 105 651 107 647 107 647 101 646 100 639 104 632 104 629 105 624 110 621 111 619 110 618 109 617 109 616 110 611 110 609 107 609 105 606 103 601 102 600 101 599 101 596 104 594 104 594 102 597 98 597 96 600 94 601 92 603 91 605 91 605 90 604 89 602 89 598 90 595 92 591 97 589 98 588 100 588 101 585 102 583 103 582 105 579 106 575 106 574 108 569 110 569 112 570 114 572 116 575 116 588 119 591 120 595 121 597 122 600 122 602 123 603 123 604 125 607 126 609 127 609 133 610 137 612 138 613 136 615 131 615 128 617 126 618 124 620 124 621 125 622 124 624 123 626 123 627 124 628 124 629 122 630 119 639 118 641 116 648 116 652 117 654 117 654 122 652 123 649 125 649 128 652 129 653 130 653 131 650 132 646 133 647 137 647 142 645 144 642 145 642 140 644 137 644 135 642 135 641 137 641 140 636 142 636 147 634 148 634 156 632 159 632 166 633 167 633 169 632 169 632 173 636 180 639 188 639 195 638 198 638 201 635 205 635 209 1888 United States presidential election in Michigan poly 662 210 631 213 626 216 624 217 620 216 623 243 624 274 626 276 626 283 623 288 623 289 620 294 619 300 620 300 626 298 632 298 633 300 634 300 635 297 638 296 640 296 641 298 642 298 642 295 647 292 650 294 653 294 653 289 661 281 661 277 665 277 670 274 669 272 666 240 1888 United States presidential election in Indiana poly 670 267 664 211 688 208 690 211 697 210 699 213 704 213 707 211 714 210 722 201 731 196 736 224 734 225 734 230 735 230 734 246 728 253 724 253 720 258 720 263 719 264 718 263 716 263 714 266 714 273 713 274 713 277 709 277 705 274 705 272 703 271 700 272 698 274 697 274 696 273 691 273 690 274 689 274 687 272 683 273 682 272 681 269 677 266 1888 United States presidential election in Ohio poly 700 319 709 314 709 311 721 299 712 290 712 288 708 285 708 277 704 276 704 274 703 273 698 277 696 277 696 275 692 275 691 276 687 276 687 274 682 274 680 273 679 270 677 268 675 268 675 269 670 269 670 271 671 272 671 275 665 279 662 279 662 283 654 290 654 295 649 295 647 294 644 296 644 299 641 300 640 298 637 298 634 302 633 302 630 300 622 300 619 302 617 306 617 308 618 309 618 310 612 313 612 316 613 316 613 319 613 320 609 320 606 318 604 318 600 320 601 322 602 324 602 326 601 327 601 329 597 332 620 330 620 327 1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky poly 586 366 587 360 586 359 586 357 590 355 595 334 621 332 621 328 727 318 729 316 730 316 730 320 727 323 726 327 724 326 721 327 720 330 718 330 716 329 711 334 711 336 708 337 701 343 699 343 697 345 694 346 694 349 689 352 688 357 637 362 1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee poly 603 473 607 468 610 469 614 468 614 466 617 466 619 468 624 468 624 459 619 435 621 365 602 367 584 367 584 369 579 374 579 381 577 382 573 386 573 390 570 392 569 398 570 400 570 402 569 404 571 406 571 410 570 412 570 420 572 421 572 425 574 426 574 428 572 429 573 434 570 437 568 442 564 447 564 457 598 455 599 456 599 460 598 461 598 464 602 467 1888 United States presidential election in Mississippi poly 666 361 622 365 622 438 626 466 629 467 631 463 631 459 635 460 638 467 637 468 636 468 636 469 638 469 642 467 642 460 638 456 638 451 659 448 686 446 686 445 684 443 683 433 683 424 685 421 685 419 683 418 683 414 679 411 670 376 667 369 1888 United States presidential election in Alabama poly 710 356 668 361 668 367 673 377 681 411 684 413 684 417 686 417 686 421 685 425 684 431 686 435 686 440 685 441 685 443 687 444 688 448 691 452 742 450 742 453 743 453 744 448 743 445 743 444 745 443 748 444 756 444 754 440 754 437 758 425 758 421 761 416 760 414 758 415 755 413 755 409 752 406 748 403 747 399 744 394 740 392 737 388 733 384 730 381 723 378 717 367 712 367 707 363 707 359 1888 United States presidential election in Georgia poly 639 452 674 448 686 448 691 454 740 451 741 454 746 455 746 448 745 447 745 445 755 446 761 462 768 475 774 483 780 489 779 491 779 494 781 501 785 504 787 510 792 518 795 523 797 547 795 548 795 556 797 555 797 553 798 553 797 556 796 558 795 562 792 566 785 572 782 574 778 574 775 573 772 576 769 577 768 579 769 579 771 577 773 577 774 576 777 576 778 