General Tinio

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From English Wikipedia @ Freddythechick

A municipality in the historic province of Nueva Ecija and was named after the youngest general of the Philippine Revolution, General Manuel Tinio y Bundoc

General Tinio
Welcome Arch
Welcome Arch
Official seal of General Tinio
Seal
OpenStreetMap
CountryPhilippines
RegionNegros Island Region
Founded1921
Named forManuel Tinio
Barangays(see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • MayorEngr. Isidro T. Pajarillaga
 • Vice MayorMelvin S. Pascual
 • RepresentativeEmerson D. Pascual
 • Municipal Council
Members
 • Electoratevoters (?)
Highest elevation
113 m (371 ft)
Lowest elevation
32 m (105 ft)
Economy
 • Poverty incidence
<div style="background-color: Expression error: Unexpected > operator.; width: %; height: 100%;">
% (?)
 • Revenue₱ 
 • Assets₱ 
 • Expenditure₱ 
 • Liabilities₱ 
Service provider
 • Electricity—
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
PSGC
PSGC unknown

General Tinio is a 1st class municipality[4] in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Nestled at the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains and bordered by the Peñaranda River, Rio Chico River, and several other streams, the town’s hilly terrain and dense wild vegetation made it a natural refuge for insurgents resisting colonization during the Spanish, American, and Japanese occupations. These physical barriers allowed freedom fighters to rest and regroup, contributing to the absence of major battles within the town.

Renamed in 1957 to honor revolutionary leader General Manuel Tinio, the town has since developed into a thriving agricultural hub known for its rich cultural festivals - like the Kalamay Festival - and natural attractions like Minalungao National Park. The town’s inspiring history, resilient leaders, and strong sense of community across its barangays continue to shape its legacy and drive its progress.

This article is about the municipality. For the person, see Manuel Tinio.

The town is locally referred to as Papaya but officially called the Municipality of General Tinio (Tagalog: Bayan ng Heneral Tinio, Ilocano: Ili ti Heneral Tinio). It posted an income of 260 M Php in 2020.[5] According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 55,925 people.[3]

The town rests at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountains to the East where patriot insurgents fought and died; further to the east and over the mountains is the beach town and the next tuna capital of the Philippines,[6] Dinggalan. Adjoining to the northeast side is the Fort Magsaysay Army Reservation, wherein the national hero Ninoy Aquino and former Senator Jose Diokno were incarcerated during Martial Law in the 1970’s. On the north are the towns of Gabaldon and Laur, named after Laureana Quijano, the wife of General Manuel Tinio. To the West are the historic towns of Sta. Rosa, Peñaranda and the old city of Gapan where you will find the first minor basilica in Nueva Ecija, the National Shrine of La Virgen Divina Pastora, also known as the Three Kings Parish, or simply known as Gapan Church. To the south are the Peñaranda River that leads to the Minalungao National Park and; the town of Doña Remedios Trinidad, named after the former First Lady Imelda Marcos.

History of General Tinio (formerly Papaya)

The town of General Tinio, previously known as Papaya, has a rich and storied history rooted in the confluence of three barrios of the young town of Peñaranda: Papaya, Rio Chico, and Pias. These three barrios formed the foundation of the town, contributing to its development from a wilderness into a vibrant municipality.

Spanish Era: The Origin of Papaya

Two accounts mark Papaya to have been in existence since 1845. One is in the biography of the Katipunero and Comandante Mamerto Padolina who was born in 1845[7] in Papaya. Another account is the presence of an inscription on the bell at the center of the town saying Barrio de Papaya 1875[8]

A publication of the Bureau of Public Schools after World War II upon receipt of EO 486, s. 1952, which mandated all divisions the history and culture of all towns and barrios.
A publication of the Bureau of Public Schools after World War II upon receipt of EO 486, s. 1952, which mandated all divisions the history and culture of all towns and barrios.

However, according to historical accounts and the cultural life of Papaya, Nueva Ecija,[9] , during the Spanish colonial period, the area was a vast wilderness, largely untouched except for intermittent patrols by Spanish soldiers from their headquarters in San Isidro (about 1852). They often have trouble finding one another in the uncharted wilderness. In one of their patrols, they decided on a meeting point—a tall papaya tree that stood conspicuously in what is now the site of the old Sto. Cristo Catholic Church. This papaya tree served as a guiding landmark and became the designated meeting spot for the soldiers, eventually giving the area its name: Papaya.

Papaya was initially a sitio of Barrio Mapisong, which later became the town of Peñaranda. Mapisong was then part of the expansive and evangelically significant town of Gapan (where a church was founded in 1595[10]). Sitio Papaya, Barrio Mapisong and the town of Gapan were all within the province of Pampanga until 1848[11] when the maps were re-drawn. From then on, Gapan belonged to the jurisdiction of Nueva Ecija. Note that the founding of the Gapan Church by the order of St. Agustine and the formation of the big town is just 24 years after the Battle of Bangkusay in Tondo or 74 years after the arrival of Spain in Cebu in 1521[12]

In May 1851[1], Mapisong was elevated to a town by a Royal Decree[13], becoming Peñaranda, and Papaya thus became one of its barrios. The establishment of churches, evolving political boundaries, together with the unique geographical features of the land—rivers, mountain ranges, and fertile plains—not only influenced the governance and development of the region but also helped shape the distinct cultural practices, beliefs, and daily lives of the people in Papaya. The adaptation of the local communities to their surroundings contributed significantly to their resilience, agricultural practices, and communal traditions, which remain a vital part of their identity today.

