English Wikipedia @ Freddythechick:Articles for creation/2007-06-13
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Band From TV
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OCC is an over clocking site. They have reviews and also game servers. Folding team 12772.
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Band From TV
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Band From TV is a band founded by the drummer Greg Grunberg (Heroes). Other members include: Keyboardist Hugh Laurie of "House", Guitarist James Denton of "Desperate Housewives", Vocalist Bob Guiney of "The Bachleor",and Vocalist Bonnie Somerville from "Garden State." SourcesLoveshugh611 01:25, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Rickroll
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<a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=rickroll">Rickrolling</a> is a recent internet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/troll">trolling</a> phenomenon. Trolls engaging in rickrolling make use of dummy links in a similar fashion to those used to lead readers to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shock_site">shock sites</a>. Trolls using dummy links to rickroll use this kind of dummy link to surreptitiously direct readers to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/youtube">youtube</a> videos depicting a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Astley">Rick Astley</url> music video.
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Telemark (band)
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Discography Playground 3 (2001) Mission EP (2002) Dizzy Dancing (2004) I Feel Alright (2004) Perfect Toy (2006) Sourceshttp://www.telemark-music.com/index.php?topic=history http://www.telemark-music.com/index.php?topic=12inches 87.74.99.82 02:56, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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South Mildura Football Club
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South Mildura finished the 2006 season in 6th position under coach Jason Spivey who quit as coach mid way through the 2007 season. He was replaced by Kieran O'Shannessey and Matt Hahndorf and the reigning best and fairest winner is Leigh Gathercole. South Mildura have not made the finals since reaching the Prelimanary Final in 2005 and have not made the Grand Final since winning it in 1998. South Mildura is also known for its goal kickers including players that have won the league goalkicking, Stan Rowse, Colin Chester, Chris Pohlner, Michael Bilucaglia and reigning champion Brett Haase. South Mildura's golden era occured between 1968 and 1970 when the Bulldogs claimed all before them including all three premierships under the guidance of club legend Ken Mansell. Since than South Mildura have been able to only claim one premiership yet have contested four other grand finals. The lowest point in the clubs history was at the turn of the new millenium when they claimed four successive wooden spoons in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. In claiming the 1999 wooden spoon South Mildura became the leagues first team to win the premiership and than in the following season finish last. AFL players to come from South Mildura include lesser known stars Daryl Cumming, Paul Prymke and Brett Frewen. As well as former Brisbane Lion Brownlow Medallist and current Western Bulldog Jason Akermanis and All Australian former Collingwood Magpie and current Fremantle Docker Chris Tarrant. Other current players to have played in the Sunraysia Football League include dual Brownlow Medallist Adam Goodes, Norm Smith medallist Andrew Embley, number 3 draft pick Colin Sylvia, Hawthorn's Ben McGlynn, Geelong's Josh Hunt and Hawthorn Captain Richard Vandenberg. Theme Song - Sung to the tune of A Grand Old Flag, an American marching song. It's a grand old flag It's a highflying flag It's the emblem for me and for you It's the emblem of The team we love The team of the white and the blue Every heart beats true For the white and the blue As we sing this song to you Should auld acquaintance be forgot Keep your eye on the white and the blue Sourceshttp://www.sunraysiafl.vcfl.com.au/extra.asp?id=9615&OrgID=96 http://www.southmildurafc.vcfl.com.au/ http://www.afl.com.au http://www.footypedia.com/00001492.htm http://www.countryfootyscores.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=27 220.253.7.44 03:20, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
The given sources are insufficient to establish notability. The first three appear to be affiliated with the club in some way. The second two are sites that publish trivial data on the club only. Thus, none of the sources are both non-trivial and third-party. Powers T 19:59, 14 June 2007 (UTC) |
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Dead By April
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Jimmie Strimmel: Screams and Clean Vocals Pontus Hjelm: Guitar/Lead's/Keys Alex Sveningsson: Drums Henric Carlsson: Bass Johan Eskilsson: Guitar/Lead's SourcesThis is the side project of the guys from Cipher System. they have no album released or a release date but songs that have been up ion their myspace received many plays. The song titles are as follows 1. Falling Behind 2. Losing You 3. My Saviour 4. Stronger 5. Lost 6. Painting Shadows 7. All of My Dreams 8. Unhateable The last two songs that are updated on the Cipher System myspace are Repent and 7 Inch Cut. If anyone else has any more information on this band please feel free to add!! www.myspace.com/dbaswe
68.44.232.183 03:24, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Amy Albertson
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Sources71.197.89.166 04:07, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Peckatourus Bird
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Anthony DiMeo
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Anthony grew up on the mean streets of Jane and Sheppard where he quickly went up through the ranks. Not much is known about his dealings and affiliations. His main source of income seems to come from his control of the Fraud Rings in the GTA. He has yet to be arrested or charged with anything, as this new school capo keeps his nose fairly clean. Sources74.99.159.211 06:13, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Wedding of the Weddings
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Wedding of the Weddings is an annual meeting of couples who had non-alcoholic wedding receptions. The meetings take place in various cities of Poland since 1995. The couples arrive with their children to have an all-night-long dancing, to exchange experience on organizing non-alcoholic parties for children, youth and adults, and just to spend several days together enjoying the local culture.
Sources
de:Hochzeit der Hochzeiten pl:Wesele Wesel 62.233.166.136 06:52, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Untitled
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www.repeatoffender.com.au 58.164.63.103 06:56, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Untitled
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Repeat Offender (Band) --> Sourceswww.repeatoffender.com.au
58.164.63.103 06:59, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Untitled
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SourcesAgain these people claim that they are SUPERIOR to other Saiva Pillai's. Because they ruled most of the water bodies. The tamil meaning of karkathar is the folks who guarded the "kar" -the clouds -thus maintained the fertile soil -thus they are Vellalars or Karalars mostly they are landlords -till today -their Thali, Marriage customs slightly differ from other saiva community, but still they intermarry. Also called as KARALARS, they have GOTHRAM like the BRAMINS to avoid marrying in the same blood. All other Saiva and Asaiva Pillai dont have GOTHRAM. So All other Pillai call their GOTHRAM as "SIVA GOTHRAM". Mahakavi Kambar greatly praised these people in "திருக்கை வழக்கம்" read that here
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Repeat Offender
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Sources58.164.63.103 07:01, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Global Oriya Rangani Samaja
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"Jagannath Swami Nayan patha gami Bhaba tume".SourcesThis is an exclusive page dedicated to Sri Sri Jagannath by the Oriya Rangani Samaja. An appeal:: Please contribute your thoughts so that we can make this site a good manner.If anybody has the information like history of Rangani Samaja,rangani samaja now etc etc. ,then please send me the written content so that we can publish it as soon as posible and make this as a public site.
Oriyaranganisamaja 07:28, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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CBV-Index
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I. CBV Composite CBV Composite is an index that represents stock price movement of 50 leading listed companies with highest level total market capitalization and liquidity in both Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh Securities Trading Centers. (The list of companies in CBV- Index portfolio will be adjusted according to market changes). With 50 companies over a total of 200 listed companies in two stock exchange centers, total market capitalization of CBV- Index accounts for 80% of the total market capitalization nationwide. Total trading values of CBV- Index also occupies over 70% of the total trading value. Therefore, CBV-Index provides investors with a better assessment of the performance of Vietnamese stock market. CBV-Index is then divided into 10 indices of the ten representative sectors of Vietnamese economy:
CBV Transportation CBV Consumer goods CBV Technology CBV Healthcare CBV Capital goods CBV Utility CBV Basic materials CBV Finance CBV Energy CBV Housing
II. Objectives of CBV composite and the CBV sector indices Up to 26/5/07, there are about 200 listed companies. CBV index assists investors to closely monitor the market and also a measure of stock market heat at a simpler but more accurate approach to Vietnam stock market as a whole. 1. CBV-Index of 10 main economic sectors. -CBV-Indices are created based on international criteria in order to monitor and make predictions about the performance Viet Nam Securities Market. Moreover, CBV-Index also assesses the performance of the liquidity of corporations. -CBV-Index consists of a small quantity of companies but very high level of market capitalization and liquidity. Also, they represent main economic sectors of VN economy. 2. How does CBV index help investors to select stocks to structure their investment portfolio? CBV-Index helps investors in designing their own portfolio to maximize profits and minimize risks, to answer questions such as “What are the strong sectors to invest? Which strong company in that strong sector to buy shares? How to diversify investment to minimize risks?”. Instead of wasting time and efforts in detailed analysis and selection among 200 listed companies, CBV index has already selected a small number of good companies but very close to the big market. Only companies that satisfy strict criteria will be listed in CBV index. CBV index will be continuously updated and analyzed by CBV professional financial analysts to assess the financial strength of corporate in order to include or exclude them from CBV index. III. Criteria to be listed in CBV Composite Index: 1. Corporations of Viet Nam are listed in both Hanoi stock exchange and Ho Chi Minh stock exchange centre (HASTC and HOSTC) 2. Total market capitalization is greater than 500,000,000, 000 VND 3. Satisfactory Business Performance: In four consecutive quarters, net profit after tax is greater than 0, debt ratio is relatively satisfactory compared with other companies in the same sectors. 4. High level of liquidity: Total value of sell and buy shares in the recent year must greater than 50% total market capitalization. Representatives of Key sectors of Viet Nam economy: Companies in CBV index are leading companies based on market share and market capitalization 5. Types of corporations: Corporations must be operating companies; holding companies will not be listed in CBV-Index portfolio. IV. Criteria to remove from CBV-Index The listed securities corporations in CBV-Index portfolio will be removed from this portfolio if they do not satisfy all criteria above or as the result of companies’ merger and acquisition, split or restructure. V. Updated time CBV portfolios will be updated continuously in order to add more companies that can satisfy all above conditions and take out these listed ones which no longer meet the criteria above. VI. Index calculation methodology of CBV composite index and CBV sector indices. 1. CBV index is calculated using international standard methodology. It measures movement of average stock market price using float adjusted market capitalization method. 2. Why do CBV indices have to adjust to market float? With this methodology, CBV indices properly reflect the change of market capitalization available for public investor, not the total listed shares of companies. The numbers of shares hold by board of management, founders, control group and strategic partners will not be counted as it is not allowed to be traded for a certain period of time; therefore, they are very illiquid. Shares hold by board of management, founders, and control group will be mainly for controlling purposes. Shares acquired by strategic partners are normally kept over the long term to have controls or they expect the company will grow positively in the future. 3. How to calculate index using the float adjusted market capitalization? First, the percentage of shares available for public investors- public float (IWF- Investable Weight Factor) will be calculated using the following formula: IWF=No of shares available for public/total no of listed shares. Then, float adjusted market capitalization index will be calculated according to the following formula: Index = (Σi(PiQiIWFi))/(Divisor) Pi is market price of share i, Qi is the number of listed shares. IWF if the the percentage of shares available for public investors, Divisor (D) is the index divisor. Divisor D will be adjusted so that CBV index will not be affected as the result of issuance of additional shares, addition of newly listed companies or removal of listed companies in CBV index. Appendix: Performance assessment methodology of CBV indices. Methodology: The performance assessment results of CBV indices include: 1. Total return on investment (TRI): equals net income /total investment. TRI help investors to estimate profit earning per dollar invested 2. Investment risk: measured by standard deviation of market price over the its average value. It helps investor to assess the investment risk. 3. EPS equals earnings after tax divided by total shares. EPS help the investors estimate the profit generation per share. 4. P/E is the market price of a company’s shares divided by its earnings per share. P/E is an indicator of investor’s evaluation of future earnings prospects of firms and firm’s current situation. It also tells us how much stock purchaser must pay per dollar of earnings that the firm generates. 5. Dividend yields are dividend per share divided by market price of share. D/P help investors estimate dividends earned per dollar invested. These performance assessment results will also be assigned an index to monitor the performance of stock market as a whole as well as of each sector. These indices will also calculated using float adjusted market capitalization methodology.
