English Wikipedia @ Freddythechick

Eurovision Song Contest 1991

International song competition
(Redirected from 1991 Eurovision Song Contest)

The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was the 36th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 4 May 1991 at Stage 15 of the Cinecittà Studios in Rome, Italy. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI), and presented by Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno, the contest was held in Italy following the country's victory at the 1990 contest with the song "Insieme: 1992" by Toto Cutugno.

Eurovision Song Contest 1991
File:ESC 1991 logo.png
Dates
Final4 May 1991
Host
VenueCinecittà Studios
Rome, Italy
Presenter(s)Gigliola Cinquetti
Toto Cutugno
Musical directorBruno Canfora
Directed byRiccardo Donna
Executive supervisorFrank Naef
Executive producerSilvia Salvetti
Host broadcasterRadiotelevisione italiana (RAI)
Participants
Number of entries22
Debuting countriesNone
Returning countries Malta
Non-returning countries Netherlands
  • <imagemap> File:ESC 1991 Map 2.svg|299px|alt=A coloured map of the countries of Europe poly 244 323 245 319 252 316 261 316 269 318 267 322 270 325 272 330 266 333 266 338 261 338 261 331 257 334 258 329 252 324 247 323 Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 289 469 287 465 288 456 288 451 286 447 292 443 295 442 297 443 312 426 310 422 308 420 303 407 296 403 292 401 284 407 283 408 283 404 276 404 276 402 276 398 272 395 275 395 278 390 276 385 282 384 289 378 294 385 294 379 300 380 305 373 308 374 315 371 318 371 322 375 331 376 331 382 330 384 324 389 320 389 320 393 323 397 321 399 322 402 317 402 318 414 329 414 329 409 333 412 336 419 339 426 344 432 354 432 358 432 356 435 368 440 375 444 381 448 380 453 374 449 369 447 367 449 362 456 368 461 368 466 364 472 358 477 355 478 353 486 353 491 351 491 351 494 346 494 343 488 332 484 327 483 327 480 333 478 343 479 353 476 358 473 361 468 358 458 355 456 351 449 340 446 338 439 331 437 332 426 319 426 319 429 312 426 298 442 298 446 301 448 299 454 299 467 293 465 Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 266 318 261 315 253 315 260 307 263 299 267 294 278 291 281 295 281 300 278 302 278 305 277 311 270 311 272 316 272 320 272 325 268 325 268 320 262 315 Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest poly 276 385 274 377 272 377 267 380 268 375 272 371 276 366 277 363 285 363 289 361 293 361 293 363 292 363 292 374 304 374 304 372 306 372 303 377 298 379 294 379 294 384 290 381 287 378 284 381 Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 282 363 282 358 285 350 288 346 277 343 276 339 275 336 272 331 274 328 271 322 272 315 272 310 275 310 279 306 279 299 282 294 280 289 289 289 295 289 293 275 302 275 302 281 310 281 307 286 310 286 317 283 321 280 328 280 328 283 330 290 332 289 332 294 332 299 336 302 338 313 340 321 334 321 326 324 318 329 320 337 322 341 331 348 332 350 326 356 326 362 314 362 310 365 305 362 Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 225 234 219 246 213 252 221 255 225 273 229 280 233 288 229 294 238 294 241 296 241 304 230 311 236 314 225 320 209 318 199 316 197 320 193 318 182 321 192 311 197 310 203 310 208 305 202 308 189 301 199 295 196 284 207 285 212 277 208 267 200 265 188 272 176 266 181 258 189 258 192 268 199 265 199 260 200 251 197 241 201 232 193 223 196 220 206 221 216 220 229 201 226 217 218 223 211 231 United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 rect 270 404 283 416 Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest poly 269 341 267 334 271 332 275 336 274 342 Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 69 539 0 539 0 503 69 502 131 469 137 458 135 455 139 448 137 441 143 441 147 425 153 420 150 415 141 415 134 410 136 401 132 397 142 392 155 398 173 403 187 405 198 409 210 417 220 417 220 426 233 426 233 424 239 424 239 429 248 454 226 465 206 465 195 476 190 476 184 484 160 482 152 484 148 488 144 482 141 474 138 471 133 469 69 502 69 538 Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 179 292 174 292 164 295 156 295 156 292 151 292 151 289 155 286 160 282 164 275 158 271 163 262 170 265 171 260 175 254 178 255 179 261 175 265 176 268 180 268 181 268 186 273 184 281 184 288 Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 293 275 291 268 290 266 292 264 289 257 291 248 296 248 300 242 304 242 303 253 306 257 317 261 318 266 318 272 311 277 Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 369 198 368 189 365 175 367 170 370 165 376 146 380 142 378 136 372 134 368 128 368 122 363 110 360 107 347 102 