Map of Nueva Ecija; Provincias Y Distritos de la Isla de Luzon. Cartographical Collection. National Library of the Philippines

The Philippine - American War (1898-1902)

After the 1898 Treaty of Paris and Battle of Manila Bay, the Americans moved quickly to capture President Emilio Aguinaldo and take over the civil government: The Taft Commission or Second Philippine Commission (1900)[14] became the first legislative body of the Philippines; Act 82[15], The Municipal Code (January 1901), organized the municipal governments in the Philippines; while Act 83[16], The Provincial Government Act (February 1901), organized the provincial governments; Act 136[17] An Act Providing for the Organization of Courts in the Philippine Islands (June 1901). By June 11, 1901, the provincial government of Nueva Ecija was put under control by the Americans and Epifanio De Los Santos was assigned as its first governor.

Under these circumstances, the command of General Urbano Lacuna of Peñaranda, valiant locals such as: Commandant Mamerto Padolina, Tentientes Jose Bulacan, Pedro Gonzales, Juan Calma, Juanso Padolina and others joined to fight the Americans with the ruthless Macabebes.

The Macabebes

According to the History of Papaya[18] from the National Historical Commission, the Macabebes were Filipinos who were allied with the foreign invaders - Spain and America. During the Spanish occupation, Pias became an evacuation center due to its nearness to the mountain. Many people hid there for fear of the Macabebes who were Filipinos that were helping Spanish forces like the Guardia Civil who tortured the people. During the American period, they terrorized the people by looting their property, raping women, and punishing men who refused to obey them.

These Filipinos with the Americans reached as far as Barrio Rio Chico. When the barrio heard of their coming, the women fled and hid in the wilderness. They terrorized the people by looting their property, raping women, and punishing men who refused to obey them. These Filipinos with the Americans reached as far as this barrio. When the barrio heard of their coming, the women fled and hid in the wilderness.

Establishment as a Municipality

The journey of Papaya from being a sitio of Peñaranda to becoming an independent town was a pivotal chapter in its history. In June 11, 1901, the civil government of Nueva Ecija was re-established. Starting in 1903, the province underwent reorganization process, municipalities were reduced and new ones were created[19]. On March 10, 1917, by virtue of Act No. 2711,[20] Barrio Papaya was listed among the 27 municipalities of Nueva Ecija. However, the true formation of the independent municipality occurred on October 14, 1920, when Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison issued Executive Order No. 30, officially separating Barrio Papaya, along with Barrio Rio Chico and Barrio Pias, from the town of Peñaranda. This separation became effective on January 1, 1921, marking the beginning of Papaya as an independent municipality. This move was largely facilitated through the collaborative efforts of local leaders Capitan Mamerto Ramos Padolina, who was the Secretary of the Governor of the Province, along with Judge Segundo Bernardo and Francisco Padolina.

Barrio Papaya

Papaya became the administrative center of the newly formed town, largely due to its strategic location and historical significance as a meeting point for the locals and visitors. It has become known as Poblacion or Bayan. It developed into the hub of governance and commerce for the municipality.

Barrio Rio Chico

Rio Chico, previously known as Ilog na Munti, played an equally important role in the formation of the town. The name Rio Chico, meaning "small river," was given by Spanish soldiers who were impressed by the small river that ran through the area, providing water and facilitating transportation. Rio Chico was known for its fertile lands along the riverbanks, which allowed the community to thrive. The pioneering families—the Riveras and the Gonzaleses—settled along the river and became the foundation of the community, contributing significantly to the early development of the town.

The original families in the area are the Rivera and Gonzales. The sitio of Baste (now known as Barangay Bago), located northeast of Rio Chico near the Sierra Madre Mountains, was an important agricultural site and served as an evacuation center during World War II. Baste was also a hiding place for the Hukbalahaps and guerrilla fighters during the Japanese occupation.

The old sitios are:

  • Arobo
  • Batug
  • Bical-bical
  • Binumbunan
  • Bulak
  • Calumpit
  • Combenio
  • Lungos
  • Makabaklay
  • Nazareth (which later became a barrio)
  • Palas na Tuod
  • Pantay ng Sibug
  • Pias (which later became a barrio)
  • Pinagbakahan
  • Santuyo
  • Sikulatihan
  • Sumandig
  • Tagabas

Barrio Pias

Pias, the third foundational barrio, was known for its rich natural resources, including bamboo and fish, which were abundant along the banks of the river that ran through the area. According to local legend, the barrio got its name when children mispronounced the word "bias," referring to bamboo tubes that served as hiding places for fish. The name stuck and has been used ever since. Pias also held significance due to its agricultural potential and its position as a gateway to the rugged terrain of the Sierra Madre, which later served as a refuge for guerilla fighters during times of conflict.

The old sitios are:

  • Sapang-bato - it was famous for its mangoes and fish and was used as an evacuation center of the barrios and towns
  • Samang-gogo - it used to be grazing lands for cows and carabaos; Gogo/Gugo (Entada phaseoloides) was found in this area and sold to neighboring towns.
  • Kaputatan - became the hiding place of prominent people in Nueva Ecija like Ex-Governor Jose Robles and the Yusons of Gapan; Putat (Barringtonia asiatica or Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng) of Fish-Poison tree was found growing along the river; the sitio became a barrio in 1938
  • Maipit - a place where there were many rocks and crevices where your fingers could be caught
  • Bacug - a place named after the vine Bacug that was used for basket-weaving
  • Sabia - this area became the headquarters of Anderson guerrillas during the Japanese occupation; this area is also famous for the local fish called Bia / Biya / Tabios / Dwarf Pygmy Goby (Paedocypris progenetica)
  • Talbac - this area is known to be populated by Negritos / Aeta or Alta; the site where William J. Pomeroy and his wife were captured in April 1952; this place became also a stronghold of Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, Jose de Leon alias Dimasalang, and Alfredo Saulo. It was said that this area was also a battleground between Macabebes and Insurrectos.