Sourceswww.cbv.vn www.vndirect.com www.hastc.org.vn www.vse.org.vn 58.187.9.37 07:46, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Michael Yoo
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<remove mild personal attacks> Sources24.81.217.21 08:51, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Sources211.27.234.107 09:16, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Master Ray (Stephen C. Ray)
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Photo of S.C. Ray Stephen C. Ray is a martial arts instructor based out of the St Louis suburb of Florissant, MO. He has owned several schools in the past, but at this moment only runs the one school in the city of Florissant. Ray says that he offers a "Godly martial arts" experience. Although information is scarce, S.C. Ray's own site claims that he started practicing martial arts at the age of 7. S.C. Ray himself has provided two different documents pertaining to his martial skill. He has a 6th Dan ranking in Sun Do Sul, a hybrid martial art created by Y.S. Choi of Colorado (even though he never tested for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th Dan in this modern art). Choi has certified this rank firsthand. Ray has self-promoted himself to a 6th Dan in Tae Kwon Do, as well, even though he is apparently Kukkiwon certified as a 2nd Dan. Ray's second certification comes from Sifu Eric Hurst of St Louis, Missouri. Ray claims that this Kung Fu certification is the equivalent of a 5th degree black belt, but Sifu Hurst has publicly contested this, saying that Ray's certification is more along the lines of a pre-black belt ranking. This would make Ray, in most traditional martial arts, a brown belt or possibly a 1st-degree black belt. In addition to Ray's certified martial arts rankings, he claims to have invented his own grappling style, which he calls "Jiu Kido." Jiu Kido is a name already in use by at least one other group which appears to have been using it longer than Ray has been. Ray does not mention Jiu Kido on his website, but instead claims to teach "Jiu Jitsu (Very similar to Gracie Jiu-Jitsu)". When pressed to produce a rank in any style of jujitsu, whether Brazilian or Japanese, Ray replied that he has studied with Frank Shamrock and "Dan Severns." While both Shamrock and Severn are formidable fighters and teachers, neither man teaches jiu-jitsu--and both men have long-standing rivalries with the Gracie families. Both would be loath to describe what they do and teach as "very similar to Gracie Jiu-Jitsu." Both are known for teaching western wrestling adapted for submission fighting and mixed martial arts. Severn's background is in world-class folkstyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, while Shamrock practices a much more submission-oriented "shootfighting" style his brother Ken Shamrock learned in Japan. The style is based on Anglo-American Catch-as-Catch-Can submission wrestling, which differs from Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in several important respects. Ray's documentation of his martial arts experience and certification is the topic of some debate; his certificates have been judged by people with experience as instructors in Tae Kwon Do and kung fu who have stated that the certificates are suspect. In addition, Ray claims to have the power to heal the sick through the laying on of hands by channeling the healing power of God and Jesus Christ. Ray has stated that he does not heal through his own power, but that God's power travels through him. Specifically, he claims that on one trip to India, "the blind saw and the deaf heard" when Ray applied his faith-healing power. http://youtube.com/watch Ray's claims: 1990 - Ray claims to have opened Dragon Ray Martial Arts in Ellisville, MO.
Sources1. Kukkiwon S.C. Ray's current Dan# 75.132.201.141 09:22, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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John Gottowt
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John Gottowt ( * 15 June 1881 as Isidor Gesang in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary; † 29 August 1942 in Wieliczka, Poland) was a German actor and director for theatres and silent movies. After his education in Vienna, Gottowt joined 1905 the Deutsches Theater in Berlin working for Max Reinhardt as an actor and director. Gottowt was mainly active in different theatres in Berlin as a character actor and director. He had its first silent film appearance in Paul Wegener’s The Student of Prague (1913). In 1920 were to be seen to Gottowt in Robert Wienes Genuine and transferred the main role in the early science fiction film ALGOL - A Tragedy of Power. 1921 he participated in the classical silent movie Nosferatu directed by F.W. Murnau as Professor Bulwer (van Helsing). Gottowt made also several films with its brother-in-law Henrik Galeen but was 1933 disqualified as a professional actor being a Jew. He moved after a few years in Denmark to Krakau in Poland. He was murdered in 1942 by a SS officer in Wieliczka.
SourcesGerman Wikipedia Internet Movie Database (IMDb) 85.225.73.53 09:40, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
I checked the article de:John Gottowt and its only listed source is IMDb. Unfortunately, IMDb is not considered a reliable enough source for AfC purposes (and besides which, his IMDb bio only includes birth and death information. We need a source for all that other information as well). Powers T 20:13, 14 June 2007 (UTC) | |
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alectronic
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term 02 - alectronic - the name of a robot found at the Disney Land Ghost House Sourcesalectronic himself. 85.120.78.196 10:20, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Milwaukee Rapper Lil Ole P puts Milwaukee on the map for the Hip-Hop Culture
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SourcesInterview with Lil Ole P on March 21st, 2007 located at Bradley Center in Milwaukee,WI. WWW.MYSPACE.COM/MILWAUKEELOP WWW.DUCEDUCE.COM From book "Up and Coming Artists" available at most Barnes and Nobles Bookstores.
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Maniac Muslim is an online comedy website that publishes articles about issues arising within the Islamic community. Alongside the website, a web forum community exists in which many members discuss n
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SourcesKmhad 11:43, 13 June 2007 (UTC) --Kmhad 11:43, 13 June 2007 (UTC)--Kmhad 11:43, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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EuroPriSe
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EuroPriSe (European Privacy Seal) a eTEN-project of the European Union that establish a European privacy certification of IT products. The eTEN program [1] supports the deployment of transeuropean electronic services.
AimsEuroPriSe aims to extend the concept of the regional Privacy Seal (german) of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, to Europe. DescriptionThe project (2007-2008) will undertake a market validation, if and how the regional Privacy Seal of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, can be realised throughout Europe. In general, a Privacy Seal (Certification mark) certifies that an IT product or IT-based service can be used in compliance with the principles of privacy and data security. The specific [[:de:Datenschutzgütesiegel|Schleswig-Holstein Privacy Seal] certifies the compliance with data protection regulations valid for Schleswig-Holstein. CertificationThe Privacy Seal is a specific type of (product certification) conducted by a certification body. This certification body admits legal and IT security experts, either as personal experts or as evaluation laboratories. On the initiative of a manufacturer or vendor of a product, they evaluate the IT product and create an evaluation report. With this report, manufacturers can apply for a Privacy Seal on a voluntary base. After crosschecking of the evaluation report, the Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein, Independent Center for Privacy Protection Schleswig-Holstein (ICPP) issues the Privacy Seal. The Privacy Seal can be used to demonstrate privacy compliance to customers. ProjectThe extension throughout Europe has to take the European Privacy legislation, especially the European Data Protection Directive, as a basis. The adaptation of existing test criteria to European regulations is part of the project. Furthermore, the project adapts criteria for a transeuropean admission of evaluators and laboratories and develops concepts for the accreditation of certification bodies and the exchange of information between evaluation laboratories, experts and certification bodies. Pilot processes are used to examine whether these concepts are suitable to be used in practice. Partner
Sourceshttps://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/europrise
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Ceithearna Coille
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Ceithearna Coille. Irish language activists who wish to raise the profile of the Irish language rights campaign through peaceful, direct, visual action. The Ceithearna Coille are a group which first came to public attention in the early months of 2007. This was a time when Irish speakers in the north of Ireland where campaigning for liguistic equality, seeking the same rights for Irish speakers as those granted to English speakers. The Ceithearna Coille focused their efforts on a campaign to bring about bilingual road signage in areas which the population would favour such. To highlight this demand, members of the group placed stickers reading 'As Gaeilge Anois!' or 'In Irish Now!' on hundreds of signs in nationalist areas across the north's six counties. The group, through it's website [2] have issueed a number of press releases, which have caught the attention of the BBC Ulster chatshow 'Talkback', Irish Language newspaper 'Lá Nua' and National Radio 'RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta'. The group does not claim links to any political party, in fact the only other organisation praised on their site is 'Na Gaeil Óga', a national network of young Irish speakers with branches in universities and colleges throughout Ireland. The Ceithearna Coille have stated that their campaign of peaceful action will continue until their demands for bilingual signage are met. They cite the fact that 95% of Ireland's placenames come directly from Gaelic as the motivation behind thier actions and justification for their demands. In May 2007, the Ceithearna Coille opened an online shop selling the stickers used in thier campaign and encouraging others to join in. The Ceithearna Coille claim now to have many groups working on both sides of Irelands north/south devide. Their work has brought about negitive criticism from anti-Gaelic and Unionist groups. Letters to the editor of the 'Belfast Newsletter' have been strong in their opposition to the defacing of signage.