347 99 350 96 357 100 364 101 370 98 370 90 370 86 375 80 384 85 382 98 384 101 389 103 392 106 391 113 400 125 401 138 405 142 410 146 408 152 413 155 420 157 419 166 415 177 408 191 400 193 392 199 384 204 373 198 Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 278 231 274 227 274 219 271 201 273 189 283 180 297 172 304 162 314 150 316 132 325 118 320 113 324 105 336 94 348 84 362 71 372 69 321 11 311 0 322 0 322 11 371 69 381 71 385 72 383 77 385 82 385 86 374 81 371 85 371 94 370 101 363 101 357 101 351 95 349 100 347 106 340 107 339 112 335 113 333 120 331 128 328 135 325 135 325 142 321 155 325 158 322 164 315 164 313 167 313 179 315 183 313 193 318 194 315 201 318 206 315 213 312 218 313 225 308 222 306 214 303 216 303 221 302 226 296 229 291 234 285 235 282 235 Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 119 467 123 451 117 448 128 427 133 410 140 414 149 415 154 420 147 426 144 440 139 441 140 447 136 454 137 459 132 465 132 468 128 471 Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 317 250 313 239 314 235 311 233 309 227 311 223 313 215 318 209 316 199 318 196 314 192 314 183 313 172 313 165 317 162 324 162 324 160 320 155 323 145 324 138 330 131 333 119 337 113 342 107 346 107 348 101 357 103 363 110 365 117 367 121 367 127 373 135 364 136 362 143 358 150 361 152 358 159 353 164 348 172 344 182 344 193 344 199 348 203 356 212 353 221 348 224 360 233 360 243 357 243 356 238 358 232 347 225 346 234 346 243 347 246 345 251 343 257 332 258 331 261 330 268 326 268 321 258 321 255 320 248 Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 569 535 559 523 556 517 557 512 559 496 564 493 568 506 Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 399 454 403 443 404 436 411 436 411 433 418 432 422 427 431 424 440 426 442 426 450 422 448 416 455 420 452 426 453 430 448 430 439 430 437 432 430 434 430 441 420 440 420 445 424 449 431 455 439 461 443 465 437 466 437 472 438 496 446 497 453 497 465 497 452 501 439 499 439 496 438 470 434 468 428 471 432 477 426 477 431 486 424 485 416 483 417 477 403 469 408 467 Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 rect 338 498 350 509 Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 331 376 321 374 321 371 313 371 307 375 304 375 305 363 314 363 322 362 328 364 324 358 330 352 333 350 338 350 342 346 351 347 356 349 358 352 362 356 355 362 355 370 350 374 336 377 327 374 Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 200 407 206 379 208 372 203 367 199 355 187 348 184 339 196 339 198 343 209 345 209 332 218 337 225 334 235 330 237 321 244 319 252 328 256 331 266 338 275 341 288 346 284 356 281 365 269 377 274 379 277 386 275 393 276 404 270 404 270 416 296 423 298 427 296 436 294 438 291 433 291 427 296 424 270 415 262 415 256 411 248 410 240 415 240 424 233 424 234 414 221 414 221 416 216 417 203 412 France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 582 375 591 371 596 371 604 374 604 381 605 383 615 383 615 389 618 398 623 405 628 410 625 414 612 416 602 423 593 429 587 437 581 441 574 439 568 447 558 448 561 453 557 459 555 456 557 449 554 448 549 454 540 455 536 464 524 470 515 465 505 464 503 467 503 474 496 476 489 474 473 470 468 463 458 458 461 451 461 444 455 444 455 438 464 433 476 433 477 426 483 421 477 421 464 423 461 430 453 431 454 423 452 418 454 413 460 410 467 414 479 416 497 414 504 402 517 396 530 395 542 395 556 394 563 391 570 387 577 383 Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 387 425 375 419 364 413 354 407 348 401 345 396 344 392 340 390 336 394 334 396 332 390 332 381 331 377 339 376 350 371 352 370 361 380 368 383 372 379 382 376 390 377 396 384 398 388 402 391 409 389 410 394 410 399 417 406 411 412 414 417 421 424 418 429 414 432 410 436 401 436 399 431 397 422 389 418 387 425 Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 96 539 97 533 104 524 106 520 116 514 128 512 134 505 144 489 152 499 161 502 170 503 180 506 183 511 181 531 183 536 186 539 96 539 Morocco in the Eurovision Song Contest poly 530 487 524 482 533 473 544 469 543 480 Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 poly 148 137 144 133 140 127 132 124 138 123 140 115 132 109 142 109 143 106 136 103 145 94 149 99 152 106 160 108 171 112 175 108 181 118 184 128 176 135 156 137 151 140 Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 desc bottom-right </imagemap>      Participating countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1991
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song Sweden
"Fångad av en stormvind"
1990 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1992