574 782 574 782 572 788 569 792 564 794 561 796 557 796 555 795 556 795 557 792 560 789 561 786 561 783 564 781 563 780 563 780 559 779 559 779 557 777 554 776 551 773 550 772 548 768 548 766 549 764 547 764 542 762 540 760 537 758 537 757 538 755 538 754 534 750 529 749 526 745 521 742 519 742 517 747 511 747 508 742 507 740 507 740 509 742 509 742 511 742 514 740 512 740 511 739 509 738 507 738 501 739 499 739 488 736 485 736 483 734 481 729 481 727 479 725 476 722 475 722 472 719 472 717 468 714 467 713 466 711 465 709 464 705 464 704 465 702 465 702 468 703 469 699 469 697 471 694 473 688 474 686 475 685 473 682 470 671 465 665 463 659 463 651 464 644 467 643 459 639 456 1888 United States presidential election in Florida poly 708 361 708 359 711 357 711 355 716 354 728 348 750 347 754 352 770 350 784 357 795 366 791 371 788 377 788 383 785 387 782 388 782 390 777 395 777 397 772 402 767 402 767 404 768 405 768 406 763 412 760 413 757 413 756 410 756 407 753 405 750 403 749 399 747 396 747 394 744 392 742 391 739 387 727 377 724 376 721 372 720 369 718 367 717 365 712 365 1888 United States presidential election in South Carolina poly 732 316 741 315 771 312 831 299 836 308 839 312 842 314 844 317 844 326 844 327 842 327 838 331 836 331 841 327 843 326 843 318 841 314 841 313 840 313 840 314 838 314 838 320 835 321 833 326 830 327 825 326 825 328 826 328 827 329 827 331 826 333 826 335 827 336 829 336 831 337 833 334 834 335 833 338 830 340 830 342 825 342 819 344 812 350 809 354 807 360 807 364 802 364 796 365 787 357 773 349 766 349 754 351 751 346 731 346 726 347 715 352 710 354 694 357 690 357 690 354 692 352 695 351 695 347 701 344 703 344 710 338 713 337 713 335 716 332 721 332 723 328 727 328 728 326 729 323 732 321 1888 United States presidential election in North Carolina poly 704 318 710 315 710 312 722 299 726 304 731 304 734 302 736 303 739 303 740 302 742 300 743 297 746 297 747 296 751 296 754 293 754 288 759 276 760 269 763 272 767 272 770 263 772 263 772 261 776 257 778 253 778 247 788 251 789 250 789 246 792 248 792 250 800 253 800 257 798 259 798 264 818 271 820 280 817 280 817 283 822 288 822 290 820 290 820 293 824 293 826 292 828 292 828 286 826 284 827 276 829 272 829 267 830 267 835 265 834 268 831 270 831 272 831 279 831 281 830 282 830 284 828 286 828 292 831 297 767 310 739 313 739 314 727 314 726 316 1888 United States presidential election in Virginia poly 741 244 737 226 736 226 736 246 731 252 728 255 726 255 722 260 721 262 722 263 722 265 720 266 718 265 716 267 716 274 714 275 714 278 710 279 710 285 713 286 714 288 714 290 721 297 723 297 726 302 732 302 734 300 737 301 741 300 742 295 745 296 747 294 751 294 752 292 752 290 751 288 757 274 758 267 761 267 763 269 765 269 767 261 770 260 770 258 775 254 777 251 777 245 779 245 787 249 787 245 784 242 781 240 780 240 775 244 770 244 767 248 765 248 760 254 758 254 756 242 1888 United States presidential election in West Virginia poly 758 242 759 252 764 247 766 247 770 242 774 242 778 239 781 239 784 240 789 244 791 245 793 247 796 247 800 239 804 247 811 247 811 248 807 253 808 261 801 258 800 259 800 263 803 264 810 265 814 267 816 267 815 264 811 257 810 251 811 249 811 247 810 244 811 240 815 236 816 237 816 239 813 241 813 243 816 245 816 250 814 251 814 255 816 253 817 255 815 256 815 260 819 263 821 263 821 265 822 270 823 270 823 266 821 264 821 263 822 262 824 263 826 266 828 266 830 265 835 264 836 262 837 256 834 256 832 257 824 257 822 245 819 236 817 230 1888 United States presidential election in Maryland poly 822 227 819 229 819 232 820 234 821 238 823 240 823 245 824 247 825 252 826 256 836 254 836 251 835 250 834 248 830 246 826 238 823 236 822 231 1888 United States presidential election in Delaware poly 743 186 738 192 733 194 734 201 742 242 772 237 819 228 822 225 825 224 828 220 832 216 826 212 825 210 821 210 821 206 824 203 824 201 822 200 823 197 824 196 824 192 827 189 823 189 821 187 820 182 815 181 814 179 773 188 744 193 1888 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania poly 842 195 832 192 828 190 826 192 826 197 824 