The first inhabitants were Resilva and Mabalay families.

Title Page and page 25 of the Revised Administrative Code of 1917 - Act 2711 from the Malacañang Library

Renaming to General Tinio

After World War II, a movement was initiated to rename the town in honor of General Manuel Tinio (1877 – 1924), the youngest general of President Emilio Aguinaldo; a prominent revolutionary leader from Nueva Ecija who played a significant role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Congressman Celestino Juan sponsored a congressional act that was signed into law on June 20, 1957, as Republic Act No. 1665,[21] officially changing the name of Papaya to General Tinio. The renaming of the town was inaugurated on August 19, 1957, recognizing the contributions of General Tinio to the struggle for Philippine independence.

Reorganization during the Martial Law years

History of the other 6 Barangays from Presidential Decree (P.D.) 86 of 1972

After the Barrio Papaya, with Barrio Rio Chico and Pias became a town with an elected municipal government in 1921, the Barrio of Papaya had become officially as Barrio Poblacion or "Bayan".

In December 31, 1972, during the martial Law period, P.D 86 Creating Citizen Assemblies[22] revised the Barrio Charter (RA 3590). This was further amended by P.D. 86-A Strengthening and Defining the Role of Barangays (Citizens Assemblies)[23] in January 5, 1973. Under the leadership of Mayor Nicanor Bulacan Aves, these laws were executed and, by 1978, led to the creation of 6 new barangays.

As the Poblacion was dissolved, these 6 new barangays were promulgated: Poblacion Central, Poblacion East, Poblacion West, San Pedro, Sampaguita, Pulong Matong. From three barrios, the town is now subdivided to twelve and are now called barangays.

Short history of Barangay San Pedro

This vibrant tradition of brass bands has its roots in the legacy of Pedro "Bigas" Bautista, a local figure who played an influential role in nurturing the musical culture of the town. Known as "Inkong Pedro," Bautista was originally a caretaker of the public cemetery, located in the outskirts of the town which is what is now Barangay San Pedro. Bautista was among the first settlers in the area—living near the cemetery. He became not only the cemetery’s custodian but also a de facto community leader. Because of his dedication, people often came to him for guidance and help.

When the time came to name the barangay during the 1970's, Pedro Bautista was suggested as the namesake since he had been a longstanding figure in managing the cemetery and assisting the people who settled in the area. However, Bautista declined the proposal to name the area "Barangay Pedro," as he felt it inappropriate while he was still alive. Instead, he proposed naming it Barangay San Pedro, to honor Saint Peter, who, in Christian tradition, is the keeper of the keys to Heaven. The cemetery represented the final resting place, and Bautista felt that naming it after the saint would be more appropriate. Thus, the barangay was named San Pedro, recognizing both his contributions and the cultural significance of the area.

Reclaiming lost territory

In 1999, under the leadership of Mayor Virgilio Abes Bote, the Local Government of General Tinio filed a territorial dispute to reclaim Barangay Palale from Palayan City. On September 7, 2006, the Supreme Court First Division, in G.R. No. 169089, ruled in favor of General Tinio, officially transferring Barangay Palale back under its jurisdiction. The Barangay was previously one of the northern sitios of Barangay Nazareth before it was transferred to Palayan City in 1982.

Geography

MAPS

GEO-HAZARD MAP (from the Municipal Planning and Development Office) Map was prepared by the MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (from the Department of Natural Resources, Region 3)

File:Topographic Map of General Tinio from DENR.jpeg

Flood map (flood projection if flood is at 40m above sea level)

File:Flood Map if the flood reaches at 40 m above sea level.png
Flood map is if the waters go high as 40m above sea level.

Climate

Climate data for General Tinio, Nueva Ecija
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29
(84) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		30
(87)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		22
(72)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		5
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		66
(2.6) 		99
(3.9) 		127
(5.0) 		113
(4.4) 		99
(3.9) 		84
(3.3) 		35
(1.4) 		14
(0.6) 		661
(26.1)
Average rainy days 2.2 1.9 3.2 5.3 16.1 20.8 23.5 22.8 22.2 16.5 8.9 3.5 146.9
Source: Meteoblue[24]
Climate data for General Tinio, Nueva Ecija
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29
(84) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		30
(87)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		22
(72)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		5
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		66
(2.6) 		99
(3.9) 		127
(5.0) 		113
(4.4) 		99
(3.9) 		84
(3.3) 		35
(1.4) 		14
(0.6) 		661
(26.1)
Average rainy days 2.2 1.9 3.2 5.3 16.1 20.8 23.5 22.8 22.2 16.5 8.9 3.5 146.9
Source: Meteoblue[24]
Climate data for General Tinio, Nueva Ecija
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29
(84) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		30
(87)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		22
(72)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		5
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		66
(2.6) 		99
(3.9) 		127
(5.0) 		113
(4.4) 		99
(3.9) 		84
(3.3) 		35
(1.4) 		14
(0.6) 		661
(26.1)
Average rainy days 2.2 1.9 3.2 5.3 16.1 20.8 23.5 22.8 22.2 16.5 8.9 3.5 146.9
Source: Meteoblue[24]

Demographics

Population census of General Tinio
YearPop.±% p.a.
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[25][26][27]







Economy

Poverty incidence of

Lua error in Module:Chart at line 301: bad argument #1 to 'max' (number expected, got string).