Twenty-two countries participated in the event: Malta made its first Eurovision Song Contest appearance in sixteen years, having last participated in 1975, while the Netherlands decided not to participate due to the date of this year's event coinciding with the country's annual Remembrance of the Dead commemorations. It was also the first time that Germany was represented as a single state following the reunification of East and West Germany.

For the first time since 1969, the contest resulted in a draw for first place, with both France and Sweden being awarded the same number of points. The contest's tie-break procedure was implemented for the first time in its history, which resulted in Sweden being declared the winner due to their entry, "Fångad av en stormvind", written by Stephan Berg and performed by Carola, having received a greater number of top scores from the other competing countries than the French entry; it was Sweden's third contest victory overall. Alongside France, Israel, Spain and Switzerland rounded out the top five countries.

Location

 
Entrance to the Cinecittà Studios, Rome – host venue of the 1991 contest
class=notpageimage|
Location of Sanremo (the original host city) and the capital, Rome (the eventual host city).

The 1991 contest took place in Rome, Italy, following the country's victory at the 1990 contest with the song "Insieme: 1992", performed by Toto Cutugno. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the contest, following the 1965 event held in Naples.[1] The chosen venue was Stage 15 of the Cinecittà Studios, the largest film studios in Europe which had previously been the filming location for a number of blockbuster American and Italian movies, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s.[2][3]

The Italian organisers had originally intended that the contest be held in the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo, where the annual Sanremo Music Festival is held. The Sanremo festival had been a major influence and inspiration for the formation of the Eurovision Song Contest, and RAI had wanted to pay tribute to the contest's origins by hosting the event in the town.[4][5][6] The choice of Sanremo and Ariston as host of the event was initially rejected by the EBU, citing concerns regarding the size of the venue as well as organisational and security shortcomings.[5][7][8] In an effort to address some of the concerns, the comune of Sanremo proposed hosting the event in three locations across the Ariston area, with the Teatro Ariston, Piazza Colombo and the old flower market on Corso Garibaldi being combined using temporary structures to form a single venue.[8][9][10] Although plans to hold the contest in Sanremo continued to be developed as late as January 1991, by February doubts over the feasibility of holding the event in Sanremo became insurmountable, due to instability in the Middle East and the outbreak of the Gulf War, and ultimately the organisers opted to relocate the contest to a more secure location, eventually confirming on 18 February that the event would be held in Rome.[5][7][11] Despite the relocation Sanremo remained a partner of the 1991 contest and pre-recorded footage of the city was featured during the live broadcast.[12]

Participating countries

Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1991 – Participation summaries by country
 
Hanne Krogh (pictured in 2010), winner of the 1985 contest with the group Bobbysocks! for Norway, participated again in 1991 as a member of Just 4 Fun.