SourcesMuch of source material is in Gaelic, however here are a few in English http://www.forasnagaeilge.com/directory/entry.asp?id=602 http://www.newsletter.co.uk/letters-to-the-editor?articleid=2923072 http://d1375888.gdm64.gravitate.ie/index.php?page=clippings&id=2054 http://www.ceithearnacoille.com/page3/page3.html http://www.ceithearnacoille.com/page2/page2.html
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Bellshill Basketball Club
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Bellshill Basketball Club was first established in 1985. The club is based in Cardinal Newman High School bellshill. They are also know as the Bellshill Cardinals. History The team originated solely as a Scottish junior (under 19) national league bastketball team. They played their first games against Cumnock Junior basketball team in 1985. The club went on to have several teams in various Scottish leagues including the Scottish senior mens basketball league and Strathclyde mens league. Current Team The current team is consists of a senoir mens team in the Strathclyde League, year 2006-2007. Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_basketball_league http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_schools_in_Scotland/Council_Areas_I-R_%28excluding_cities%29 http://www.slba.org.uk/leaguet.asp 195.61.130.86 12:44, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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V-Unit
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Sources82.25.253.151 13:47, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Arvind Mathew
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Sourceshttp://www.hindu.com/2005/07/07/stories/2005070701811900.htm http://www.india.ford.com/servlet/ContentServer?cid=1163402876106&pagename=Page&c=DFYPage http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1163137.cms
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Catholic Funeral
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(copyvio removed) http://www.diocese-sdiego.org/Handbook/Handbook_PDFs/Liturgy8.pdf 66.14.16.177 15:27, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Henri Saada
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Starting in 1929, he exhibited his work every year in a wide range of shows, the "Salon Tunisien", and the Salons de l’Afrique française in Fez, as well as Bordeaux, and at the "Exposition Internationale of Paris" in 1937. From early on, he wanted to study the masters. He had the opportunity to get to know some of his preferred artists, Tintoret, Goya, Delacroix in Italy, Spain and France and Rembrandt later on in Amsterdam. In 1934, he obtained a fellowship to travel to Italy where he enjoyed painting Florence and Venice, which he considered as the most beautiful Italian cities. He was able to paint landscapes, portraits, drawings and caricatures as was recognized in the high praise he received in the "Dépêche Tunisienne". In 1961, he left Tunisia for Paris. In the art studio that the Service des Affaires Culturelles granted him, he started a series of paintings on his preferred subjects: the beaches of Brittany and Normandy, the parks of Paris, and the crowds in the Jardin des Tuileries. Despite moments of despair, and thanks to relentless effort, he came to feel a sense of completion in his work. He finally found that special blond light that he had been searching, those forms where the drawing fades to let color predominate and contrasts between shadow and light provide the basis for expression. He had exhibits in several Salons, especially in Paris: at "the Salon d'Automne", at the "Indépendants" (in the Grand Palais), and at the "Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps" (in the Musée Galliera). He died in Paris on March 19, 1976. Sources208.241.77.98 16:05, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Strong agnostic
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SourcesAlternate names 83.244.146.66 16:23, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Untitled
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Windfall - Singer/Songwriterduo Sourceswww.windfall.se 81.172.163.209 16:32, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Adie Sword of Truth
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Bibliography - Wizards First Rule pg 76 to 143 to the Naked Empire in the sword of truth series by Terry Goodkind.
Sources206.191.69.149 16:33, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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The Goodwill (band)
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After forming in late 2001, the band quickly set out writing and demoing tracks to assemble a 5-song demo to sell at their early shows. After selling more than 1,000 copies of their homemade demo, San Francisco's Negative Progression Records, home to The June Spirit and Counterfit, quickly took notice and signed the band to a recording contract. The Goodwill's debut full-length, "That Was A Moment" was released in early 2003 to a throng of fans singing along at their CD release show with Taking Back Sunday on Long Island. The band then set out on a full-time touring schedule. This included dates with My Chemical Romance, Fallout Boy, AFI, Simple Plan, The All-American Rejects, Underoath, and fellow Long Islanders Taking Back Sunday, Brand New. Furthermore, dates on the Warped Tour as well as other well known festivals. After much acclaim, The Goodwill signed with Abacus Recordings (a division of the monster label Century Media). They released 'Insult, Injury, Etc...' in 2005 which met great critical review. Reviews are below: "The Long Island quintet may still share some similarities with local peers like Brand New and Taking Back Sunday, but Insult, Injury, Etc. has a toughness and density that distinguishes it from a bazillion other lonely-hearted emo releases out there. " -Revolver "Equally aggressive version of Thursday or Glassjaw. If you like the AP cover stars (Taking Back Sunday, Hawthorne Heights, Thursday)...you'll probably dig The Goodwill." -Alternative Press "They have matured into a hard driving rock act with complex dynamics and edgier sound. Their latest album, INSULT, INJURY, ETC... demonstrates their harder, more complex ability with more heady guitar riffs and lyrics that stay away from the boy-girl cliche's." -AMP (American Music Press) After much touring and an incredible video for 'Live From The Red Carpet' (directed by HILO FILM's very own Christian Winters) The Goodwill decided to call it a day. Band Members: Josh Moskoviz - bass Brian Barbuto - vocals Travis Johnides - guitar B rian Dicosmo- guitar (on Insult, Injury, Etc...) Greg Oechslin- drums Dan Gomez-Sanchez-guitar (on That Was A Moment)
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Kamaljit Chand
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Kamaljit Chand, born 22nd January 1975 in Wolverhampton (UK) He has 1 older sister and 1 younger brother. His father moved the family to Southall, West London when he was 6 years old. Sourceswww.cssproject.co.uk www.pc-surgery.co.uk www.applegate.co.uk/company/13/82/837.htm 81.1.92.158 18:02, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Devin Robinson
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Devin A. Robinson is a native of St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands born on November 1974. He grew up as a troubled child who made many defiant decisions. His decisions cost him several near-death experiences, including a severe encounter of police brutality. He graduated from Ivanna Eudora Kean High School in 1992 at the age of 17 and went on to join the US Army after a string of run-ins with the law and to put six felony charges behind him. There, he spent 6 years, married Shaughna Phillip and fathered three boys with her. Devin’s tumultuous life allowed him to bear witness to the high frequency of incarcerations, murders and deaths of friends and family. Devin wanted to stop the vicious cycles and dreamed of helping his comrades see his vision. He put his talents of written expression to use by writing motivational messages and soon garnered the attention of a Pulitzer Prize winning newspaper. Being widely embraced by those who were familiar with his work gave him the motivation to take his written philosophical wisdom to higher heights. He decided it was time to hone his skill and have his work reach even larger audiences.
Not one to rest on his laurels, he went back to his writing and released, “Breaking the Cycle: Getting to Second Generational Prosperity” in November 2005. This legendary book has helped inspired the lives of thousands and garnered Devin the respect among political leaders, community activists and education administrators and is often invited as the keynote speaker at numerous ceremonies and events. Coming from the ranks of being an at-risk teen, Devin now travels the globe speaking to youths and has a large catalogue of writings focusing on the effects of decision-making, success and business development. Devin later went on to college to study business. He graduated with a Bachelor’s in Business Management and a Master’s in Business Administration. He is the author of four self-help books, the CEO of Going Against the Grain Publications (www.goingagainstthegrainpublications.com), the columnist of the highly publicized 180 Degrees column in the Daily News newspaper (www.virginislandsdailynews.com), a columnist for the Concepts Corner column in the Atlanta Home & You Magazine, the Founder of Changing My Community, Inc the co-host of Atlanta, GA based radio talk show "Solution for Business and Balance" and the owner of other thriving businesses (www.devinrobinson.com). He is the Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Business Department of West Lake High School in Atlanta, GA, a member of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, the Southern Poverty Law Center, the NAACP and Mount Ephraim Baptist Church. He currently resides in Atlanta, GA.
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Jean Soldini
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He studied in Paris where, after he graduated with a Ph.D. in Visual Arts (Architectural history) and later with a Ph.D. in Philosophy, he earned the Habilitation à diriger des recherches (1995).
His thought is focused on non-authoritarian metaphysics where aesthetics and hospitality play a primary role within knowledge, searching after the possibility of resistance against the annihilation of alterity and its own body. He also is author of essays about Alberto Giacometti, turning around the philosophical margins of a creative work that put into effect the desire to know in sculpture and painting. Bibliography (selected)
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Grosjean
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SourcesSebastien Grosjean is the most commonly associated individual with the surname of Grosjean, and surnames are the common way to reference to sports personalities. This would also match the behavior used for some other sport's personalities. 85.211.211.178 18:40, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Jay Towers
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Sources208.230.87.26 18:50, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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LTSPICE
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LTspice is a free (but not open source) PSPICE-like analog electronic circuit software developped by Linear Technology
External linksCategory:EDA software Category:Electronic circuit simulators {{electronics-stub}} {{compu-soft-stub}} 82.243.111.10 18:57, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Jan Fugelset
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Jan Fugelset was a professional fotball player. Topscorer on Molde Fotball klubb and Fredrikstad fotball klubb. He has now lied down his career as a fotball player and instead chosen a life as a teacher. Sourceshttp://www.f-b.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040422/FFK/171562240/1018 http://www.fotballen.eu/Emner/Tippeligaen_statistikk.html 85.167.80.162 19:06, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Santorini, Greece
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A giant central lagoon, more or less rectangular and measuring about 12 km by 7 km (8 mi by 4 mi), is surrounded by 300 m (984 ft) high, steep cliffs on three sides. The island slopes downward from the cliffs to the surrounding Mediterranean sea. On the fourth side, the lagoon is separated from the Mediterranean by another much smaller island called Therasia. The lagoon merges with the sea in two places, in the northwest and southwest. The water in the centre of the lagoon is nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) deep, thus being a safe harbour for all kinds of ships. The island's harbors are all in the lagoon and there are no ports on the outer perimeter of the island. The island's capital, Fira, clings to the top of the cliff looking down on the lagoon. It is the most active volcanic centre in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, though what remains today is largely a water-filled caldera. The name of Santorini was given to it by the Latin empire in the thirteenth century and is a reference to Saint Irene. Before then it was called Kallistē ("the most beautiful one"), Strongylē ("the circular one"), or Thera. The island was the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history when it erupted cataclysmically some 3,500 years ago, at the height of the Mycenaean epoch. The eruption left a large caldera surrounded by volcanic ash deposits hundreds of feet deep and, according to a theory, its effects may have indirectly led to the collapse of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete, 110 km (70 mi) to the south, due to a gigantic tsunami. Another popular theory holds that the Thera eruption is the source of the legend of Atlantis (see below for detail). Contents [hide] 1 "Minoan" Akrotiri 1.1 Dating 2 Ancient volcanic eruption 2.1 Physical effects 3 Ancient and Medieval Santorini 4 Modern Santorini 5 Thera hypotheses 5.1 Development of the Exodus Connection 5.2 Development of the Atlantis connection 6 Trivia 7 Gallery 8 References 9 External links
[edit] "Minoan" Akrotiri Linear A script etched on a vase found in AkrotiriExcavations starting in 1967 at the site called Akrotiri ("Upper Thira") under the late Professor Spyridon Marinatos have made Thera the best-known "Minoan" site outside of Crete, the homeland of the culture. The island was not called Thera at the time. Only the southern tip of a large town has been uncovered, yet it has revealed complexes of multi-level buildings, streets and squares, with remains of walls standing as high as 8 meters, all entombed in the solidified ash of the famous eruption of Thera. The site was not a palace-complex such as are found in Crete, but its excellent masonry and fine wall-paintings show that this was no conglomeration of merchants' warehousing either. A loom-workshop suggests organized textile weaving for export.