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[28]

Professions

Farming is the livelihood of majority of the residents. Even though located at the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountain Ridges, the topography is generally plain ideal to agricultural products such as palay and vegetables. A number of poultry broiler contract growers are located in the municipality. Other industries include furniture and fixtures, backyard poultry, cattle and livestock, vegetable production and minor agricultural livelihoods like duck raising. "Ikmo" or betel leaves production is one dying symbol of the town. The practice of chewing betel leaves by the older generation was not adopted by the younger generation even though of its reported natural anti-cancer formula.

The remittances of numerous sons and daughters of Papaya abroad also help keep the economy of the town afloat. Papayanos can be relied to answer calls of assistance for the town's development.

Agriculture

High - Value Crops
  • Mango
  • Bamboo

Animal Husbandry

Land - based
  • Chicken and Egg
  • Duck
  • Goose
  • Turkey
  • Carabao
  • Cow
  • Goat
  • Dairy
Water - based
  • Tilapia
  • Hito
  • Bulig/Dalag
Agricultural Mechanics

Tourism

Minalungao National Park is also one of the biggest attraction of the town catering to numerous visitors each day.

Transportation and Logistics

  • Heavy Duty Truck Driving
  • Light Duty Truck Driving
  • Tricycle Driving
  • Passenger Jeepney Driving
  • Bus Driving
  • Auto Mechanic
  • Auto Electrical

Teaching and Training

Wood and Furniture Industry

Metal, Glass and Aluminum

Caregiving

Culinary

Retail

Government

Local government

Main article: Sangguniang Bayan

The following have led the town from its birth in 1921 to what it had become today.[29]

American Colonial Period (1898 - 1935)
Municipal President Municipal Vice President Term
Cristobal Castro Mangulabnan (appointed) Vice Martin Ramos (appointed) 1921–1922
Getulio Bote, Sr. Vice Martin Pajarillaga 1922–1925
Martin Pajarillaga Vice Marcos Bote Sr. 1925–1931
Marcos Bote Sr. Vice Daniel Padolina 1931–1934
Melquiades Ronquillo, Sr. Vice Santiago Bolisay 1934–1937
Commonwealth Period (1935 - 1946)
Municipal Mayor Municipal Vice Mayor Term
Melquades Ronquillo, Sr. Vice Damaso Bolisay 1937–1940
Getulio Bote Vice Pedro Bulacan 1940–1943
Second Republic (Japanese Occupation 1943-1945)
Getulio Bote (under Japanese forces) Vice Pedro Bulacan 1943–1944
Getulio Bote (transition to Commonwealth government) Vice Angeles Bote 1945
Third Republic (1946 - 1972)
Gerardo Rivera Vice Angeles Bote 1946–1947
Gerardo Rivera Vice Diosdado Bote 1948–1951
Gerardo Rivera with Victorino Bote 1952–1955
Bienvenido Bautista Abes Vice Victorino Bote 1956–1959
Gerardo Rivera Vice Banaag Leodones 1960–1963
Santos Quitua Bote Vice Getulio Bote, Jr. 1964–1967
Mariano Ronquillo Vice Manuel Domingo January 1–15, 1968
Manuel Domingo Vice Perfecto M. Bote 1968–1971
Nicanor Bautista Aves Vice Alfonso Pajimna January 1– September 21, 1972
Fourth Republic (1972 - 1986)
Nicanor Bautista Aves Vice Alfonso Pajimna September 21, 1972 -1980
Nathaniel Bote, Jr. Vice Venancio Bote 1981–1986
Fifth Republic (1986 - Present)
OIC Gerardo Rivera Vice Antonio Abes 1986–1988
Placido Maducdoc Calma Vice Bernardino R. Abes 1988–1995
Placido Maducdoc Calma Vice Elsa Bote 1995–1998
Placido Maducdoc Calma Vice Bernardino R. Abes 1998–2004
Isidro Tinio Pajarillaga Vice Indira P. Dayupay 2004–2007
Virgilio Abes Bote Vice Marcelo Bote Abes 2007–2010
Virgilio Abes Bote Vice Engr. Ferdinand P. Bote 2010–2016
Engr. Ferdinand P. Bote Vice Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual 2016– July 3, 2018
Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual Vice Anna Rouselle B Busalpa July 4, 2018-2019
Isidro Tinio Pajarillaga Vice Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual 2019–present

Barangays

General Tinio is politically subdivided into 13 barangays. Each barangay consist of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Padolina (Barangay 1)
  • Concepcion (Barangay 2)
  • Rio Chico (Barangay 3)
  • Pias (Barangay 4)
  • Nazareth (Barangay 5)
  • Bago (Barangay 6)
  • Poblacion West (Barangay 7)
  • Poblacion Central (Barangay 8)
  • San Pedro (Barangay 9)
  • Sampaguita (Barangay 10)
  • Poblacion East (Barangay 11)
  • Pulong Matong (Barangay 12)
  • Palale (Barangay 13)

Barangay Rio Chico

This tow is formerly known as "Ilog na Munti," got its name from the small river that runs through the area. During the early days of Spanish rule, a few groups of Negritos inhabited this place, and later clearings were opened by neighboring townspeople. The name "Ilog na Munti" was translated into Spanish as "Rio Chico," which has been its official name ever since. The first Cabeza of the barrio was Anastacio Rivera, who was also regarded as its founder.

