Otago

For other uses, see Otago (disambiguation).

Otago Ōtākou (Māori)
Region
Otago Region
Flag
<imagemap> File:Otago Region location in New Zealand.svg|250px poly 974 64 1035 153 1030 194 1177 417 1258 352 1233 271 1213 230 1209 202 1140 161 1059 141 1026 68 Northland Region poly 1177 405 1246 360 1302 405 1306 356 1375 352 1388 392 1339 413 1355 502 1319 506 1323 539 1258 567 Auckland Region poly 1258 559 1319 547 1319 506 1351 498 1343 413 1396 405 1453 575 1420 591 1432 648 1453 681 1469 701 1501 729 1518 746 1505 778 1493 802 1489 823 1493 835 1465 855 1453 859 1440 875 1416 888 1380 884 1396 863 1392 831 1380 810 1380 778 1400 754 1396 741 1375 737 1359 758 1343 762 1327 774 1311 778 1302 786 1282 786 1266 786 1254 778 1262 762 1262 733 1278 701 1278 664 1274 624 Waikato Region poly 1246 786 1290 786 1278 810 1274 843 1266 863 1286 900 1311 936 1290 961 1278 985 1262 985 1233 981 1205 957 1177 940 1152 928 1140 924 1120 888 1152 863 1181 851 1197 851 1225 831 1242 819 1246 802 Taranaki poly 1444 563 1408 591 1424 624 1440 664 1473 701 1501 729 1509 746 1509 774 1501 802 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1265 Tasman District poly 986 1367 1014 1326 1030 1298 1051 1285 1063 1273 1071 1245 1083 1233 1099 1216 1112 1204 1124 1160 1148 1135 1173 1151 1205 1192 1217 1208 1185 1233 1168 1249 1173 1273 1193 1298 1201 1306 1173 1346 1144 1334 1132 1346 1108 1371 1091 1391 1075 1415 1051 1440 1039 1440 1022 1431 1014 1403 998 1395 Marlborough District poly 966 1375 929 1411 917 1440 892 1464 868 1476 836 1500 832 1517 791 1529 771 1533 746 1557 722 1574 690 1598 685 1602 653 1622 621 1634 612 1651 588 1671 552 1695 539 1732 539 1781 564 1801 592 1809 600 1833 649 1866 645 1894 673 1874 714 1850 750 1858 754 1821 767 1793 787 1760 811 1740 848 1720 901 1695 945 1671 970 1671 998 1679 1022 1679 1035 1667 1026 1639 998 1634 982 1602 986 1561 998 1541 1018 1525 1035 1521 1063 1517 1091 1500 1104 1431 1136 1415 1160 1379 1197 1342 1205 1322 1173 1338 1140 1346 1112 1354 1099 1362 1091 1387 1075 1411 1059 1427 1047 1431 1022 1431 1006 1419 994 1391 986 1383 Canterbury Region poly 543 1699 527 1708 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933 1168 945 1188 961 1196 978 1229 949 1253 909 1298 905 1326 905 1387 929 1407 921 1440 888 1464 852 1492 832 1509 775 1537 750 1553 698 1594 665 1614 592 1634 580 1675 552 1699 483 1712 446 1728 418 1744 409 1764 385 1781 332 1793 340 1760 320 1748 349 1724 393 1699 430 1699 466 1683 503 1647 535 1634 556 1622 600 1590 621 1578 653 1541 685 1521 718 1505 754 1456 771 1411 787 1358 791 1330 832 1318 856 1285 884 1249 888 1241 West Coast Region desc bottom-right </imagemap> Otago within New Zealand
Country	New Zealand
Island	South Island
Established	1848 (Dunedin settlement) 1852 (Otago Province)
Seat	Dunedin
Territorial authorities	List Queenstown-Lakes District Central Otago District Dunedin City Clutha District Waitaki District (40.39%)
Government
• Body	Otago Regional Council
• Chair	Gretchen Robertson
• Deputy Chair	Lloyd McCall
Area
• Region	31,251 km2 (12,066 sq mi)
• Land	31,186.16 km2 (12,041.04 sq mi)
Population  (June 2023)
• Region	254,600
• Density	8.1/km2 (21/sq mi)
GDP
• Total	NZ$ 15.336 billion (2021)
• Per capita	NZ$ 62,518 (2021)
Time zone	UTC+12:00 (NZST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+13:00 (NZDT)
HDI (2021)	0.932 very high · 6th
Website	www.otago.co.nz www.orc.govt.nz