Pipes with running water and water closets found at Akrotiri are the oldest such utilities discovered. The pipes run in twin systems, indicating that the Therans used both hot and cold water supplies. The hot water's origin was probably geothermic, given the volcano's proximity. The dual pipe system suggesting hot and cold running water, the advanced architecture, and the apparent layout of the Akrotiri find resembles Plato's description of the legendary lost city of Atlantis, further indicating the Minoans as the culture which primarily inspired the Atlantis legend.
The oldest signs of human settlement are Late Neolithic (4th millennium BC or earlier), but ca. 2000–1650 BC Akrotiri developed into one of the Aegean's major Bronze Age ports, with recovered objects that had come not just from Crete but also from Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria and Egypt, from the Dodecanese and the Greek mainland.
However, the exact date of the eruption is unknown. Recent dendrochronological research, radiocarbon dating, and Greenland ice core findings indicate that the eruption occurred between about 1650 and 1600 BC. These dates, however, conflict with the usual date range from archaeological evidence, which is between about 1550 BC and 1500 BC. Some scholars believe the radiocarbon dates to be completely wrong. Some suggest re-scaling archaeological chronologies with the radiocarbon dates. Others look for a compromise between the archaeological and radiocarbon dates for best fits of both sets of data. Re-scaling archaeological chronologies is controversial, because revising the Aegean Bronze Age chronology could require, by association, revising the well-established conventional Egyptian chronology. The debate about the date continues.
Volcanic craters at Santorini todayThe violent eruption was centred on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the caldera. The caldera itself was formed several hundred thousand years ago by collapse of the centre of a circular island caused by the emptying of the magma chamber during an eruption. It has been filled several times by ignimbrite since then and the process repeated, most recently 21,000 years ago. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcano and then collapsed again during the Minoan eruption. Before the Minoan eruption, the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring with the only entrance between the tiny island of Aspronisi and Thera. The eruption destroyed the sections of the ring between Aspronisi and Therasia, and between Therasia and Thera, creating two new channels. On Santorini, there is a deposit of white tephra thrown from the eruption; it is up to 60 metres thick overlying the soil marking the ground level before the eruption. The layer is divided into three fairly distinct bands indicating different phases of the eruption. New archaeological discoveries by a team of international scientists in 2006 have revealed that the Santorini event was much more massive than previously thought. It expelled 61 cubic kilometres of magma and rock into Earth's atmosphere compared to previous estimates of only 39 cubic kilometres in 1991.[1][2] Only the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815 (and possibly the eruption at Lake Taupo of 181 AD) released more material into the atmosphere in the past 5,000 years — at an estimated 100 cubic kilometres.
The island is famous for its sunsetSantorini remained unoccupied throughout the rest of the Bronze Age, during which time the Greeks took over Crete. At Knossos, in a LMIIIA context (14th century BC), seven Linear B texts while calling upon "all the gods" make sure to grant primacy to an elsewhere-unattested entity called qe-ra-si-ja and, once, qe-ra-si-jo. If the endings -ia[s] and -ios represent an ethnikonic suffix, then this means "The One From Qeras[os]". If aspirated, *Qhera- would have become "Thera-" in later Greek. "Therasia" and its ethnikon "Therasios" are both attested in later Greek; and, since -sos was itself a genitive suffix in the Aegean Sprachbund, *Qeras[os] could also shrink to *Qera. ( ternate view takes qe-ra-si-ja and qe-ra-si-jo as proof of androgyny, and applies this name by similar arguments to the legendary seer, Tiresias. But these views are not mutually exclusive.) If qe-ra-si-ja was an ethnikon first, then in following him/her/it the Cretans also feared whence it came.[3] Over the centuries after the general catastrophes of 1200 BC, Phoenicians founded a site on Thera. Then, in the 9th century BC, Dorians founded the main Hellenic city - on Mesa Vouno, 396 m above sea level. These people later claimed that they had named the city and the island after their leader, Theras.
According to Herodotus (4.149-165), following a drought of seven years, Thera sent out colonists who founded a number of cities in northern Africa, including Cyrene. In the 5th century BC, Dorian Thera did not join the Delian League with Athens; and during the Peloponnesian War, Thera sided with Dorian Sparta against Athens. The Athenians took the island during the war, but lost it again after the Battle of Aegospotami. As with other Greek territories, Thera then was ruled by the Romans; and it passed to the eastern side of the Empire when it divided - which is now known as the Byzantine Empire. During the Crusades, the Franks settled it. In the 13th century AD, the Venetians annexed it to the Duchy of Naxos and renamed it "Santorini", that is "Saint Irene". Santorini came under Ottoman rule in 1579.
[edit] Modern Santorini Part of Santorini town and the caldera Santorini was annexed by Greece in 1912. Major settlements in Santorini include Fira (Phira), Oia, Emporio, Kamari, Imerovigli, Pyrgos and Therasia. Akrotiri is a major archaeological site with ruins from the Minoan era. The island has no rivers and water is scarce. Until the early nineties locals used to fill water cisterns from the rain that fell on their roofs and courts, from small springs as well as by importing it from other areas of Greece. Nowadays, there is a desalination plant that provides running, yet nonpotable, water to most houses. The primary industry of Santorini is tourism and in the summer the island can get quite crowded. The pumice quarries have been closed since 1986 in order to preserve the caldera of Santorini. Santorini is home to a small but flourishing wine industry, based on the indigenous grape variety, Assyrtiko. Assyrtiko vines are extremely old and are resistant to phylloxera, attributed by local winemakers to the well drained volcanic soil and its chemistry. Consequently they did not need to be replaced during the great phylloxera epidemic of the early 20th century. Assyrtiko vines are well adapted to the Santorini habitat and are planted far apart, as their principal source of moisture is dew. They are trained in the shape of low spiraling baskets, with the grapes hanging inside to protect them from the winds. Also unique is the red, sweet and extremely strong Vinsanto. White wines from the island are extremely dry with a strong, citrus scent; the ashy volcanic soil gives the white wines a slight sulphurous flavor much like the Visanto. It is not easy to be a wine grower in Santorini; the hot and dry climate gives the soil a low productivity. The yield per acre is only 10 to 20% of the yields that are common in France and California.
In 1707 an undersea volcano breached the sea surface forming the current centre of activity at Nea Kameni, and eruptions centred on it continue — three times in the twentieth century, the last being in 1950. Santorini was also struck by a devastating earthquake in 1956. At some time in the future, it will almost certainly erupt violently again. Although the volcano rests at the present time, at the current active crater [there are several former craters on Nea Kameni] steam and sulphur are given off.