198 824 200 825 201 825 204 823 206 824 208 826 209 827 211 833 215 833 218 830 220 826 226 824 227 824 232 829 236 833 238 836 238 836 244 839 240 839 235 841 235 846 224 845 211 843 207 840 208 840 206 842 204 1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey poly 830 107 818 111 811 112 806 114 797 126 794 131 790 134 790 138 794 138 794 141 793 142 793 144 795 145 795 148 793 150 790 150 789 153 786 156 779 158 776 160 772 160 771 158 763 158 751 163 751 165 752 165 753 168 755 169 756 172 756 175 753 177 753 179 745 186 745 192 816 177 817 180 821 180 822 182 822 185 825 188 828 188 833 190 841 193 844 194 844 204 850 203 857 200 865 194 871 189 868 187 864 191 857 195 854 195 851 194 847 198 845 200 845 198 846 196 846 194 844 193 844 191 845 190 845 181 842 168 843 151 840 140 839 138 836 137 836 136 837 135 837 133 834 128 834 122 834 117 1888 United States presidential election in New York poly 869 166 861 168 845 171 845 176 847 180 847 195 857 186 861 184 868 182 872 180 871 172 1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut poly 877 164 872 165 873 170 874 180 877 179 880 175 883 175 884 173 1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island poly 760 251 758 242 817 230 821 241 824 257 829 257 836 256 836 261 833 264 827 266 824 262 821 263 821 264 823 266 823 269 822 269 821 265 821 263 818 262 816 260 816 257 818 255 817 253 815 253 815 254 814 254 814 251 816 250 816 245 814 244 814 241 816 239 816 237 815 237 811 240 811 242 810 243 810 245 811 245 811 249 810 250 810 256 814 261 815 266 811 266 810 265 804 264 800 263 800 260 802 257 802 254 805 251 801 248 799 250 793 248 794 246 789 244 786 241 780 239 774 243 770 242 767 246 764 247 1888 United States presidential election in Maryland poly 854 152 855 144 854 142 854 132 855 130 855 120 854 119 854 116 856 116 860 112 860 107 858 105 858 99 844 104 832 107 833 113 835 116 836 124 835 125 835 128 838 131 838 134 839 137 841 137 843 146 844 148 844 154 1888 United States presidential election in Vermont poly 863 93 860 93 859 94 860 105 862 108 862 112 855 118 855 119 856 119 856 151 876 146 877 143 882 141 882 139 880 137 880 134 877 133 875 133 873 123 1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire poly 868 92 865 92 869 106 875 125 877 132 879 132 881 134 881 136 883 137 883 133 884 133 884 126 886 125 886 124 885 123 885 121 886 120 887 118 889 118 890 120 891 120 894 117 896 116 897 113 900 113 901 111 901 104 900 102 901 100 903 102 905 103 905 105 905 106 903 106 903 107 903 109 904 110 906 110 906 109 904 107 904 106 905 106 907 106 908 104 908 102 907 102 907 100 910 97 913 97 914 99 911 99 909 100 909 102 910 103 911 103 912 101 913 100 913 99 915 99 919 94 923 91 924 90 926 89 927 85 927 82 924 78 924 77 922 77 921 79 919 79 917 77 916 71 909 71 901 41 892 37 886 42 885 44 882 43 880 40 879 39 878 39 876 44 874 52 872 56 872 65 870 68 870 73 872 74 872 77 870 80 868 84 1888 United States presidential election in Maine poly 844 169 844 155 857 153 876 148 877 146 879 144 881 144 883 146 883 149 881 150 881 154 883 158 884 156 886 156 893 165 896 165 900 163 900 161 899 158 895 158 895 157 898 157 900 159 902 163 902 164 901 165 897 166 894 168 893 169 892 171 892 172 894 172 895 173 902 173 903 172 904 172 904 174 902 174 902 173 896 173 895 174 893 174 893 175 891 175 891 174 892 172 889 174 889 173 891 171 891 168 890 167 887 168 887 173 885 173 882 167 877 162 859 166 1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts rect 883 288 955 306 1888 United States presidential election in Maryland rect 892 264 949 285 1888 United States presidential election in Delaware rect 899 244 952 261 1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey rect 919 211 976 229 1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut rect 926 183 979 200 1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island rect 928 148 1012 165 1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts rect 790 62 850 82 1888 United States presidential election in Vermont rect 801 42 868 58 1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire

</imagemap>
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Harrison/Morton, blue denotes states won by Cleveland/Thurman. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election

Grover Cleveland
Democratic

Elected President

Benjamin Harrison
Republican

Cleveland, only the second Democratic president since the American Civil War (the first being Andrew Johnson), was unanimously re-nominated at the 1888 Democratic National Convention. Harrison, the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the 1888 Republican National Convention. He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Senator John Sherman and former Governor Russell Alger. This was the first election since 1840 in which an incumbent president lost re-election.

Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election, as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs, arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high. Cleveland's opposition to American Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in the Southern United States and the border states, and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps.

Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote, but Harrison won the election with a majority in the Electoral College, marking the only time (as of 2024) in which an incumbent president of either party lost a re-election bid despite winning the popular vote. Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest, including narrowly carrying the swing states of New York and Indiana. This was the first time since 1856 that Democrats won the popular vote in consecutive elections.

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 1888 Republican National Convention
 
Republican Party (United States)
1888 Republican Party ticket
Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton
for President for Vice President
 
 
U.S. Senator
from Indiana
(1881–1887) 		United States Ambassador to France
(1881–1885)
 
 
Grover Cleveland-Benjamin Harrison presidential (1888) campaign poster about the trade policy of the two candidates. The map supports the work of the Harrison campaign.
 
Man leaning on Harrison and Morton campaign ball.

The Republican candidates were former Senator Benjamin Harrison from Indiana; Senator John Sherman from Ohio; Russell A. Alger, the former governor of Michigan; Walter Q. Gresham from Indiana, the former Secretary of the Treasury; Senator William B. Allison from Iowa; and Chauncey Depew from New York, the president of the New York Central Railroad.

By the time Republicans met in Chicago on June 19–25, 1888, frontrunner James G. Blaine had withdrawn from the race because he believed that only a harmonious convention would produce a Republican candidate strong enough to upset incumbent President Cleveland. Blaine realized that the party was unlikely to choose him without a bitter struggle. After he withdrew, Blaine expressed confidence in both Benjamin Harrison and John Sherman. Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot.

The Republicans chose Harrison because of his war record, his popularity with veterans, his ability to express the Republican Party's views, and the fact that he lived in the swing state of Indiana. The Republicans hoped to win Indiana's 15 electoral votes, which had gone to Cleveland in the previous presidential election. Levi P. Morton, a former New York City congressman and ambassador, was nominated for vice-president over William Walter Phelps, his nearest rival.

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1888 Democratic National Convention
 
Democratic Party (United States)
1888 Democratic Party ticket
Grover Cleveland Allen G. Thurman
for President for Vice President
 
 
22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889) 		U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1869–1881)
Campaign
 

Democratic candidates:

The Democratic National Convention held in St. Louis, Missouri, on June 5–7, 1888, was harmonious. Incumbent President Cleveland was re-nominated unanimously without a formal ballot. This was the first time an incumbent Democratic president had been re-nominated since Martin Van Buren in 1840.

After Cleveland was re-nominated, Democrats had to choose a replacement for Thomas A. Hendricks. Hendricks ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for vice-president in 1876, but won the office when he ran again with Cleveland in 1884. Hendricks served as vice-president for only eight months before he died in office on November 25, 1885. Former Senator Allen G. Thurman from Ohio was nominated for vice-president over Isaac P. Gray, his nearest rival, and John C. Black, who trailed behind. Gray lost the nomination to Thurman primarily because his enemies brought up his actions while a Republican.[2]

The Democratic platform largely confined itself to a defense of the Cleveland administration, supporting reduction in the tariff and taxes generally as well as statehood for the western territories.

Presidential Ballot
Unanimous
Grover Cleveland 822
Vice Presidential Ballot
1st Acclamation
Allen G. Thurman 684 822
Isaac P. Gray 101
John C. Black 36
Blank 1

Prohibition Party nomination

Main article: 1888 Prohibition Party National Convention

Nominees

1888 Prohibition Party ticket
Clinton B. Fisk John A. Brooks
for President for Vice President
 
 
Brigadier General
from New Jersey 		Pastor
from Missouri
Campaign
 

The 5th Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Tomlinson Hall in Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 1,029 delegates from all but three states.[3]

Clinton B. Fisk was nominated for president unanimously. John A. Brooks was nominated for vice-president.[4]

Union Labor Party nomination

Main article: 1888 Union Labor Party National Convention

Nominees

1888 Union Labor Party ticket
Alson Streeter Charles E. Cunningham
for President for Vice President
 
 
State Senator
from Illinois 		Activist
from Arkansas
Campaign
 

300 to 600 delegates attended the Industrial Labor Conference in Cincinnati in February 1887, and formed the Union Labor Party. Richard Trevellick, the chair of the conference, was a member of the Knights of Labor and former member of the Greenback Party.[5]

The convention nominated Alson Streeter for president unanimously. He was so widely popular that no ballot was necessary, instead, he was nominated by acclamation.[6] Samuel Evans was nominated for vice president but declined the nomination. Charles E. Cunningham was later selected as the vice-presidential candidate.

The Union Labor Party garnered nearly 150,000 popular votes, but failed to gain widespread national support. The party did, however, win two counties.