Otago (/əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ , /oʊ-, ɒ-/; Māori: Ōtākou [ɔːˈtaːkou]) is a region of New Zealand located in the southern half of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi), making it the country's second largest local government region. Its population was 254,600 in June 2023.

The name "Otago" is the local southern Māori dialect pronunciation of "Ōtākou", the name of the Māori village near the entrance to Otago Harbour. The exact meaning of the term is disputed, with common translations being "isolated village" and "place of red earth", the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin. "Otago" is also the old name of the European settlement on the harbour, established by the Weller Brothers in 1831, which lies close to Otakou. The upper harbour later became the focus of the Otago Association, an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland, notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people, not the landowner, should choose the ministers.

Major centres include Dunedin (the principal city), Oamaru, Balclutha, Alexandra, and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wānaka. Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal. The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country's hydroelectric power. Vineyards and wineries have been developed in the Central Otago wine region. Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council.

History

Main article: History of Otago

The Otago settlement, an outgrowth of the Free Church of Scotland, was founded in March 1848 with the arrival of the first two immigrant ships from Greenock on the Firth of Clyde — the John Wickliffe and the Philip Laing. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the Peninsular War, was the secular leader. Otago citizens subsequently elected him to the office of provincial Superintendent after the New Zealand provinces were created in 1853.

The Otago Province was the whole of New Zealand from the Waitaki River south, including Stewart Island and the sub-Antarctic islands. It included the territory of the later Southland Province and also the much more extensive lands of the modern Southland Region.

Arrowtown, a historic mining town

Initial settlement was concentrated on the port and city, then expanded, notably to the south-west, where the fertile Taieri Plains offered good farmland. The 1860s saw rapid commercial expansion after Gabriel Read discovered gold at Gabriel's Gully near Lawrence, and the Otago gold rush ensued.

Veterans of goldfields in California and Australia, plus many other fortune-seekers from Europe, North America and China, poured into the then Province of Otago, eroding its Scottish Presbyterian character. Further gold discoveries at Clyde and on the Arrow River around Arrowtown led to a boom, and Otago became for a period the cultural and economic centre of New Zealand. New Zealand's first daily newspaper, the Otago Daily Times, originally edited by Julius Vogel, dates from this period.

The University of Otago, New Zealand's oldest university

New Zealand's first university, the University of Otago, was founded in 1869 as the provincial university in Dunedin.

The Province of Southland separated from Otago Province and set up its own Provincial Council at Invercargill in 1861. After difficulties ensued, Otago re-absorbed it in 1870. Its territory is included in the southern region of the old Otago Province which is named after it and is now the territory of the Southland region. The provincial governments were abolished in 1876 when the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 November 1876, and were replaced by other forms of local authority, including counties. Two in Otago were named after the Scottish independence heroes Wallace and Bruce. From this time the national limelight gradually shifted northwards.

Otago's flag was chosen from a 2004 competition. It was designed by Gregor Macauly.

Geography

Autumn 2004 in Otago

Aerial photo of Beaumont area in Otago, looking southwest. State Highway 8 runs from left to right across the photo (only visible in the right half), and crosses the Clutha River just below centre.

Mount Aspiring / Tititea is New Zealand's highest mountain outside the Aoraki / Mount Cook region.