The town of Oia.The eruption of Santorini has been connected to the Israelite Exodus from Egypt and to the Ipuwer Papyrus, which in turn have been connected to each other. These theories would tie the eruption to Pharaoh Ahmose I in the Second Intermediate Period of Egyptian History. A 2006 documentary created by filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici, which explores new evidence in favor of the account of the Book of Exodus, "Exodus Decoded" (The History Channel, aired Sunday, 20 August 2006), investigates Egyptian records of the departure of the mysterious Semitic Hyksos. Jacobovici suggests that the Hyksos and the Hebrews (whom he calls "Amo Israel", "the people of God") were one and the same, a thesis he supports with Egyptian-style signet rings uncovered in the Hyksos capital of Avaris. These signets read Yakov, similar to Hebrew name of the Biblical patriarch Jacob (Ya'aqov). Another standpoint for this theory is one of the important Hyksos cities, Avaris, which is called modernly Tel el-Yahudiyeh (meaning "mound of the Jews") known for its distinctive black and whiteware. Jacobovici propounds the theory that the eruption of the Santorini Island volcano (c. 1623 B.C., +/-25) caused all the biblical plagues described against Egypt, redating the eruption to c. 1500 B.C.. The Hyksos, some of them Mycenaean Greek "Hebrews", fled Egypt (which they had in fact ruled for some time) after the eruption. Jacobovici (and fellow producer James Cameron) make a dramatic but rather thinly-supported presentation that the Hyksos were none other than the Israelites, who may have also been known as Habiru ("Hebrews")[neutrality disputed] . The pharaoh with whom they identify the Pharaoh of the Exodus is Ahmose I, whose name means "the moon is born" in Egyptian, and "brother of Moses" in Hebrew. Rather than crossing the Red Sea, a marshy area in northern Egypt, known as the "Reed Sea" would likely have been alternately drained and flooded by Tsunamis caused by the caldera collapse and could have been crossed during the exodus
Houses on the steep cliffs.It was not hard to see why this location was added to the list of possible locations for the fabled city of Atlantis. As with most myths, connections to real places are usually dubious, and serious scientists are often skeptical. However, the latest archaeological, seismological and vulcanological evidence (popularized on The History Channel show Lost Worlds episode "Atlantis"[5] regarding Crete, Santorini and the description of Atlantis from Plato, is compelling enough (though not yet conclusive) that respected scientists are beginning to take it seriously: Plato's description of a palace where water was plentiful, collected from the surrounding hills, is a good match with the digs at Knossus and Akroteri. Plato also describes the palace of Atlantis as a multi-level acropolis sitting on a great, flattened, terraced hilltop. Again, this matches the palace at Knossus. In addition, the large foundation blocks of the palace walls were constructed of a crystalline stone called gypsum, quarried locally and cut into blocks with bronze saws. In Plato's Atlantis description, the external walls of the palace were said to "shine like silver," which is how a gypsum wall could have appeared as it glistened in the sun. Construction of the structure was advanced for its time period. The ancient engineers were able to control the path of air and light through the depths of the palace quarters using "pier and door partitioning", spiral staircase "light wells", and other features. Since violent quakes were common in the area, the palace engineers devised an anti-seismic technique, the buttressing of the unmortared walls with wooden frames and internal beams — another novelty for the age in which it was constructed. Minoan civilization disappeared suddenly, at the height of its wealth and power. This was also similar to Plato's description of the fate of the "Atlanteans". Scientists theorize that multiple tsunamis hit the island of Crete, circa 1500 BC, that came from the direction of the island of Santorini (then called Thera) about 100 miles from Crete. Santorini is the site of a massive caldera with an island at its center. Vulcanologists have determined this ill-fated island was engulfed by the terrible ca. 1500 BC eruption and collapse of the Stroggilí volcano there, which affected the entire eastern Mediterranean, as far away as the Near East — possibly the most powerful eruption in recorded history, ejecting approximately 30 cu km (7 cu mi) of magma, up to 36 km (23 mi) high. Volcanic events of this magnitude are known to generate tsunamis. The eruption is also theorized by some to explain most of the seemingly miraculous Biblical events of Exodus (a controversial idea made popular by another 2006 History Channel documentary, "The Exodus Decoded" (see above for further detail). The only gold object found at Akrotiri, a small scupture of an ibex.In 1966 at Akrotiri, archeologist James Maber Jr., uncovered an ancient city at the island's perimeter. The town remained substantially intact, like Pompeii, covered in ash. In fact, the entire island of Santorini was covered by volcanic deposits that fell during a single eruption. This layer of pumice and debris is over 100 feet deep. Underneath it, archeologists uncovered more homes with sophisticated plumbing and advanced engineering similar to those of Knossus. That only a single gold object was found hidden in flooring and a lack of human remains from the event indicate that an orderly evacuation was performed before the eruption. The island-city of Atlantis was described as being laid out in a series of concentric circles of land and water, each one connected to the sea by a deep c . Docks for a huge number of ships, and a causeway for unloading cargo of said ships, was also described. Unearthed frescos from the island have depicted Santorini with a configuration that can be interpreted in this way. It also shows a huge city on the island, theorized by archaeologists to represent the center of the caldera. At Akrotiri there are multi-story buildings. This city may have had the earliest form of town planning (structured assembly of interconnecting roads and paths) ever discovered, again, with fresh running water and toilets in each house, leading to a sewer system. Many such sites have now been unearthed both on Crete and Santorini. Plato described quarries on the island of Atlantis where "rocks of white, black, and red" were extracted from the hills and used to construct a great island city. The description matches the rocks found on Santorini. The final clue is Plato's reference to Egypt as the source of the Atlantis myth, via Solon. The Egyptians called Atlantis "Kepchu"[citation needed], which also happens to be their name for the people of Crete. It is speculated[citation needed] that survivors of the Minoan volcanic disaster asked Egypt for help, since they were the only other civilization with high culture at the time[citation needed]. Further evidence may suggest that the Jewish people held as slaves in Egypt might have been refugees from the Santorini catastrophe.[citation needed] Investigations are ongoing.[citation needed] The scientists Dr. J. Alexander MacGuuvry (archeologist), Dr. Colin F. MacDonald (archeologist), Professor Floyd McCoy (vulcanologist), professor Clairy Palyvou (architect), and Dr. Garassimos Papadopoulos (seismologist) are featured prominently in the documentary, and the above are examples of their research and conclusions.
Panoramic view of Santorini's rocky cliffs Grape plants growing directly on the ground (without any support for the branches), Santorini, Greece
Thira, taken from a ship in the harbor
[edit] References ^ http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/?id=3654 ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/08/060823-thera-volcano.html ^ Minoan Qe-Ra-Si-Ja. The Religious Impact of the Thera Volcano on Minoan Crete ^ Theran graffiti in translation ^ http://www.history.com/minisites/lostworlds Forsyth, Phyllis Y.: Thera in the Bronze Age, Peter Lang Pub Inc, New York 1997. ISBN 0-8204-4889-3 Thera (Santorin) - Catholic Encyclopedia article Global Volcanism Program: Santorini History Channel's "Lost Worlds: Atlantis" archeology series. Features scientists Dr. J. Alexander MacGuuvry (archeologist), Dr. Colin F. MacDonald (archeologist), Professor Floyd McCoy (vulcanologist), professor Clairy Palyvou (architect), and Dr. Garassimos Papadopoulos (seismologist). [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: SantoriniFind more information on Santorini by searching Wikipedia's sister projects Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Learning resources from Wikiversity Santorini travel guide from Wikitravel Was the Bronze Age Volcanic Eruption of Thira (Santorini) a Megacatastrophe? A Geological/Archeological Detective Story, Grant Heiken, Independent consultant, author, geologist (retired) Los Alamos National Laboratory. Lecture presented at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, sponsored by Center for Global Studies and Center for Advanced Study. Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Akrotiri of Thera: fully illustrated capsule of the finds. Santorini Eruption much larger than previously thought. Professor Doumas of U of Athens Discusses the Archaeological Significance of Thera - Video Interview. [hide]v • d • eMunicipalities and Communities of the Cyclades Prefecture Municipalities Amorgos • Andros • Ano Syros • Drymalia • Ermoupoli • Exomvourgo • Ios • Kea • Korthio • Kythnos • Milos • Mykonos • Naxos • Paros • Poseidonia • Santorini • Serifos • Sifnos • Tinos • Ydrousa • Petaloudes • Rhodes • South Rhodes • Symi • Tilos Communities Anafi • Antiparos • Donousa • Folegandros • Irakleia • Kimolos • Koufonisi • Oia • Panormos • Schoinoussa • Sikinos Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini" Categories: NPOV disputes | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Islands of Greece | Ports and harbours of Greece | The Cyclades | Tourism in Greece | Wine regions of Greece | Volcanic calderas | Subduction volcanoes | VEI-6 volcanoes | Volcanoes of Greece | Volcanoes of the Aegean | Decade Volcanoes | Archaeological sites in Greece | Minoan civilization | Phoenician colonies | Dorian colonies | Pederasty in ancient Greece ViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsSign in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes File upload wizard Contact us Make a donation Help Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this article In other languages Български Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Furlan Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Nederlands 日本語 ქართული Norsk (bokmål) Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 This page was last modified 19:45, 11 June 2007. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers
Sources66.30.184.184 19:27, 13 June 2007 (UTC) |
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Untitled
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<Remove personal attacks>
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Fokus Privatbank
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Fokus Privatbank is a brand name for Danske Bank's Norwegian private banking operation, under the parent brand Fokus Bank Sourceswww.fokus.no/privatbank 88.90.230.25 21:29, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Soviet Union Justification