United Labor Party nomination

The United Labor Party convention nominated Robert H. Cowdrey for president on the first ballot. W.H.T. Wakefield of Kansas was nominated for vice-president over Victor H. Wilder from New York by a margin of 50–12.[7]

Greenback Party

The Greenback Party was in decline throughout the entire Cleveland administration. In the election of 1884, the party failed to win any House seats outright, although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats (James B. Weaver) and a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee. In the election of 1886, only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House, apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets. Again, Weaver was the party's only victor. Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan, where the party remained active.

In early 1888, it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention. The fourth Greenback Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati on May 16, 1888. So few delegates attended that no actions were taken. On August 16, 1888, George O. Jones, chairman of the national committee, called a second session of the national convention.[8] The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12, 1888. Only seven delegates attended. Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties, and the delegates made no nominations.[9]

With the failure of the convention, the Greenback Party ceased to exist.

American Party nomination

The American Party held its third and last National Convention in Grand Army Hall in Washington, DC. This was an Anti-Masonic party that ran under various party labels in the northern states.

When the convention assembled, there were 126 delegates; among them were 65 from New York and 15 from California. Delegates from the other states bolted the convention when it appeared that New York and California intended to vote together on all matters and control the convention. By the time the presidential balloting began, there were only 64 delegates present.

The convention nominated James L. Curtis from New York for president and James R. Greer from Tennessee for vice-president. Greer declined to run, so Peter D. Wigginton of California was chosen as his replacement.[10]

Presidential Ballot
Candidate 1st
James L. Curtis 45
Abram S. Hewitt 15
James S. Negley 4

Equal Rights Party nomination

The second Equal Rights Party National Convention assembled in Des Moines, Iowa. At the convention, mail-in ballots were counted. The delegates cast 310 of their 350 ballots for the following ticket: Belva A. Lockwood for president and Alfred H. Love for vice-president.[11] Love declined the nomination, and was replaced with Charles S. Welles of New York.[12]

Industrial Reform Party nomination

The Industrial Reform Party National Convention assembled in Grand Army Hall, Washington, DC. There were 49 delegates present. Albert Redstone won the endorsement of some leaders of the disintegrating Greenback Party.[13] He told the Montgomery Advertiser that he hoped to carry several states, including Alabama, New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.[14]

General election campaign

Main article: Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign

Issues

 
Tariff reform was the main issue of the election.

Cleveland set the main issue of the campaign when he proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs in his annual message to Congress in December 1887. Cleveland contended that the tariff was unnecessarily high and that unnecessary taxation was unjust taxation. The Republicans responded that the high tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition and guarantee high wages, high profits, and high economic growth.[citation needed]

The argument between protectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one, stretching back to the Tariff of 1816. In practice, the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products, since the United States was the low-cost producer in most areas (except woolens), and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans. Nevertheless, the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent.[citation needed]

Besides the obvious economic dimensions, the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension. At the time, the policy of free trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire, and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro-British and antagonistic to the Irish-American voting bloc. Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada (which, although autonomous, was still part of the British Empire) in a fishing rights dispute.[citation needed]

Harrison was well-funded by party activists and mounted an energetic campaign by the standards of the day, giving many speeches from his front porch in Indianapolis that were covered by the newspapers. Cleveland adhered to the tradition of presidential candidates not campaigning, and forbade his cabinet from campaigning as well, leaving his 75-year-old vice-presidential candidate Thurman as the spearhead of his campaign.[citation needed]

Blocks of Five

William Wade Dudley (1842–1909), an Indianapolis lawyer, was a tireless campaigner and prosecutor of Democratic election frauds. In 1888, Benjamin Harrison made Dudley Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. The campaign was the most intense in decades, with Indiana dead even. Although the National Committee had no business meddling in state politics, Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana's county chairmen, telling them to "divide the floaters into Blocks of Five, and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five, and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket." Dudley promised adequate funding. His pre-emptive strike backfired when Democrats obtained the letter and distributed hundreds of thousands of copies nationwide in the last days of the campaign. Given Dudley's unsavory reputation, few people believed his denials. A few thousand "floaters" did exist in Indiana—men who would sell their vote for $2. They always divided 50-50 (or perhaps, $5,000-$5,000) and had no visible impact on the vote. The attack on "blocks of five" with the suggestion that pious General Harrison was trying to buy the election did enliven the Democratic campaign, and it stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties with secret ballots.[15][16]

Murchison letter

A California Republican named George Osgoodby wrote a letter to Sir Lionel Sackville-West, the British ambassador to the United States, under the assumed name of "Charles F. Murchison," describing himself as a former Englishman who was now a California citizen and asked how he should vote in the upcoming presidential election. Sir Lionel wrote back and in the "Murchison letter" indiscreetly suggested that Cleveland was probably the best man from the British point of view.[17]

The Republicans published this letter just two weeks before the election, where it had an effect on Irish-American voters exactly comparable to the "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" blunder of the previous election: Cleveland lost New York and Indiana (and as a result, the presidency). Sackville-West was removed as British ambassador.[18]

Results

 
Results by county indicating the percentage lead of each candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Streeter (Union Labor).