Beginning in the west, the geography of Otago consists of high alpine mountains. The highest peak in Otago (and highest outside the Aoraki / Mount Cook area) is Mount Aspiring / Tititea, which is on the Main Divide. From the high mountains the rivers discharge into large glacial lakes. In this part of Otago glacial activity – both recent and very old – dominates the landscape, with large U-shaped valleys and rivers which have high sediment loads. River flows also vary dramatically, with large flood flows occurring after heavy rain. Lakes Wakatipu, Wānaka, and Hāwea form the sources of the Clutha / Matau-au, the largest river (by discharge) in New Zealand. The Clutha flows generally to the southeast through Otago and discharges near Balclutha. The river has been used for hydroelectric power generation, with large dams at Clyde and Roxburgh. The traditional northern boundary of the region, the Waitaki River, is also heavily utilised for hydroelectricity, though the region's current official boundaries put much of that river's catchment in Canterbury.

Kawarau Gorge, where Roaring Meg joins the Kawarau River, in central Otago

The country's fourth-longest river, the Taieri, also has both its source and outflow in Otago, rising from rough hill country and following a broad horseshoe-shaped path, north, then east, and finally southeast, before reaching the Pacific Ocean. Along its course it forms two notable geographic features – the broad high valley of the Strath-Taieri in its upper reaches, and the fertile Taieri Plains as it approaches the ocean.

Travelling east from the mountains, the Central Otago drylands predominate. These are Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands dominated by the block mountains, upthrust schist mountains. In contrast to Canterbury, where the Northwest winds blow across the plains without interruption, in Otago the block mountains impede and dilute the effects of the Nor'wester.

The main Central Otago centres, such as Alexandra and Cromwell, are found in the intermontane basins between the block mountains. The schist bedrock influence extends to the eastern part of Otago, where remnant volcanics mark its edge. The remains of the most spectacular of these are the Miocene volcanics centred on Otago Harbour. Elsewhere, basalt outcrops can be found along the coast and at other sites.

Comparatively similar terrain exists in the high plateau land of the Maniototo Plain, which lies to the east of Central Otago, close to the upper reaches of the Taieri River. This area is sparsely populated, but of historical note for its importance during the Otago gold rush of the 1860s. The townships of Ranfurly and Naseby lie in this area.

In the southeastern corner of Otago lies The Catlins, an area of rough hill country which geologically forms part of the Murihiku terrane, an accretion which extends inland through the Hokonui Hills in the Southland region. This itself forms part of a larger system known as the Southland Syncline, which links to similar formations in Nelson (offset by the Alpine Fault) and even in New Caledonia, 3,500 km (2,200 mi) away.

The Catlins ranges are strike ridges composed of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones, mudstones and other related sedimentary rocks, often with a high incidence of feldspar. Fossils of the late and middle Triassic Warepan and Kaihikuan stages are found in the area.

Climate

Weather conditions vary enormously across Otago, but can be broken into two broad types: the coastal climate of the coastal regions and the more continental climate of the interior.

Coastal regions of Otago are subject to the alternating warm and dry/cool and wet weather patterns common to the interannual Southern oscillation. The Southern Hemisphere storm track produces an irregular short cycle of weather which repeats roughly every week, with three or four days of fine weather followed by three or four days of cooler, damp conditions. Drier conditions are often the result of the northwesterly föhn wind, which dries as it crosses the Southern Alps. Wetter air is the result of approaching low-pressure systems which sweep fronts over the country from the southwest. A common variant in this pattern is the centring of a stationary low-pressure zone to the southeast of the country, resulting in long-lasting cool, wet conditions. These have been responsible for several notable historical floods, such as the "hundred year floods" of October 1878 and October 1978.

Typically, winters are cool and wet in the extreme south areas and snow can fall and settle to sea level in winter, especially in the hills and plains of South Otago. More Central and Northern Coastal areas winter is sunnier and drier. Summers, by contrast, tend to be warm and dry, with temperatures often reaching the high 20s and low 30s Celsius.