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How far can the Soviet Union be justified by the changed economic and social conditions that followed its establishment? The revolution of October 1917 led to the fall of the Provisional Government in Russia, and to the empowerment of the Bolshevik party, who were later to become the Soviet party following the civil war that lasted until 1920. Many have said that the Soviet Union was formed in the face of many possibly crippling economic and social problems within its borders such as the slow progress towards nationalism and the civil conflict that was taking place from 1917 to 1920. The actions of the Soviet Union were drastic, they introduced such schemes as the New Economic Policy, collectivisation and the Five Year Plan, all of which were drastic measures taken to attempt to find a quick solution to long-term economic and social problems. Essentially it was the state’s declaration of its communist state which was its most notable in its creation, and would require the most justification. Essentially, following the class struggles that preceded it, communism was the apparent method with which the peasants within the state could balance out the class differences and give themselves more say over the governing of their country. It was, in fact, the communism that fundamentally eliminating the difference between the proletariat and the higher members of Russian and Soviet society; the motto of the Soviet union is indicative of the reasons behind and the aims of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ‘Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!’ (Transliterated as: ‘Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!’) Translated as ‘Workers of the world, unite!’ It would seem that the main reason for the revolutions and for the new Soviet state relate directly back to the excitement generated within the population, and then spread around the country. Whilst it is clear that at the origin of the revolution the political drive and motivation was well known and was vastly popular, the effect of the possible new regimé was not well known further a field. C. Hill clearly implied that the peasants, and residents of, for example, the countryside were essentially contented with the Tzarist rule of the country. The Tzar was thought to have promised the exact same things as the Bolsheviks, and that the land would be allotted, but without actual results, and so in this respect, the Bolsheviks did nothing more than take control and carry out what the Tzar was already promising. This could possibly suggest that the new Soviet State was somewhat unnecessary in the liberation of the proletariat. It is thought that prior to the fall of the Provisional Government, there was little want, from any of the organised and quite free public, for any kind of dictatorship or change to the system of government until the summons of the Constituent Agency. It was only through conspiracy and treachery was it possible to break the Provisional Government, which places the Bolshevik government and the following Soviet government in a poor light, and shows them to be unjustified in the takeover of Russia. Both the Bolsheviks and the Soviets used terror as a means to remove opposition to the regimé and also to rid the state of any Western democracy or Tzarism. Lenin was quick to refer to previous historical precedents such as the Jacobin Terror of the French Revolution, and its ferocious effectiveness. Some examples of the use of this terror campaign was the creation of the Cheka and the use of direct action against the Constitutional Democratic Party in 1918 and the Socialist Revolutionaries in 1922. This would appear to be somewhat avoidable in the face of the widespread popularity and support of the powers that were in place, and so this aspect of the Bolsheviks and the Soviets could be considered as unjustified. In terms of economic problems the USSR was lagging behind the west, and was considered to be around fifty years behind the west, and Stalin pledged to make up the difference within ten years; this was aimed to be done with the introduction of The Five Year Plan. The Gosplan, or Central Planning Committee, was at the centre of the driving force. The Five Year Plan meant that industrial output would be drastically increased and there would have to be the harnessing of new resources, and that there would need to be the collectivisation of the agricultural world. These would mean a fundamental change in the life and work of the Soviet people; prior to the Soviet Union both industry and agriculture were at a poor standard, and it was the New Economic Policy that rescued the economy, bringing production up to pre-1914 levels Stalin initially opposed the conception of a forced, centralised economy, but was won over by the opposition. In 1928 97.3% of Soviet farmland was cultivated by peasants, meaning that there was not the ability to provide for the towns and cities, and yet the peasants refused to accept the artificially low prices that the state offered. The only option was the collectivisation of Soviet farmland, following a grain shortfall of 22 million tonnes, and a fear of a repeat of the food riots of 1917. The use of such policies was clearly not the ideal a the time, yet as events progressed and placed the Soviet government in more and more trouble the actions that they took, which essentially personify this aspect of the Soviet Union, were merely acts of desperation from the High Soviet. Stalin’s plan, as he came into power, was in essence to create an industrial state within the USSR that was comparable to such capitalist states as the U.S.A. and Britain. The unrealism of the targets that Stalin set became apparent as shortfalls began to appear, such as with shortfalls in the production of heavy metals of 67.7%. However, there was a fair amount of success from the Stalinist policies and economic actions, such as with the output of electricity increasing by 250% from 1928. However with these shortfalls, advances and general changes in society the order of the country was a mess, in terms of the capabilities and actions of the peasants. This then created long-term problems for the High Soviet which would mean that they had to ensure the continuation of the standard of life that had been created for the public, and reinforced the need for collectivisation and a forced centralised economy. The creation of the Soviet Union, and the subsequent actions benefited the nation in terms of communications, which then further enabled the USSR to progress industrially, agriculturally and economically. With double-tracked railways, more food, raw materials, and commercial goods could be transported to where they were needed, which, teamed with other policies, could then reduced the risk of food shortages and similar problems. One large problem that the creation of the Soviet union produced was the deterioration of international relations, which then resulted in the need for the government to heavily invest in the rearmament process. It is fair to say that communism excels in situations of total war, and the USSR anticipated the imminent arrival of war in Europe, or perhaps just conflict against them. The abilities of the communist, Soviet government far outstretched that of any capitalist nation in the way that they were able to invest the needed amount of raw materials, money and man power into the war effort, which other non-communist may have found it difficult to do without effecting the style of government that was already in place. The effects of war communism on the USSR was a great thing for the nation, they found that the industrial production increased and the GNP increased, and now was at a level where it could be compared to that of Britain, Germany and the U.S.A.. The effect of the new Soviet style of government was intensely felt by the industrial workers, who were often forced to move thousands of miles to meet the demands on the state industrial production. Often the industrial workers were not treated in the right way, and were faced with accusations of sabotage and counter revolutionism. The government began to put in place very authoritarian and harsh policies, such as the internal passports. Policies such as these seem to be in place not only to keep control of the workforce and industrial production, but also to state their supremacy, it would seem. This poses the question, would they have been better off without the abrasive style of government from the Soviet Union? To conclude an analysis of the justification of the formation of the Soviet Union, the progress created by the government and the negative effect it had on the population must be taken into account and compared. Does the end justify the means? The Soviet Union mostly achieved the goals that it set out to achieve, and so in that respect the Soviet Union was extremely successful. However, the effect that it had on international relations and international co-operation, coupled with the constraining effect that it had on the population of the USSR was a great disadvantage of the Soviet Union. And so, the Soviet Union can be justified by its capability and actions to solve the economic problems that faced the nation, but the social conditions and the social problems seem to be fairly irrelevant in the style of governing that was used, meaning that whilst major problems were avoided, there was a consistent, underlying dislike of the regimé. C.Hill, Lenin and the Russian Revolution M.T.Florinsky, The End of the Russian Empire S.J.Lee, Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 82.37.238.139 21:55, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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TONY CHIMEL
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TONY CHIMEL Bold textTONY CHIEMEL ALSO NO AS CHIM IS KRISTIAN FOWLER TRAINER.. HE IS ONE OF THE BEST TRAINERS IN ENGLAND HE TEACHES FOWLER LONG JUM, HIG JUM, CRICKET, AN MORE HE IS A VERY NICE MAN AND A VERY STRONG MAN TOO EVERYONE AT KRISTIANS SCHOOL DOESNT BELIVE KRISTIAN LIKE DANIEL,CLARKY,TOM WALEER AND CLIREN SO
NOW U WILL THANKS
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<personal attacks removed>
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Sources198.166.219.135 22:08, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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GIGI GARNER
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71.130.216.236 23:22, 13 June 2007 (UTC) GIGI GARNER JEWELRY DESIGNER Being born the daughter of actor James Garner automatically placed a silver spoon in the mouth of jewelry designer Gigi Garner. Although her birthright gave her certain advantages, she didn’t just stop there. She has been a recording artist, a real-life licensed private investigator (a la Rockford) and she has written everything from three number one songs, a cookbook, to a musical. Not to mention she is a black belt Tae Kwon Do and a certified scuba diver! Several years ago she discovered she had a strong passion toward design. So she gathered up her creative energy, paid her own way through jewelry school and has now become one of LA’s most innovative jewelry designers. After her mother kept losing her Greek “worry beads,” Gigi taught herself how to make them so she could replace them next time they were lost. Well, they were stunning and all the Garners’ friends wanted them as well. Then she gained a long list of celebs clients who have her jewelry like : Lisa Kudrow, Penelope Cruz, Kate Beckinsale, Orlando Bloom, Chad Micheal Murray, Kristin Bell, Marlee Matlin, Patti LaBelle, Amanda Bynes, Marcia Cross, Aisha Taylor, Halle Berry, Jane Kaczmerek, Maria Menounos, Kristin Veitch, Joanna Cassidy, Sandra Bullock, Melissa Joan Hart, Taraji P. Henson, Yvonne Jung, Beth Karas, Ashleigh Banfield, Rikki Klieman, Jami Floyd, Nancy Grace, Shar Jackson, Dr. Robi Ludwig, etc….and her jewelry line was born. Her organic union of real stones and precious metals have really set her apart from other jewelry craftsmen and are totally unique to her particular design style. Her work has been sought after since her pieces have appeared on such television shows as: DESPERATE HOUSWIVES, THE O.C., 20/20, COURT TV, GOOD MORNING AMERICA, FOXNEWS, MSNBC LIVE, TV CANDY, E ONLINE, JUSTICE, EXTRA, ET, HOLLYWOOD HEAT, LARRY KING LIVE, and many others. Her range of styles cover exotic high fashion pieces to conservative wear to accommodate her female news anchor clients all over the country. Her pieces have also been editorially featured in dozens of publications such as : IN STYLE, GLAMOUR, COSMO, TV GUIDE, IN TOUCH, OK, BRIDES, ELITE TRAVELER, MARIE-CLAIRE, LA CONFIDENTIAL, LATINA, LUCIERE, FRONT DESK, PROPHECY, etc. without any advertising budget. “I’m a one woman operation” Gigi is proud to admit. “I’m also the art director, photographer, bench jeweler, etc. Also, everything is one of a kind, whether it is a hand chiseled crystal ring or a pair of handmade tassel earrings.” Gigi works “By Appointment Only” at her showroom in LA’s trendy fashion district of West Hollywood. This has created a very exclusive set of private clients, stylists, magazine editors, costume designers, etc. who run in and out of her showroom all day to get jewelry for TV shows, charity events, photo sessions, award shows, gifts, special occasions, etc. An amazing amount of thought and attention goes into every piece almost as if it were more a piece of “art” than just a piece of jewelry. Even though she only started her business a couple of years ago, she has made tremendous strides thus far and it will be a pleasure to see what evolves in her future. And the best thing about it is….. She has done it all on her own. ;)
Sourceshttp://www.gigigarner.com
http://www.gigigarner.com/celebs.html
http://www.gigigarner.com/press.html
http://WWW.COURTTV.COM
HTTP://WWW.THE5THCHOIR.COM/JIMGARNER.HTM
HTTP://WWW.WOMACKNET.NET/features/jamesgarner.htm
http://www.fredala.com/index.asp?ID=16&PageAction=Custom
http://www.kaboodle.com/breakyourface/rings-bracelrt-lip.html
http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/james-garner/bio/155406
http://www.blog.courttv.com/jami_floyd/2007/03/evelyn_angel_ma_1.html
http://www.1888pressrelease.com/rss/fashion-industry.xml
71.130.216.236 23:22, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Ready On Three
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www.myspace.com/readyonthreereadyonthree
82.7.194.159 23:59, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
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Untitled
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Zoe Hupman Zoe Hupman is a very kind good sister.