The election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana.[19] Harrison and Cleveland split these four states, with Harrison winning by means of notoriously fraudulent balloting in New York and Indiana.[20][failed verification][21] The Republicans won in twenty-six of the forty-four largest cities outside of the Southern United States.[22]

Had Cleveland won his home state, he would have won the electoral vote by an electoral count of 204-197 (201 electoral votes were needed for victory in 1888). Instead, Cleveland became the third of only five candidates to obtain a plurality or majority of the popular vote but lose their respective presidential elections (Andrew Jackson in 1824, Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, Al Gore in 2000, and Hillary Clinton in 2016).

Cleveland bested Harrison in the popular vote by slightly more than ninety thousand votes (0.8%), though that margin was only made possible by massive disenfranchisement and voter suppression of hundreds of thousands of Republican blacks in the South.[23] Harrison won the Electoral College by a 233–168 margin, largely by virtue of his 1.09% win in Cleveland's home state of New York.

Four states returned results where the winner won by less than 1 percent of the popular vote. Cleveland earned 24 of his electoral votes from states he won by less than one percent: Connecticut, Virginia, and West Virginia. Harrison earned fifteen of his electoral votes from a state he won by less than 1 percent: Indiana. Harrison won New York (36 electoral votes) by a margin of 1.09%. Despite the narrow margins in several states, only two states switched sides in comparison to Cleveland's first presidential election (New York and Indiana).

Of the 2,450 counties/independent cities making returns, Cleveland led in 1,290 (52.65%) while Harrison led in 1,157 (47.22%). Two counties (0.08%) recorded a Streeter plurality while one county (0.04%) in California split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.

Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husband's first term, First Lady Frances Cleveland is reported to have told the White House staff to take care of the building since the Clevelands would be returning in four years. She proved correct, becoming the only First Lady to preside at two nonconsecutive administrations.

This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado and Nevada until 1904. It was also the last election until 1968 when bellwether Coös County, New Hampshire, did not support the winning candidate.[24] This was the first time in American history that a party lost re-election after a single four-year term; this would occur again in 1892, but not for Democrats until 1980.

 

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote 		Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
Benjamin Harrison Republican Indiana 5,443,892 47.80% 233 Levi P. Morton New York 233
Grover Cleveland (incumbent) Democratic New York 5,534,488 48.63% 168 Allen G. Thurman Ohio 168
Clinton B. Fisk Prohibition New Jersey 249,819 2.20% 0 John A. Brooks Missouri 0
Alson Streeter Union Labor Illinois 146,602 1.31% 0 Charles E. Cunningham Arkansas 0
Other 8,519 0.07% — Other —
Total 11,383,320 100% 401 401
Needed to win 201 201

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1888 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote
Cleveland
 
 48.63%
Harrison
 
 47.80%
Fisk
 
 2.20%
Streeter
 
 1.31%
Others
 
 0.07%
Electoral vote
Harrison
 
 58.10%
Cleveland
 
 41.90%

Geography of results

 
  •  
    Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic gallery

  •  
    Map of presidential election results by county
  •  
    Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
  •  
    Map of Republican presidential election results by county
  •  
    Map of "other" presidential election results by county
  •  
    Cartogram of presidential election results by county
  •  
    Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
  •  
    Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
  •  
    Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county

Results by state

Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[25]