In Central Otago cold frosty winters are succeeded by hot dry summers. Central Otago's climate is the closest approximation to a continental climate anywhere in New Zealand. This climate is part of the reason why Central Otago vineyards are successful in this region. This inland region is one of the driest regions in the country, sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing weather conditions by the high mountains to the west and hills of the south. Summers can be hot, with temperatures often approaching or exceeding 30 degrees Celsius; winters, by contrast, are often bitterly cold – the township of Ranfurly in Central Otago holds the New Zealand record for lowest temperature with a reading of −25.6 °C on 18 July 1903.

Population

Otago Region covers 31,186.16 km² (12,041.04 sq mi). The population is 254,600 as of June 2023, which is approximately 4.9 percent of New Zealand's total population of 5.2 million. The population density is 8.2 people per km². About 41.7 percent of the population resides in the Dunedin urban area—the region's main city and the country's sixth largest urban area. For historical and geographical reasons, Dunedin is usually regarded as one of New Zealand's four main centres. Unlike other southern centres, Dunedin's population has not declined since the 1970s, largely due to the presence of the University of Otago – and especially its medical school – which attracts students from all over New Zealand and overseas.

Other significant urban centres in Otago with populations over 1,000 include: Queenstown, Oamaru, Wānaka, Port Chalmers, Cromwell, Alexandra, Balclutha, Milton and Mosgiel. Between 1996 and 2006, the population of the Queenstown Lakes District grew by 60% due to the region's booming tourism industry.

Urban areas in Otago

Urban area	Population (June 2023)	% of region
Dunedin	106,200	41.7%
Queenstown	29,000	11.4%
Mosgiel	14,800	5.8%
Oamaru	14,000	5.5%
Wānaka	12,400	4.9%
Cromwell	7,160	2.8%
Alexandra	6,120	2.4%
Balclutha	4,340	1.7%
Arrowtown	3,060	1.2%
Milton	2,240	0.9%
Brighton	1,540	0.6%
Waikouaiti	1,260	0.5%
Clyde	1,260	0.5%

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1991	177,525	—
1996	185,085	+0.84%
2001	181,542	−0.39%
2006	193,803	+1.32%
2013	202,470	+0.63%
2018	225,186	+2.15%
2023	240,900	+1.36%
Source:

Ethnicities, 2023 Census

Ethnicity	Population
New Zealand European	205,224
Māori	23,910
Pasifika	8,274
Asian	20,379
MELAA	5,211
Other	3,207

Largest groups of overseas-born residents
Nationality	Population (2018)
England	10,710
Australia	5,160
China	2,442
United States of America	2,226
Philippines	2,157
India	2,046
Scotland	1,908
South Africa	1,755
Germany	1,134
Brazil	1,089

Otago had a population of 240,900 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 15,714 people (7.0%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 38,430 people (19.0%) since the 2013 census. There were 112,473 dwellings. The median age was 38.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 37,752 people (15.7%) aged under 15 years, 53,532 (22.2%) aged 15 to 29, 106,929 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 42,693 (17.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 85.2% European/Pākehā, 9.9% Māori, 3.4% Pasifika, 8.5% Asian, 2.2% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

A map showing population density in the Otago Region at the 2006 census

Otago Region had a population of 225,186 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 85,665 households, comprising 110,970 males and 114,219 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.8% had no religion, 33.4% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.8% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 42,816 (22.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 31,122 (16.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 26,988 people (14.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 92,418 (49.2%) people were employed full-time, 30,396 (16.2%) were part-time, and 6,048 (3.2%) were unemployed.

The majority of the population of European lineage is of Scottish stock—the descendants of early Scottish settlers from the early 19th century. Other well-represented European groups include those of English, Irish, and Dutch descent. A large proportion of the Māori population are from the Ngāi Tahu iwi or tribe. Other significant ethnic minorities include Asians, Pacific Islanders, Africans, Latin Americans and Middle Easterners. Otago's early waves of settlement, especially during and immediately after the gold rush of the 1860s, included a substantial minority of southern (Guangdong) Chinese settlers, and a smaller but also prominent number of people from Lebanon. The region's Jewish population also experienced a small influx at this time. The early and middle years of the twentieth century saw smaller influxes of immigrants from several mainland European countries, most notably the Netherlands.