Local Leaders of Rio Chico
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
Cabezang Anastacio Rivera
Crisanto Rivera
Lucio Rivera
Roman Rivera
Candido Rivera
Lucas Castro
Marciano Castro
Agustin Mangulabnan
Julian Abela
Pioquinto Rivera
Juan Rivera
Teniente Saturnino Gonzales
Teniente Pedro Gonzales
Consehal Hermogenes Pablo
Consehal Valiente Rivera
Consehal David Rivera
Teniente Juan Quijano
Teniente Rosendo Gonzales
Consehal Ruperto Bernardo
Teniente Alfonso Gonzales
Teniente Paulino Bacay
Consehal Valentin Alarcon 1952
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
Tirso Quijano Sr
Rafael Gonzales 1972 - 1982
Teofilo Serrano (appointed)
Felix Lorenzo
Demetrio Gonzales
Benny Lorenzo
Teodoro Alarcon
Gerry Quijano
Roy Alarcon Bulacan (resigned; won as a Municipal Councilor) 2016 - 2016
Resty Cabildo Salonga (sucessor) 2017 - 2018
Leonardo Rivera Bulacan 2018 - 2023
Resty Cabildo Salonga 2023 - present

Brief History of Pias

Pias was a previous sitio of Rio Chico.

Local Leaders of Pias
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
Cabezang Miguel Mabalay
Mateo Solomon
Saturnino Pascual
Pedro Fajardo 1952
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
2018 - 2023
Gerlie Alfonso Gregorio 2023 - present
Barangay Nazareth

Nazareth is the gateway to the Upper Tabuating Irrigation Project, is notable for its diverse land use, which includes eco-tourism areas and residential subdivisions. Spanning 16,300 hectares, this barangay is integral for both agricultural and residential development, housing several large-scale projects.

Originally named "Querollo" after the Querollo Creek, Barangay Nazareth emerged from its status as a sitio of Rio Chico to become an independent barrio in the early part of 1935. The original families were the families of Julian Ramos, Juan Ramos, Tomas Reyes, Isaias Madrid, Segundo Mangulabnan, Sotero Quinto, Dominador Abrigos, Felisa Ramos, Candido Villar, Alfonso Fernandez, Marcelo Gonzales, Dalmacio Padolina, and Fabian Diaz.

During World War II, Nazareth served as an evacuation center for both civilians and guerrilla fighters. It was a strategic location, with Juan Ramos being one of the key figures who supported guerrilla activities. The Methodist Chapel built in 1934 remains as one of the historical landmarks of the barrio.

Barangay Nazareth is also the starting point for rivers like Bugnan and Coronel, which provide water resources crucial for agriculture in neighboring areas. The barangay is home to Nazareth Elementary School and other facilities, making it an important community for education and agriculture in General Tinio.

Barangay Nazareth used to include the sitio of Palale which was transferred to Palayan City in 1982.

The old sitios are:

  • Tarundon Bato
  • Querollo
Local Leaders of Nazareth
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
Isaias Madrid
Segundo Mangulabnan
Joaquin Fernando 1952
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
2018 - 2023
Ian Manabat Pajarillaga 2023 - present
Barangay Bago

Bago is one of the oldest barangays, covering 1,185.55 hectares. It serves as a key livestock development area and is home to the Bago-Nazareth Memorial Park. The barangay's irrigation facilities support 45 hectares of agricultural land, while its four schools collectively serve over 1,500 students. Bago’s combination of agriculture, livestock, and community facilities underlines its diverse contributions to General Tinio.

Barangay Bago, one of the oldest barangays in the municipality of General Tinio, this used to be the sitio of Baste, which lies northeast of Rio Chico near the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains. Sitio Baste was named after Baste Creek and was established in 1938. The first and last head of the barrio was Teniente del Barrio Celino Bago alias "Katyao". Later on, the Barangay was named after him.

The early settlers of Baste were Cabezang Cornelio Jardiel, Cabezang Alipio Ramos, Cabezang Maximo Ramos—all from Peñaranda—and Cabezang Crisodono Mangulabnan. Baste flourished as an agricultural hub and was also an important evacuation center during World War II.

During the Japanese occupation, Baste became a key hiding place for the Hukbalahaps and Filipino guerrillas, making it an important part of the resistance movement. At its peak, the sitio had around forty scattered houses, and a schoolhouse was built in the central part, with Mrs. Asuncion B. Pajimna as its first teacher in 1941. However, the outbreak of the war led to the closure of the school, and during the conflict between the Hukbalahaps and the USAFFE guerrillas, the sitio was ultimately evacuated, leaving it extinct. Many former residents moved to Barangay Rio Chico or the poblacion area of Papaya (now General Tinio).

When San Jose, Nueva Ecija was bombed, the Provincial Hospital was transferred to this barrio and Barrio Baste became an evacuation center of the peoples of the province.

Local Leaders of Bago
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
Teniente Celino Bago 1938
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
2018 - 2023
Maximo Alfonso Pallarca 2023 - present
Barangay Padolina

Established in 1965, Barangay Padolina covers a land area of 573.20 hectares. The lowest point in the municipality, about 40 meters above sea level, can be found here, with the Peñaranda River flowing nearby. This fertile land is one of the major agricultural hubs of General Tinio, producing various farm products that contribute significantly to the town’s food supply. The town was named after Mamerto Ramos Padolina (1845-1923), a katipunero and a komandante during the Philippine revolution; who was born at Sitio Papaya, Barrio Mapisong (now Peñaranda), town of Gapan, in the province of Pampanga. Padolina was also one of the three leaders who pushed the agenda to turn Papaya into a town.