States/districts won by Cleveland/Thurman
States/districts won by Harrison/Morton
Grover Cleveland
Democratic 		Benjamin Harrison
Republican 		Clinton Fisk
Prohibition 		Alson Streeter
Union Labor 		Margin State Total
State electoral
votes 		# % electoral
votes 		# % electoral
votes 		# % electoral
votes 		# % electoral
votes 		# % #
Alabama 10 117,314 67.00 10 57,177 32.66 - 594 0.34 - - - - -60,137 -34.35 175,085 AL
Arkansas 7 86,062 54.80 7 59,752 38.04 - 614 0.39 - 10,630 6.77 - -26,310 -16.75 157,058 AR
California 8 117,729 46.84 - 124,816 49.66 8 5,761 2.29 - - - - 7,087 2.82 251,339 CA
Colorado 3 37,549 40.84 - 50,772 55.22 3 2,182 2.37 - 1,266 1.38 - 13,223 14.38 91,946 CO
Connecticut 6 74,920 48.66 6 74,584 48.44 - 4,234 2.75 - 240 0.16 - -336 -0.22 153,978 CT
Delaware 3 16,414 55.15 3 12,950 43.51 - 399 1.34 - - - - -3,464 -11.64 29,764 DE
Florida 4 39,557 59.48 4 26,529 39.89 - 414 0.62 - - - - -13,028 -19.59 66,500 FL
Georgia 12 100,493 70.31 12 40,499 28.33 - 1,808 1.26 - 136 0.10 - -59,994 -41.97 142,936 GA
Illinois 22 348,351 46.58 - 370,475 49.54 22 21,703 2.90 - 7,134 0.95 - 22,124 2.96 747,813 IL
Indiana 15 261,013 48.61 - 263,361 49.05 15 9,881 1.84 - 2,694 0.50 - 2,348 0.44 536,949 IN
Iowa 13 179,877 44.51 - 211,603 52.36 13 3,550 0.88 - 9,105 2.25 - 31,726 7.85 404,135 IA
Kansas 9 102,745 31.03 - 182,904 55.23 9 6,779 2.05 - 37,788 11.41 - 80,159 24.21 331,149 KS
Kentucky 13 183,830 53.30 13 155,138 44.98 - 5,223 1.51 - 677 0.20 - -28,692 -8.32 344,868 KY
Louisiana 8 85,032 73.37 8 30,660 26.46 - 160 0.14 - 39 0.03 - -54,372 -46.92 115,891 LA
Maine 6 50,472 39.35 - 73,730 57.49 6 2,691 2.10 - 1,344 1.05 - 23,258 18.13 128,253 ME
Maryland 8 106,188 50.34 8 99,986 47.40 - 4,767 2.26 - - - - -6,202 -2.94 210,941 MD
Massachusetts 14 151,590 44.04 - 183,892 53.42 14 8,701 2.53 - - - - 32,302 9.38 344,243 MA
Michigan 13 213,469 44.91 - 236,387 49.73 13 20,945 4.41 - 4,555 0.96 - 22,918 4.82 475,356 MI
Minnesota 7 104,385 39.65 - 142,492 54.12 7 15,311 5.82 - 1,097 0.42 - 38,107 14.47 263,285 MN
Mississippi 9 85,451 73.80 9 30,095 25.99 - 240 0.21 - - - - -55,356 -47.81 115,786 MS
Missouri 16 261,943 50.24 16 236,252 45.31 - 4,539 0.87 - 18,626 3.57 - -25,691 -4.93 521,360 MO
Nebraska 5 80,552 39.75 - 108,425 53.51 5 9,429 4.65 - 4,226 2.09 - 27,873 13.76 202,632 NE
Nevada 3 5,149 41.94 - 7,088 57.73 3 41 0.33 - - - - 1,939 15.79 12,278 NV
New Hampshire 4 43,456 47.84 - 45,728 50.34 4 1,593 1.75 - - - - 2,272 2.50 90,835 NH
New Jersey 9 151,508 49.87 9 144,360 47.52 - 7,933 2.61 - - - - -7,148 -2.35 303,801 NJ
New York 36 635,965 48.19 - 650,338 49.28 36 30,231 2.29 - 627 0.05 - 14,373 1.09 1,319,748 NY
North Carolina 11 147,902 51.79 11 134,784 47.20 - 2,840 0.99 - - - - -13,118 -4.59 285,563 NC
Ohio 23 396,455 47.18 - 416,054 49.51 23 24,356 2.90 - 3,496 0.42 - 19,599 2.33 840,361 OH
Oregon 3 26,522 42.88 - 33,291 53.82 3 1,677 2.71 - - - - 6,769 10.94 61,853 OR
Pennsylvania 30 446,633 44.77 - 526,091 52.74 30 20,947 2.10 - 3,873 0.39 - 79,458 7.97 997,568 PA
Rhode Island 4 17,530 42.99 - 21,969 53.88 4 1,251 3.07 - 18 0.04 - 4,439 10.89 40,775 RI
South Carolina 9 65,824 82.28 9 13,736 17.17 - - - - - - - -52,088 -65.11 79,997 SC
Tennessee 12 158,699 52.26 12 138,978 45.76 - 5,969 1.97 - 48 0.02 - -19,721 -6.49 303,694 TN
Texas 13 234,883 65.70 13 88,422 24.73 - 4,749 1.33 - 29,459 8.24 - -146,461 -40.97 357,513 TX
Vermont 4 16,788 25.65 - 45,192 69.05 4 1,460 2.23 - 1,977 3.02 - 28,404 43.40 65,452 VT
Virginia 12 152,004 49.99 12 150,399 49.46 - 1,684 0.55 - - - - -1,605 -0.53 304,087 VA
West Virginia 6 78,677 49.35 6 78,171 49.03 - 1,084 0.68 - 1,508 0.95 - -506 -0.32 159,440 WV
Wisconsin 11 155,232 43.77 - 176,553 49.79 11 14,277 4.03 - 8,552 2.41 - 21,321 6.01 354,614 WI
TOTALS: 401 5,538,163 48.63 168 5,443,633 47.80 233 250,017 2.20 - 149,115 1.31 - -94,530 -0.83 11,388,846 US

