Gradian

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From English Wikipedia @ Freddythechick
"Grade (angle)" redirects here. For the grade of an inclined surface, see Grade (slope).
"Gon (angle)" redirects here. For n-gon, see Regular polygon.
Not to be confused with Gradient.
gon
Compass graded with 400 gon
General information
Unit ofAngle
Symbolgon, ᵍ, grad
Conversions
1 gon in ...... is equal to ...
   turns   ⁠1/400⁠ turn
   radians   ⁠π/200⁠ rad
≈ 0.0157... rad
   milliradians   5π mrad
≈ 15.71... mrad
   degrees   ⁠9/10⁠°
   minutes of arc   54′

In trigonometry, the gradian – also known as the gon (from Ancient Greek γωνία (gōnía) 'angle'), grad, or grade[1] – is a unit of measurement of an angle, defined as one-hundredth of the right angle; in other words, 100 gradians is equal to 90 degrees.[2][3][4] It is equivalent to ⁠1/400⁠ of a turn,[5] ⁠9/10⁠ of a degree, or ⁠π/200⁠ of a radian. Measuring angles in gradians is said to employ the centesimal system of angular measurement, initiated as part of metrication and decimalisation efforts.[6][7][8][Note 1]

In continental Europe, the French word centigrade, also known as centesimal minute of arc, was in use for one hundredth of a grade; similarly, the centesimal second of arc was defined as one hundredth of a centesimal arc-minute, analogous to decimal time and the sexagesimal minutes and seconds of arc.[12] The chance of confusion was one reason for the adoption of the term Celsius to replace centigrade as the name of the temperature scale.[13][14]

Gradians are principally used in surveying (especially in Europe),[15][7][16] and to a lesser extent in mining[17] and geology.[18][19]

The gon is officially a legal unit of measurement in the European Union[20]: 9  and in Switzerland.[21] However, the gradian is not part of the International System of Units (SI).[22][20]: 9–10 

History and name

The unit originated in France in connection with the French Revolution as the grade, along with the metric system, hence it is occasionally referred to as a metric degree. Due to confusion with the existing term grad(e) in some northern European countries (meaning a standard degree, ⁠1/360⁠ of a turn), the name gon was later adopted, first in those regions, and later as the international standard. In France, it was also called grade nouveau. In German, the unit was formerly also called Neugrad (new degree) (whereas the standard degree was referred to as Altgrad (old degree)), likewise nygrad in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian (also gradian), and nýgráða in Icelandic.

Although attempts at a general introduction were made, the unit was only adopted in some countries, and for specialised areas such as surveying,[15][7][16] mining[17] and geology.[18][19] Today, the degree, Lua error: not enough memory. of a turn, or the mathematically more convenient radian, Lua error: not enough memory. of a turn (used in the SI system of units) is generally used instead.

In the 1970s –1990s, most scientific calculators offered the gon, as well as radians and degrees, for their trigonometric functions.[23] In the 2010s, some scientific calculators lack support for gradians.[24]

Symbol

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. The international standard symbol for this unit today is "gon" (see ISO 31-1). Other symbols used in the past include "gr", "grd", and "g", the last sometimes written as a superscript, similarly to a degree sign: 50g = 45°. A metric prefix is sometimes used, as in "dgon", "cgon", "mgon", denoting respectively 0.1 gon, 0.01 gon, 0.001 gon. Centesimal arc-minutes and centesimal arc-seconds were also denoted with superscripts c and cc, respectively.


SI multiples of gon (gon)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 gon dgon decigon 101 gon dagon decagon
10−2 gon cgon centigon 102 gon hgon hectogon
10−3 gon mgon milligon 103 gon kgon kilogon
10−6 gon μgon microgon 106 gon Mgon megagon
10−9 gon ngon nanogon 109 gon Ggon gigagon
10−12 gon pgon picogon 1012 gon Tgon teragon
10−15 gon fgon femtogon 1015 gon Pgon petagon
10−18 gon agon attogon 1018 gon Egon exagon
10−21 gon zgon zeptogon 1021 gon Zgon zettagon
10−24 gon ygon yoctogon 1024 gon Ygon yottagon
10−27 gon rgon rontogon 1027 gon Rgon ronnagon
10−30 gon qgon quectogon 1030 gon Qgon quettagon

Advantages and disadvantages

Each quadrant is assigned a range of 100 gon, which eases recognition of the four quadrants, as well as arithmetic involving perpendicular or opposite angles.

0° = 0 gradians
90° = 100 gradians
180° = 200 gradians
270° = 300 gradians
360° = 400 gradians

One advantage of this unit is that right angles to a given angle are easily determined. If one is sighting down a compass course of 117 gon, the direction to one's left is 17 gon, to one's right 217 gon, and behind one 317 gon. A disadvantage is that the common angles of 30° and 60° in geometry must be expressed in fractions (as Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. gon and Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. gon respectively).

Conversion

Conversion of common angles
Turns Radians Degrees Gradians
0 turn 0 rad 0° 0g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 5° Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 15° Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 22.5° 25g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 30° Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 36° 40g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 45° 50g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn 1 rad approx.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. 57.3° approx.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. 63.7g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 60° Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 72° 80g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 90° 100g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 120° Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 144° 160g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn π or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 180° 200g
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. turn Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. rad 270° 300g
1 turn 𝜏 or 2π rad 360° 400g

Relation to the metre Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.

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An early definition of the metre was one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator, measured along a meridian through Paris.

In the 18th century, the metre was defined as the 10-millionth part of a quarter meridian. Thus, 1 gon corresponds to an arc length along the Earth's surface of approximately 100 kilometres; 1 centigon to 1 kilometre; 10 microgons to 1 metre.[25] (The metre has been redefined with increasing precision since then.)

Relation to the SI system of units Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.

The gradian is not part of the International System of Units (SI). The EU directive on the units of measurement[20]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.  notes that the gradian "does not appear in the lists drawn up by the CGPM, CIPM or BIPM." The most recent, 9th edition of the SI Brochure does not mention the gradian at all.[22] The previous edition mentioned it only in the following footnote:[26]

The gon (or grad, where grad is an alternative name for the gon) is an alternative unit of plane angle to the degree, defined as (π/200) rad. Thus there are 100 gon in a right angle. The potential value of the gon in navigation is that because the distance from the pole to the equator of the Earth is approximately Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1., 1 km on the surface of the Earth subtends an angle of one centigon at the centre of the Earth. However the gon is rarely used.

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See also

  • Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  • Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (primarily military use)
  • Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
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  • Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  • Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  • Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (the "square radian")

Notes

  1. ^ On rare occasions, centesimal refers to the division of the full angle (360°) into hundred parts. One example is the description of the gradations on Georg Ohm's torsion balance in Ref.[9] The gradations were in one-hundredths of a full revolution.[10][11]

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References

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  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  8. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  9. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  10. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  11. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  12. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  13. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.. On p. 42 Frasier argues for using grads instead of radians as a standard unit of angle, but for renaming grads to "radials" instead of renaming the temperature scale.
  14. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  21. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  23. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  24. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
  25. ^ Cartographie – lecture de carte – Partie H Quelques exemples à retenir. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1..
  26. ^ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.

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External links

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