In line with the region's Scottish heritage, Presbyterianism is the largest Christian denomination with 17.1 percent affiliating, while Catholicism is the second-largest denomination with 11.5 percent affiliating.

Oamaru

Dunedin

Queenstown

Alexandra

Balclutha

Wānaka

class=notpageimage|

Location of main settlements in Otago

Politics

Local government

The seat of the Otago Regional Council is in Dunedin. The council is chaired by Andrew Noone as of July 2021.

There are five territorial authorities in Otago:

• Queenstown-Lakes District
• Central Otago District
• Dunedin City
• Clutha District
• Waitaki District

Parliamentary representation

Otago is represented by four parliamentary electorates. Dunedin and nearby towns are represented by the Dunedin electorate, held by Rachel Brooking, and the Taieri electorate, occupied by Ingrid Leary. Both MPs are members of the Labour Party, and Dunedin has traditionally been a Labour stronghold. Since 2008 the rest of Otago has been divided between the large rural electorates of Waitaki, which also includes some of the neighbouring Canterbury Region, and Clutha-Southland, which also includes most of the rural part of the neighbouring Southland Region. The Waitaki electorate has traditionally been a National Party stronghold and is currently held by Miles Anderson. The Southland electorate, also a National Party stronghold, is currently represented by Joseph Mooney. The earlier Otago electorate existed from 1978 to 2008, when it was split and merged into Waitaki and Clutha-Southland.

Two list MPs are based in Dunedin – Michael Woodhouse of the National Party and Rachel Brooking of the Labour Party. One-time Labour Party Deputy Leader David Parker is a former MP for the Otago electorate and currently a list MP.

Under the Māori electorates system, Otago is also part of the large Te Tai Tonga electorate, which covers the entire South Island and surrounding islands, and is currently held by Te Pāti Māori Party MP Tākuta Ferris.

Ngāi Tahu governance

Three of the 18 Ngāi Tahu Rūnanga (councils) are based in the Otago Region. Each one is centred on a coastal marae, namely Ōtākou, Moeraki and Puketeraki at Karitane. There is also the Arai Te Uru Marae in Dunedin.

Economy

The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Otago was estimated at NZ$14.18 billion in the year to March 2020, 4.38% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per capita was estimated at $58,353 in the same period. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $1.25 billion (9.8%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $2.38 billion (18.6%), service industries contributed $8.05 billion (63.0%), and taxes and duties contributed $1.10 billion (8.6%).

Otago has a mixed economy. Dunedin is home to manufacturing, publishing and technology-based industries. Rural economies have been reinvigorated in the 1990s and 2000s: in Clutha district, farms have been converted from sheep to more lucrative dairying. Vineyard planting and production remained modest until the middle of the 1990s when the New Zealand wine industry began to expand rapidly. The Central Otago wine region produces wine made from varieties such as the Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot and Riesling grapes. It has an increasing reputation as New Zealand's leading Pinot noir region.

Education

Otago has numerous rural primary schools, several small town primary and secondary schools, and some larger schools in Dunedin. Most are state schools which do not charge tuition, except for international students. Some are state integrated schools, former private schools with a special character based on a religious or philosophical belief that has been integrated into the state system, but still charge "attendance dues" to cover the building and maintenance of school buildings. These schools are not owned by the government, but otherwise they like state schools cannot charge fees for tuition of domestic students but may request a donation. As Dunedin was founded by Presbyterian Scottish settlers there are a Presbyterian girls' and boys' school in the city. Unlike other major cities in New Zealand, Dunedin does not have any private intermediate or high schools, as all remaining private intermediate and high schools have been integrated into the state system.

See also

• North Otago, the northern area of the region
• Otago Central Rail Trail
• Otago Rugby Football Union
• North Otago Rugby Football Union

External links

Otago travel guide from Wikivoyage

Media related to Otago Region at Wikimedia Commons