In terms of education, Padolina Elementary School serves the community with 409 pupils and a student-to-teacher ratio of 1:27. Recreational facilities such as Hacienda Nicolas, Villa Ofelia Resort, and Belarmino Resort cater to various community gatherings, and the barangay also houses 40 business establishments that meet residents' needs.

Padolina is notable for its irrigation system that supports 60 hectares of agricultural land, vital for local farming. Water supply is well-established, with 673 connections servicing 3,365 households, while electricity is provided to 1,521 households by NEECO II-Area 2. This barangay plays a key role in maintaining the food security of General Tinio.

Local Leaders of Padolina
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
1965
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
1972
1982 - 1989
Angke Bote 1989 - 1994
Tikboy 1994 - 1997
Macariola 1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
Virgilio Barlis Domingo 2018 - 2023
Virgilio Barlis Domingo 2023 - present
Barangay Concepcion

This is among the earliest established barangays in General Tinio, known for its strategic location along the national and provincial roads, making it one of the municipality's commercial hubs. With a land area of 219.20 hectares, it is just 1.2 kilometers away from the municipal hall. Concepcion is home to Baliwag Transit Inc., a major bus company connecting residents to Metro Manila.

Concepcion's educational facilities include East Elementary School, which enrolls 667 pupils, supported by a teaching staff of 26. There are also 64 businesses and a slaughterhouse, enhancing the barangay’s economic activities. Irrigable land of 25 hectares further underscores its agricultural value. Water supply and electricity are well-provided, with a comprehensive infrastructure network that ensures reliable service for the community.

Local Leaders of Concepcion
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
1965
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
Eugenio Tinio Pajarilaga 2018 - 2023
Eugenio Tinio Pajarilaga 2023 - present

Barangay Palale

Barangay Palale covers a total land area of 3,816 hectares and is situated 2.2 kilometers away from the municipal hall. The main source of water is the Talictic Creek, which drains towards Palayan City and the Municipality of Laur. Despite being a geographically isolated and disadvantaged area (GIDA), Palale continues to be an important part of General Tinio’s landscape. The barangay also plays a key role in historical origins and socio-cultural practices of the town as the population of the barangay are part of the local indigenous community.

The decision to return Barangay Palale to General Tinio was a significant event that restored the community's historical connection to the municipality, allowing for better integration and local governance.

Local Leaders of Palale
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant Term
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman (under Palayan City 1982 - 2006)
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman (under General Tinio 2006 - present)
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
Amante Powec (assassinated) 2018 - 2021
Melecia Binan Balabag (successor) 2021 - 2023
Melecia Binan Balabag 2023 - present

Barangay Poblacion Central

Local Leaders of Poblacion Central
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman Term
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
2018 - 2023
Reynaldo P. Rivera Jr 2023 - present

Barangay Poblacion East

Local Leaders of Poblacion East
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman Term
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
Felimon Bautista 1994 - 1997
Felino Paras 1997 - 2002
Jose Aves 2002 - 2007
Emma Abes Larete 2007 - 2010
Emma Abes Larete 2010 - 2013
Ronaldo Padolina 2013 - 2018
Harold Lex Abes Larete 2018 - 2023
Gerardo Rivera Gonzales 2023 - present

Barangay Poblacion West

Local Leaders of Poblacion West
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman Term
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
2018 - 2023
Narciso Fajardo Maducdoc Jr. 2023 - present

Barangay San Pedro

Local Leaders of San Pedro
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman Term
1972
1982 - 1989
Graciano Bautista Abes 1989 - 1994
Graciano Bautista Abes 1994 - 1997
Pepito R. Pangilinan 1997 - 2002
Crestito Bautista Abes 2002 - 2007
Danilo R. Delos Santos 2007 - 2010
Crestito Bautista Abes 2010 - 2013
Ricardo P. Tamayo 2013 - 2018
Eufracio Fermia Mauricio, Jr 2018 - 2023
Eufracio Fermia Mauricio, Jr 2023 - present

Barangay Sampaguita

Local Leaders of Sampaguita
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman Term
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
2007 - 2010
2010 - 2013
2013 - 2018
Donnabel Rosel Bautista 2018 - 2023
Donnabel Rosel Bautista 2023 - present

Barangay Pulong Matong

Local Leaders of Pulong Matong
Barangay Kapitan / Barangay Chairman Term
1972
1982 - 1989
1989 - 1994
1994 - 1997
Renato De Los Santos 1997 - 2002
2002 - 2007
Casiano Dalangin 2007 - 2010
Arnold Dalangin 2010 - 2013
Arnold Dalangin 2013 - 2018
Arnold Dalangin (won as Municipal Councilor) 2018 - 2022
Macario Macatunao Labrador Jr. (sucessor) 2022 - 2025
Gary Padolina 2023 - present

Healthcare

Education

Culture and Heritage

Spirituality and Religion

Religion

The town of General Tinio is deeply rooted in its cultural and religious traditions. There are more than 40 religious structures in the town. Roman Catholicism is the most prevalent religion, complemented by other denominations such as Iglesia ni Cristo, IEMELIF, Baptist, and Methodist churches, which all have dedicated followers. The town honors its patron saint, the San Isidro de Labrador, with an annual celebration every May.