Sources65.93.134.165 00:02, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
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Sources
90.202.97.221 00:45, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
Jeff blackburn
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A crazy ass korean who stars in John Rambo
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The Shootout
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The Shootout is a film-making festival held annually in Newcastle, New South Wales,Geelong, Victoria,Toowoomba, Queensland in Australia, aswell as Hamilton, New Zealand and Boulder, Colorado internationally. The Shootout was first held in Newcastle in 1999. Teams participating are challenged to create a short film(under 7 minutes) with-in 24 hours using only in-camera editting, aswell as including a variety of locations from the local area in the film. Once the 24 hours is over the films are judged by a panel of judges and the following night an awards ceremony is held to honour the most outstanding films. SourcesThe Official Shootout website http://www.theshootout.info 203.206.239.139 04:59, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
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Food4Life
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Sourceswww.yahoo7.com.au/food4life www.smh.com.au 139.168.18.250 05:24, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
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MC Justice
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Sourcesyoutube.com
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Mitchell Earth Sciences Building
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> Ruth Wattis Mitchell Earth Sciences Building Designed by Spencer& Lee, and Busse 1968-1970 Named after Ruth Wattis Mitchell, dedicated on November 19, 1970. A Spencer design, using concrete and glass with structural elements very clear on the exterior of the building along with the signature Sanford red tile roof. The lobby is situated around a spiral staircase with a glazed library court surrounding the stairs. The design is reminiscent of Ero Saarinen’s design of the General Motors Tech Center in Warren, Michigan. The building was seen to completion with the help of Richard H. Jahns Dean Emeritus of the School of Earth Sciences. He helped contribute with the final stages of planning, funding and construction of the building. In 1997 seismic renovation was completed by David Bartlett & Associates. An additional skylight was also completed as of January1998 during the seismic renovation. >
> ==References==
> * [3]
>
> == External links ==
>
I get a 404 Not Found error on the link, but it's not a third-party source anyway. Powers T 20:38, 14 June 2007 (UTC) |
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Oak Bay News
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The Oak Bay News is a regional newspaper for the municipality of Oak Bay, located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is owned by Black Press. SourcesThe online editions can be viewed at http://www.oakbaynews.com/ 66.183.174.118 07:04, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
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Sangrur public school, Mangwal(sangrur)
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Sangrur public school is sitauted in patiala road, Mangwal near the Bhagat Hyundai Showroom. this is the school with very good faculity, infrastructure & good academic records. Sources61.16.164.66 07:12, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
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Worlds bond pay EnenKio Gold
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Sources65.54.97.152 08:26, 14 June 2007 (UTC) copyrighted text removed. Powers T 20:47, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
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Godfrey Mwakikagile
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Sources64.85.129.53 08:53, 14 June 2007 (UTC) Godfrey Mwakikagile is an African writer from Tanzania. He was born on 4 October 1949 in Kigoma, a town and port on Lake Tanganyika, in western Tanganyika. In 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania. He grew up in Tanganyika, and Tanzania, and attended school in his home country from primary school to high school. He went to primary school in his home district, Rungwe, Mbeya Region, in the Southern Highlands in the Great Rift Valley, which borders Malawi and Zambia; attended Songea Secondary School from 1965 to 1968 in Ruvuma Region on the border with Mozambique; and Tambaza High School from 1969 to 1970 in the nation's capital Dar es Salaam. After finishing high school (Form VI or Standard 14) at Tambaza, he joined the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in the nation'a capital as an information officer and later became a news reporter at the country's largest English news paper, the Daily News, which was also and still is based in Dar es Salaam. His relationship with the Daily News started earlier when he was still a student at Tambaza High School in Form V and Form VI from 1969 to 1970 when he started working at the paper as a news reporter (see his web site, Tanzanian writer: Godfrey Mwakikagile). The paper was then known as the Standard. It was nationalised in 1970 and renamed Daily News. After working at the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting for some time, he returned to the Standard, after it was renamed Daily News, and joined the editorial staff as a news reporter. He later attended school in the United States where he graduated from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He also attended Aquinas College in Grand Rapids in the same state. Although he has written a number of books, he is not a highly influential author; he has limited influence on the general public and is not well-known even in his own country, Tanzania, except among the people who know him and those who have read his books and his other writings in newspapers and journals. Even many academics in Tanzania, if not the majority, have never heard of him let alone read of any of his writings; except, may be, the books he has written about the president of his country, the late Julius Nyerere. He burst into prominence among some people in Tanzania after he wrote a major book about Nyerere not long after the former president died. Otherwise they would not have known about him except those who knew him before. This is not to minimise his contribution or the significance of his writings as works of scholarship or importance to the general public. It is simply to put in proper perspective the relevance and significance of his writings in relation to the general audience and even to scholars, especially his fellow Africans, who would possibly be interested in his works if they knew about them. In spite his status as a relatively unknown African author, his works have been getting some attention among a few people including academics who have reviewed some of his books in scholarly journals. One of the reasons for his relative obscurity, besides the fact that he does not write books for general audiences but only in specific areas and fields of interest to a limited number of people especially his fellow Africans and some academics, is that he is also a later starter as a writer, despite his background as a news reporter when he was in his late teens and early twenties. His first book was published only in 1999 when he was almost 50 years old, but he has maintained a steady pace since then, writing books, as demonstrated by the number of titles he has on the market. He has written 20 books (which is a large number of books in a relatively short period of time)mostly about Africa during the post-colonial period, and has been described as a political scientist (see people.africadatabase.org) although his works defy classification. He has written about history, politics, economics and contemporary affairs from an African and Third World perspective and is known for such works as Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, and Africa and the West. Both have been favourably reviewed in a number of publications including West Africa magazine. His work Nyerere and Africa, probably his most well-known title, was reviewed by West Africa magazine three years after Nyerere died of leukemia in October 1999 at the age of 77 ( see the review by Kofi Akosah Sarpong, "Nyerere's Vision," in West Africa, 25th November - 1st December 2002, p. 41). It was also reviewed by the Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, which said about the book: :"For a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the interior narrative of Mwalimu Nyerere, one needs not look elsewhere" ( see Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala, "Nyerere: True pan-Africanist, advocate of unity," in "Three Years After Mwalimu Nyerere, " Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Monday, October 14, 2002, p. 19). The book has also been cited by some African leaders including South African Vice President Ms. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka in one her speeches about African leadership and development in which she quotes the author (see "Address Delivered by the Deputy President, Ms. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, at the Third Annual Julius Nyerere Memorial Lecture, at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Issued by the Presidency through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa, 6 September 2006). Godfrey Mwakikagile's other book, Africa and the West, which is a sweeping survey of the continent before the advent of colonial rule and during the colonial era as well as after independence, was also reviewed by West Africa magazine in its edition of 21st - 27th January 2002. It was described by Kofi Akosah Sarpong, a Ghanaian and editor of the magazine, as "a new book calling for a return to African traditions and rejection of harmful Western ideas...and an uncompromising demand for dignity and respect for Africans....Godfrey Mwakikagile's book is also a reflective treatise, especially in its philosophical discussion of the importance of African values, history and traditions, African philosphical concepts, and the way of life in pre-colonial times as compared to the advent of colonialism" ( see Kofi Akosah-Sarpong, "Back to The Roots," in West Africa, 21st - 27th January 2002, p. 43 ). West Africa magazine also described Godfrey Mwakikagile as an author who articulates the position of "African Renaissance thinkers." Although he has been exposed to Western cultures, was educated in the Western intellectual tradition and even lived in the United States for many years, his perspectives and philosophical conceptions have undoubtedly been shaped by his African upbringing and are deeply rooted in African cultures and traditions. And he rejects the notion that Africa was a blank slate until Europeans came to write on it. He passionately argues that the history written about Africa by Europeans when they first went to Africa and even during colonial rule as well as after independence is not African history but the history of Europeans in Africa; and maintains that traditional Africa has produced philosophers and other thinkers whose knowledge and ideas can match and even surpass the best in the West and elsewhere in the world. He forcefully articulates that position in his book, Africa and The West (see his book, Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa and The West, pp. 1 - 46, and 201 - 218). He undoubtedly has strong convictions but does not neatly fit into any ideological category. He expresses strong Pan-Africanist views in his writings and sees Africa as a collective entity and one organic body and has strongly been influenced by staunch Pan-Africanist leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Sekou Toure and Patrice Lumumba whom he also strongly admires (see Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era. For Godfrey Mwakikagile's Pan-Africanist views and perspectives, see also Professor Eric Edi of Temple University, in his paper, "Pan West Africanism and Political Instability: Perspectives and Reflections," in which he cites Godfrey Mwakikagile's books, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties and The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation). But some of his critics contend that he overlooks or glosses over the shortcomings of these leaders precisely because they are liberation icons and played a leading role in the struggle for independence and against white minority rule in southern Africa (see reviews of his book, Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era on amazon.com). He also seems to be "trapped" in the past, in liberation days, especially in the seventies when the struggle against white minority rule was most intense (see Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of Era; and Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood). But that may be for understandable reasons. He was a part of that generation when the liberation struggle was going on and some of his views have unquestionably been shaped by what happened during those days as his admiration of Robert Mugabe, for example, as a liberation icon clearly shows; although he also admits in his book, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, that the land reform programme in Zimbabwe could have been carried out in an orderly fashion and in a peaceful way. But his admiration for Mugabe as a true African nationalist and Pan-Africanist remains intact; a position that does not sit well with some of his critics. And by remarkable contrast, his contempt for African leaders whom he sees as whites in black skin also remains intact. He mentions Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda as a typical example of those leaders (see his book, Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood, pp. 156 - 163). So, his identification with liberation heroes is clear and understandable; and so is his "nostalgia" about liberation days in the sixties and seventies. And that may be why some of his critics and supporters say "he belongs to the old school of thought" (see reviews of his books on youngafrican.com). He also lived and grew up under the leadership of Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, a liberation icon and staunch Pan-Africanist, whose socialist policies he has also defended in his writings because of the egalitarian ideals they instilled in the people of Tanzania enabling them to form a peaceful, cohesive nation in which they saw themselves as equal in terms of rights and dignity as fellow human beings in spite of the poverty they endured under ujamaa (Nyerere's African version of socialism). Yet, in spite of his admiration of liberations icons, he also is highly critical of African leaders from the same generation who led their countries to independence, contending that most of them did not care about the well-being their people; a position he forcefully articulates in his writings ( see his books, Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done, and Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood). He sometimes seems to be a contradictory character, or simply difficult to understand, but he is actually torn between two worlds because of the generation to which he belongs, having