States that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Close states

Margin of victory less than 1% (39 electoral votes):

  1. Connecticut, 0.22% (336 votes)
  2. West Virginia, 0.32% (506 votes)
  3. Indiana, 0.44% (2,348 votes)
  4. Virginia, 0.53% (1,605 votes)

Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (150 electoral votes):

  1. New York, 1.09% (14,373 votes) (tipping point state)
  2. Ohio, 2.33% (19,599 votes)
  3. New Jersey, 2.35% (7,148 votes)
  4. New Hampshire, 2.50% (2,272 votes)
  5. California, 2.82% (7,087 votes)
  6. Maryland, 2.94% (6,202 votes)
  7. Illinois, 2.96% (22,124 votes)
  8. North Carolina, 4.59% (13,118 votes)
  9. Michigan, 4.82% (22,918 votes)
  10. Missouri, 4.93% (25,691 votes)

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (93 electoral votes):

  1. Wisconsin, 6.01% (21,321 votes)
  2. Tennessee, 6.49% (19,721 votes)
  3. Iowa, 7.85% (31,726 votes)
  4. Pennsylvania, 7.97% (79,458 votes)
  5. Kentucky, 8.32% (28,692 votes)
  6. Massachusetts, 9.38% (32,302 votes)

In popular culture

File:TradeCardPrezCampaignThemeAdvertClevelandHarrison1888.jpg
Business advertising card with an election theme

In 1968 the Michael P. Antoine Company produced the Walt Disney Company musical film The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band which centers on the election of 1888 and the annexing and subdividing of the Dakota Territory into states (which was a major issue of the election).

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
  2. ^ Jacob Piatt Dunn, George William Harrison Kemper, Indiana and Indianans (p. 724).
  3. ^ Case, George (1889). "The Prohibition Party: Its Origin, Purpose and Growth". Magazine of Western History. V.9 1888/1889. 9: 707 – via Hathi Trust.
  4. ^ Haynes, Stan M. (November 24, 2015). President-Making in the Gilded Age: The Nominating Conventions of 1876-1900. McFarland. p. 157. ISBN 9781476663128.
  5. ^ Hild 2015, p. 32.
  6. ^ Newcombe, Alfred W. (March 1946). "Alson J. Streeter: An Agrarian Liberal". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 39 (1): 71. JSTOR 40188188 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ "Setting Up a Candidate". The Topeka State Journal. May 17, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  8. ^ "The Greenback Party: Mr. George O. Jones Calls a National Convention For Sept. 12". New York Times. August 17, 1888. p. 8. ProQuest 94613866. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  9. ^ "Seven Greenbackers Proclaim". New York Times. September 13, 1888. p. 4. ProQuest 94585439. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  10. ^ "Who is James L. Curtis?". New York Times. August 16, 1888. p. 1. ProQuest 94623328. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  11. ^ "Bound to Have Belva". Sioux City Journal. May 16, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  12. ^ Plumbe, Geo. E., ed. (1890). The Daily News Almanac and Political Register (PDF). The Chicago Daily News. pp. 57–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  13. ^ "First in the Field". The York Dispatch. February 23, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  14. ^ "Alabama's electoral vote has already been captured". The Montgomery Advertiser. March 4, 1888. p. 4. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  15. ^ Jensen, Winning of the Midwest (1971) ch 1
  16. ^ "The Vote That Failed". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  17. ^ The Murchison Letter, as printed in the New York Herald, October 23, 1888. Reprinted in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume 2, transmitted to Congress by the United States Department of State. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889. Page 1707.
  18. ^ Charles S. Campbell, Jr. "The Dismissal of Lord Sackville." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44:4 (March 1958), pp. 635–648.
  19. ^ Socolofsky & Spetter 1987, p. 10.
  20. ^ Calhoun 2008, p. 43.
  21. ^ Socolofsky & Spetter 1987, p. 13.
  22. ^ Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  23. ^ Geruso, Michael (2022). "Inversions in US Presidential Elections: 1836–2016". Am Econ J Appl Econ. 14 (1): 327–357. doi:10.1257/app.20200210. PMC 10782436. PMID 38213750.
  24. ^ The Political Graveyard; Coös County Votes for President
  25. ^ "1888 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved May 7, 2013.

References

Secondary sources

Primary sources

  • Dawson, George Francis (1888). The Republican Campaign Text-book for 1888. New York: Brentano's. Democratic campaign text Book.
  • The campaign text book of the Democratic party of the United States, for ...1888 (1888) full text online, the compilation of data, texts and political arguments used by stump speakers across the country
  • Cleveland, Grover. Letters and Addresses of Grover Cleveland (1909) online edition
  • Cleveland, Grover. The Letters of Grover Cleveland (1937), edited by Allan Nevins.
  • Harrison, Benjamin. Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States (1890), contains his 1888 campaign speeches full text online
  • Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
  • Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956

Works cited

External links

 
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