Superstition and Beliefs

Brass Bands: A Cultural Heritage

General Tinio is known for its strong musical heritage, particularly in brass band performances. The town boasts the largest number of brass bands in the Philippines, with 15 organized bands actively participating in various events. These bands are highly sought after to enhance the festive atmosphere during town fiestas and traditional rites, especially during wakes. The "Family Band" is particularly well-known and has garnered numerous accolades, invitations and performances.

The Legacy of Maestro Pedro "Bigas" Bautista

A statue at the Barangay San Pedro enshrines the history of brass bands in the town and it recognizes Maestro Pedro "Bigas" Manuel Bautista as the "Ama ng Musika" (Father of Music) of the town. It recognizes his influence on the youth of his time, teaching and elevating the standard of music in the area. Due to his dedication, General Tinio became known as the town having the most number of active brass bands[30]. The resolution for the statue was initiated by the Barangay Council of San Pedro and endorsed by the Municipal Council of General Tinio in December 2002, with the statue being unveiled on November 22, 2003.

Statue in commemoration of Pedro Bautista, considered as the "Father of Music" of the town.
Statue in commemoration of Pedro Bautista, considered as the "Father of Music" of the town.

Brass Bands as a Pathway Out of Poverty

The brass band culture has become an essential pathway for many young people, especially those from poor farming families, to escape the cycle of poverty. Learning how to play musical instruments provides them with opportunities to be hired as musicians for various local events, offering an important source of income. Moreover, proficiency in playing instruments has opened doors for these individuals to secure scholarships and pursue higher education by joining the military band or police bands, where they receive free college education and a stable career. These opportunities have helped transform the lives of many aspiring musicians, allowing them to uplift their families from poverty.

The brass bands play in the town or invited in the different parts of the country mostly during fiestas, parades or during wakes and burial of deceased relatives.

Tradition of Honoring the Deceased

Respect for the deceased and honoring those in mourning are integral parts of the town's culture, reflected in the presence of these bands during wakes. This tradition not only pays homage to those who have passed away but also provides emotional support to the bereaved families.

Wakes are usually done at home so family, friends and neighbors could share stories and commemorate the life of the one departed, console the bereaved family and allow old ties to reconnect. A brass band is usually hired, especially on the last night of the wake both to with the tunes that reminisce the life of the one that passed away. On the day of the burial, the coffin is usually brought to the church or to the cemetery by a carroza and family or friends follow by walking up to the church or cemetery which is followed by the brass band. This procession allows everyone on the trail to bid goodbye to the deceased.

Brass Bands in Festivities and Traditions

The brass bands of General Tinio are sought after not only locally but throughout the country for events such as fiestas, parades, wakes, and burials. This tradition has become an integral part of the town's identity, honoring both celebrations and moments of mourning.

Cultural Festivals Rooted in Regional History

Aside from its vibrant musical scene, General Tinio is home to several festivals that showcase the town’s culture and history.

San Isidro Labador

As the old capital of Nueva Ecija was San Isidro (1852-1912), the patron Saint Isidore's Day, on May 15 is still celebrated in some towns, eg. San Isidro and Talavera. However, the Pista ng Papaya, is celebrated for three days around May 10-12 of every year. Several cultural, sports and other activities are held including the parade of the 15 Brass Bands based on the town.

Kalamay Festival

Several areas celebrate the Pista ng Kalamay (August), a celebration that highlights the importance of "kalamay," a type of a traditional rice cake. General Tinio's Barangay Rio Chico hosts this festival features various cultural performances, cooking contests at times, and events that promote community spirit and the heritage of Rio Chico. Meanwhile, other nearby areas also celebrate this like the town of San Leonardo; Barangay Aduas, Cabanatuan City; and Barangay Pulong of San Miguel (previously part of Gapan), Bulacan.

Araquio / Arakyo

Since Papaya and Pias were barrios of Peñaranda in the 1850's there is a distinctive celebration that is done on both towns and it is called the "Araquio[31]" or "Curroquio"—a play performed by two casts of characters called "personajes." This theatrical tradition, sponsored by the "hermanos" of the fiesta, is believed to have been patterned after the Spanish Moro-Moro plays. The Araquio features colorful and elaborate performances, blending religion with local folklore, and has become an essential part of the celebration of the Holy Cross and other barangay festivities.

Santa Cruzan

Since General Tinio has been Christianized, it also celebrates a very popular Christian celebration in the Philippines—the Santa Cruzan or Flores de Mayo. The Santa Cruzan is a religio-historical beauty pageant held in many cities, towns, and even small communities throughout the Philippines during the month of May. It is one of the most colorful aspects of the Flores de Mayo festival, depicting the finding of the True Cross by Queen Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. The event features a procession of "sagalas" (young ladies), each representing various religious symbols, dressed in elaborate gowns, walking under beautifully decorated arches. The Santa Cruzan has become a highlight of the community’s celebrations, blending religious devotion with cultural pageantry.

Feast of the Immaculate Conception

Barangay Concepcion celebrates this feast day on December 8 as their Barangay fiesta. It is a way of honoring Mary, particularly under her title as the Immaculate Conception. The celebration includes traditional processions, special Masses, and community gatherings. As one of the oldest Marian celebrations in the area, it brings together the local faithful to honor the Virgin Mary for her purity and role in the Christian faith.

The Feast of the Immaculate Conception highlights the town's Christian heritage and emphasizes the importance of the Virgin Mary in the community's spiritual life, similar to how other towns in the province hold their celebrations.