been born before independence and partly brought up under colonial rule. One critic of his works has described him as "a shrewd intellectual in defence of liberation icons" and accuses him of not being intellectually honest about leaders such as Nyerere and Nkrumah for not criticising them harshly for their failures (see Kwesi Johnson-Taylor in his review of Godfrey Mwakikagile's book, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, on amazon.com, February 21, 2006). In a way, some people may see him as a complex character not always easy to understand, although he articulates his position clearly and forcefully. Some of the confusion among his readers about his position on African leaders of the independence generation has to do with his own background since he was a part of that generation in the sense that he witnessed the end of colonial rule and the emergence of the newly independent African states although he was not old enough to have participated in the independence struggle himself (see his biography, "Tanzanian Writer: Godfrey Mwakikagile). He admires the leaders who led their countries to independence, yet he is highly critical of them in most cases for their failures during the post-colonial period. He admires many aspects of Nyerere's socialist policies in Tanzania, yet concedes the policies were also a failure in many cases. And he strongly favours fundamental change in African countries, yet he is nostalgic about the past (see his books, Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa is in A Mess, and Africa and The West). His advocacy for fundamental change is articulated in many of his writings including The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, one his more well-known books. In his review of the book, Ronald Taylor-Lewis, a Sierra Leonean and editor of Mano Vision magazine, London, described it as "a masterpiece of fact and analysis. In the one book he manages to extensively cover the 'rebirth' of Liberia, the 'powerless' state of Sierra Leone, 'ethnic cleansing' in Rwanda, 'stateless' Somalia, slavery in Mauritania and Sudan, and the fall of Mobutu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire). Any one of the topics is the subject of a book in itself'....The whole book is a great read for scholars and people merely interested in the affairs of the continent and reads as a piece put together by someone who has taken the trouble to research his facts properly" (Ronald Taylor-Lewis, in his review of Godfrey Mwakikagile, The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, in Mano Vision, Issue 23, October 2001, pp. 34 - 35. See also Professor Catherine S.M. Duggan, Department of Political Science, Stanford University, in her paper, "Do Different Coups Have Different Implications for Investment? Some Intuitions and A Test With A New Set of Data," in which she cites Godfrey Mwakikagile on fundamental changes in African countries. See also Godfrey Mwakikagile, cited in Christopher E. Miller, "A Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Peace and Conflict Studies," p. 87; and in Gabi Hesselbein, Frederick Golooba-Mutebi, and James Putzel, "Economic and Political Foundations of State-Making in Africa: Understanding State Reconstruction," Working Paper No. 3, 2006). The book has also been reviewed in other publications. Tana Worku Anglana reviewed Godfrey Mwakikagile's Modern African State: Quest for Transformation in Articolo at www.africansocieties.org/n1/paginaarticolo2.htm and stated, in "Discussing African Social Fates: A First Overview of An Unbiased Literature," the following: "Another group of authors maintain that the reasons for Africa's crisis mainly lie in an inadequate political system. An interesting example comes from the analysis carried out by G. Mwakikagile, in the book The Modern African State (2001) , which stresses the need for a democratic system as a prerequisite for peace and stability in Africa. However, in the author's view, democracy per se cannot survive in countries torn by conflict. Conflicts spring from poverty, and the poverty in many African countries is caused by dictatorships, corruption, tribalism and want. For the author, these are the gravest problems that feed one another and give rise to a dangerous vicious circle. This is why Mwakikagile makes a list of necessary actions for Africa to achieve political stability, which is the essential foundation for widespread development. These include: the decentralisation of power; an independent judiciary; promoting political pluralism and consensus for coalition governments; introducing federal systems favouring greater freedom; creating independent electoral committees composed of members of all political and ethnic groups and of community representatives; promoting national conferences for the participation of all regions and ethic groups; promoting citizen participation in legislative and political changes; establishing an independent free communication service; setting fixed terms of office for presidents (6 years) and members of parliament (3 years); setting up monitor groups to investigate power abuse and corruption in the governing class. In short, the author feels that development cannot be possible without fundamental changes inside African countries themselves, damaged by decades of dictatorships and that still have a significant number of one-party systems." In one of his most controversial books, Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done, he strongly crticises most of the leaders of post-colonial Africa for tyranny and corruption, and for practising tribalism, a common theme in the works of many African writers and other people including well-known ones and many African scholars in and outside Africa. Unfortunately, because of its vitriolic condemnation of most African leaders during the post-colonial era, the book has been cited by some people, who obviously have not read it, as a clarion call for the re-colonisation of Africa (because things are so bad, colonial rule was better) although the author says exactly the opposite in his work (See Kenday Samuel Kamara of Walden University in his abstract, "Considering the Enormity of Africa's Problems, is Re-Colonization an Option?" in which he cites Godfrey Mwakikagile's Africa is in A Mess and related works by other African authors including Professor Ali Mazrui, and Professor George Ayittey's Africa in Chaos; and Hobbit in "Gaire: Africa Re-Colonized," 28 March 2007, in which Hobbit says: "Given the crisis in post colonial Africa, is it time that the former Western colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, Italy & Germany) committed themselves, as proposed by a growing body of African and European academics - Ali Mazrui, Christoph Blocher, Mahmood Mamdani, Peter Niggli, R. W. Johnson & Godfrey Mwakikagile - as well as number of African diplomats and politicians, including the Prime Minister of Sierra Leone in the nineties, to a form of temporary semi re-colonisation of the continent?" It is a misrepresentation of Godfrey Mwakikagile's position. He says exactly the opposite. See his book on the subject, Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done. See also Tunde Obadina, "The Myth of Neo-Colonialism," in Africa Economic Analysis, 2000; and Timothy Murithi, in his book, The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peacebuilding and Development). He unequivocally states in his book, Africa is in A Mess, that he does not support any attempt or scheme, by anybody, to recolonise Africa, although he also concedes that African countries have lost their sovereignty to donor nations and multilateral insututions such as the World Bank and the IMF dominated by Western powers including those who once colonised Africa. He also admits that African countries have really never been free in spite of the instruments of sovereignty they are supposed to have. His fellow Africans who have reviewed the book on amazon.com and elsewhere in different publications and on the Internet strongly support the author and share his concerns about Africa's plight and the misguided leadership the continent has had to endure for decades since independence (see Professor Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, a Zimbambwean teaching international studies at Monash University, South Afica campus, in his abstract, "Gods of Development, Demons of Underdevelopment and Western Salvation: A Critique of Development Discourse as a Sequel to the CODESRIA and OSSREA International Conferences on Development in Africa," June 2006. Professor Ndlovu-Gatsheni advances the same argument Godfrey Mwakikagile does and cites Mwakikagile's work, Africa is in A Mess, to support his thesis. See also Floyd Shivambu, "Floyd's Perspectives: Societal Tribalism in South Africa," September 1, 2005, who cites Godfrey Mwakikagile's Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, in his condemnation of tribalism in post-apartheid South Africa; Mary Elizabeth Flournoy of Agnes Scott College, in her paper, "Nigeria: Bounded by Ropes of Oil," citing Godfrey Mwakikagile's writings including Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria; Professor Eric Edi of Temple University, in his paper, "Pan West Africanism and Political Instability: Perspectives and Reflections," in which he cites Godfrey Mwakikagile's books, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties and The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation). Godfrey Mwakikagile, in his book Africa is in A Mess, is also hghly critical of Western powers for ruthlessly exploiting Africa even today in collusion with many African leaders. His books have also been reviewed in African Studies Review by leading scholars in their fields. They include Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties which was reviewed Professor Claude E. Welch of the Department of Political Science at the State University of New York, Buffalo ( see Claude E. Welch, Jr., in African Studies Review, Vol. 45, No. 3, December 2002, pp. 124 - 125); and Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, reviewed by Nigerian Professor Khadijat K. Rashid of Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C., (see African Studies Review, Vol. 46, No. 2, September 2003, pp. 92 - 98). For more reviews of his books, see also Expo Times, Sierra Leone; The Mirror, Zimbabwe, and other publications including those feautured on the Internet. He has also written about race relations in the United States and relations between continental Africans and people of African descent in the diaspora. His titles in these areas include Black Conservatives in The United States; Relations Between Africans and African Americans; and Relations Between Africans, African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. Godfrey Mwakikagile's books are found in public and university libraries around the world and have been adopted for class use at a number of colleges and universities in the United States and other countries. Here is a list of titles by Godfrey Mwakikagile: Economic Development in Africa, 1999 Africa and The West, 2000 The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, 2001 Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties, 2001 Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001 Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 2002 Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done, 2004 Tanzania under Mwalimu Nyerere: Reflections on an African Statesman, 2004 Black Conservatives: Are They Right or Wrong?, 2004 Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era: Expanded Edition with Photos, 2005 Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities, 2005 Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties: My Reflections and Narratives from The White Settler Community and Others, 2006 African Countries: An Introduction, 2006 Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood, 2006 Life under Nyerere, 2006 Black Conservatives in The United States, 2006 Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent, 2006 Relations Between Africans, American Americans and Afro-Caribbeans: Tensions, Indifference and Harmony, 2007 Investment Opportunities and Private Sector Growth in Africa, 2007
That may too high a standard by whuch to judge other African writers since most of them are no in the same league with Achebe or Ngugi. But they are significant and influential enough to merit attention and inclusion in Wikipedia. Godfrey Mwakikagile is one of them. And here is why: His book are found in almost all the university libraries in the United States and have been recommended for class use. He is one of the few, probably very few, African academic authors who have many books in university libraries. Godfrey Mwakikagile's books are found at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Duke, University of Chicago, Stanford, UC- Berkeley, UCLA and other campuses and all the major universities in the United States; and in Britain - U of London, Cambrudge, Oxford; in Australia - U of Sidney and others, as well as in other countries. They are also found in public libraries - New York, Toronto, Boston, Chicago, LA, British Library, etc. Even many well-known professors don't have that many titles in university libraries like he does. He is also worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia because he's one of the most prominent writers from Tanzania and probably the most prolific. I found all that abut him because as a Tanzanian myself, I did some research after I heard about him. Tanzania does not have many authors who are as prominent as he is and he is definitely a prolific author. I dn't him personally but after reviews of his books on amazon.com, Barnes & Noble and elsewhere, I was highly impressed by his contribution. His siginficance as a writer is also underscored by the fact that he has been sought for interviews by the BBC, PBS and Voice of America. See the reviews on amazon.com. His influence is als significant among univerisyt students who use his books as text books: at Indiana U, Columbia U, and many other colleges and universities. And the mere fact that his works have been reviewed by highly esteemed publications such as "West Africa" magazine (founded in 1917), and "African Studies Review," an a highly influential academic journal among others, shows that he is a important author, and an African author, who is important if not he is not well-knwonw like Achebe, Soyinka, or Ngugi. But how many are? His significnce also is underscored by the fact that African presidents and other leaders take his writings seriously, as testified by one reviewer on amazon.com of his book "Africa is in A Mess." And his first five books, all hardcover, were published by an academic press in New York; an achievement many renowned professors don't have on their resumes. All those titles, and the rest, are found in almost all the university libraries in the United States. The significance of his titles, as major works of academic interest and general public interest, is another reason for his inclusion in Wikipedia. So is the fact that we may expect more works from him, given his trackr ecord as a prolific author. And if you know an author from Tanzania who has written as many boks as he has, please let me know. I would like to know. Just post the comment here and I'll read it next time I visit the page. |
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