Feast of Santo Niño

The fiestas in Barangay Pias and Barangay Padolina are celebrated on January 2 in honor of Santo Niño (the Holy Child Jesus). This devotion to Santo Niño de Cebu traces its roots back to 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan gifted an image of the Holy Child to Rajah Humabon (baptized as Carlos) and his wife, Hara Humamay (baptized as Juana), during their baptism as the first Christian converts in Cebu. This moment marked the beginning of the Santo Niño devotion in the Philippines, a practice that has since become deeply embedded in Filipino culture.

The Santo Niño symbolizes hope, innocence, and renewal, making it a popular figure for devotion throughout the Philippines. The devotion quickly spread, with the Augustinian friars playing a significant role in propagating the Santo Niño devotion as they expanded their missionary activities across the archipelago. They brought this devotion from Cebu, which is often referred to as the "City of Santo Niño," to Intramuros, Manila then to Central Luzon, including Gapan (part of the Province of Pampanga back then).

The celebration of Santo Niño in Barangays Pias and Padolina on January 2 is a reflection of this enduring legacy. The feast symbolizes the start of the year with blessings, hope, and communal renewal. This tradition, brought by the Augustinian missionaries[32], emphasizes the influence of the Santo Niño on the spiritual and cultural identity of the people of Nueva Ecija, linking the modern-day celebrations to the early efforts of Christian evangelization in the Philippines. Other nearby areas that also celebrate are the Barangay Sto. Niño, Peñaranda; Fiesta del Santo Niño de Cabanatuan in Cabanatuan, Sto. Niño de Puncan, Carranglan; Viva Sto. Niño Festival in Talavera, and The Feast of Santo Niño of San Mariano Chapel, Talavera.

sayang Bato, kaputtan, kalasag, minalungao, Penaranda river, lambakin

Eco - Tourism Highlights

The Minalungao National Park, located in General Tinio, is a popular destination for swimming, particularly during summer and on Black Saturday, when it fills with locals and visitors. The park features several caves that can be explored, and a notable stone ledge about 15 meters high serves as a natural springboard into the river below, offering a thrilling experience for visitors.

Other rivers where people can enjoy the are: Sapang Bato, Kaputatan, Penaranda river, Lambakin

Tree-planting activities are also held regularly by the local government to reforest the Sierra Madre mountains.

Biking Trail [33]

Cockfighting

In the Municipality of General Tinio, cockfighting, locally known as "sabong", is a popular pastime, particularly among the male population. It plays a significant role in the local culture and social gatherings. There are currently two cockpits operating in General Tinio, providing venues for both entertainment and local competitions. Cockfighting has remained a traditional activity that draws people from different barangays, creating an atmosphere of excitement and camaraderie within the community. This reflects the cultural significance of "sabong" in fostering social bonds and communal gatherings among the people of General Tinio​

Local Delicacies of General Tinio

Souring agents

  • Alibangbang
  • Baluko / Batwan
  • Kamias
  • Mangga
  • Calamansi
  • Santol
  • Sampaloc
  • Bayabas

Sweetened Goods

  • Minatamis na langka
  • Halya
  • Leche Flan

Kakanin

  • Kalamay
  • Bilo-bilo
  • Sapin-sapin
  • Suman sa Lihiya
  • Suman sa Ibos
  • Puto
  • Puto Bumbong
  • Bibingkang Gata
  • Bibingkang Pinipig
  • Bibingkang Malagkit
  • Bibingka with Salted Egg

Other distinct delicacies

  • Tinumis
  • Hito sa Buho
  • Kalderetang Kambing with Gata
  • Buro
  • Fried Cull Chicken
  • Adobong Bahay Itlugan
  • Biya
  • Pongapong
  • Katuray

Some Popular Proverbs or Sayings

Tagalog English Spanish (Literal Translation)
Kapag may isinuksok, may madudukot. If you have saved something, you will have something to take out. El que guarda cuando tiene, come cuando quiere. (He who saves when he has, eats when he wants.)
Ang taong nagigipit, sa patalim man ay kumakapit. When you’re back is against the wall, you do what you got to do. A la fuerza, ahorcan. (They hang you by force.)
Ang di lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay di makararating sa paroroonan. He who does not look back at where he came from will never reach his destination. Quien olvida su historia está condenado a repetirla. (He who forgets his history is doomed to repeat it.)
Aanhin pa ang damo kung patay na ang kabayo. What use is the grass if the horse is already dead? A buenas horas, mangas verdes. (Too little, too late.)
Kung ano ang itinanim, siyang aanihin. What you sow is what you reap. Quien siembra vientos, recoge tempestades. (He who sows the wind reaps the whirlwind.)
Ang batang lumaki sa layaw, karaniwang nagiging suwail. Spare the rod, spoil the child. Cría cuervos y te sacarán los ojos. (Raise crows and they will peck your eyes out.)
Habang maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot. While the blanket is short, learn to curl up. Donde hay hambre, no hay pan duro. (Where there is hunger, no bread is too hard.)
Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, ay higit pa sa hayop at malansang isda. A nation that forgets its language is a nation that forgets its soul. El idioma es la patria del alma. (Language is the homeland of the soul.)
Ang hipong tulog ay tinatangay ng agos. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Camarón que se duerme, se lo lleva la corriente. (A shrimp that falls asleep is carried away by the current.)
Walang matimtimang birhen sa matiyagang manalangin. No virtuous maiden can resist a patient suitor. El que la sigue, la consigue. (He who perseveres, succeeds.)

Gallery

See also

References

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External links

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