A total of twenty-two countries participated in the 1991 contest. Of the countries that participated in 1990, the Netherlands were the only country that failed to make a return, as the date of the contest clashed with the country's Remembrance of the Dead commemorations. Malta – which had last participated in the contest sixteen years before, in 1975 – ultimately filled the vacant slot.[13] The nation had for a number of years attempted to make a return to the contest, however was prevented from doing so due to the cap on participation numbers set by the EBU.[5][7] This marked the first time that Germany competed as a unified country, following the reunification of East and West Germany into a single state; until this point all German entrants in previous contests had represented the former West Germany.[14]

Several artists that had previously competed in the contest returned to participate in this year's event: Stefán Hilmarsson, who competed alongside Eyjólfur Kristjánsson [is] for Iceland, was a member of Beathoven that had participated for the nation in 1988; Thomas Forstner made a second appearance for Austria following the 1989 contest; Carola also returned to the contest for the second time for Sweden after her participation in 1983; and the members of Norway's Just 4 Fun featured two previous participating artists, namely Eiríkur Hauksson, who had competed in the 1986 for Iceland as part of the group ICY, and Hanne Krogh, who had represented Norway twice before, in 1971 as a solo artist and in 1985 as a member of the group Bobbysocks!, the latter appearance ultimately winning the contest outright.[7] Additionally, Kit Rolfe performed as backing vocalist for the United Kingdom's Samantha Janus, having previously been lead vocalist of the group Belle and the Devotions that had represented the UK at the 1984 contest.[13][7]

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[15][16][17]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
  Austria ORF Thomas Forstner "Venedig im Regen" German
  • Wolfgang Eltner
  • Hubert Moser
  • Robby Musenbichler
 Richard Oesterreicher
  Belgium BRTN Clouseau "Geef het op" Dutch
Roland Verlooven
  Cyprus CyBC Elena Patroklou "S.O.S." Greek
  • Kypros Charalambous
  • Andreas Christou
 Alexander Kirov Zografov
  Denmark DR Anders Frandsen "Lige der hvor hjertet slår" Danish Michael Elo Henrik Krogsgaard
  Finland YLE Kaija "Hullu yö" Finnish
Olli Ahvenlahti
  France Antenne 2 Amina "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" French
Jérôme Pillement
  Germany SFB[a] Atlantis 2000 "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben" German
  • Helmut Frey
  • Alfons Weindorf
 Hermann Weindorf
  Greece ERT Sophia Vossou "Anixi" (Άνοιξη) Greek Andreas Mikroutsikos Haris Andreadis
  Iceland RÚV Stefán and Eyfi "Nína" Icelandic Eyjólfur Kristjánsson Jón Ólafsson
  Ireland RTÉ Kim Jackson "Could It Be That I'm in Love" English Liam Reilly Noel Kelehan
  Israel IBA Duo Datz "Kan" (כאן) Hebrew Uzi Hitman Kobi Oshrat
  Italy RAI Peppino di Capri "Comme è ddoce 'o mare" Neapolitan
Bruno Canfora
  Luxembourg CLT Sarah Bray "Un baiser volé" French
  • Patrick Hippert
  • Linda Lecomte
  • Mick Wersant
 Francis Goya
  Malta PBS Paul Giordimaina and Georgina "Could It Be" English
  • Paul Abela
  • Raymond Mahoney
 Paul Abela
  Norway NRK Just 4 Fun "Mrs. Thompson" Norwegian
Pete Knutsen
  Portugal RTP Dulce "Lusitana paixão" Portuguese
  • Fred Micaelo
  • Zé da Ponte
  • Jorge Quintela
 Fernando Correia Martins
  Spain TVE Sergio Dalma "Bailar pegados" Spanish
  • Luis Gómez Escolar
  • Julio Seijas
 Eduardo Leiva
  Sweden SVT Carola "Fångad av en stormvind" Swedish Stephan Berg Anders Berglund
   Switzerland SRG SSR Sandra Simó "Canzone per te" Italian Renato Mascetti Flaviano Cuffari
  Turkey TRT Can Uğurluer, İzel Çeliköz and Reyhan Karaca "İki Dakika" Turkish
Turhan Yükseler
  United Kingdom BBC Samantha Janus "A Message to Your Heart" English Paul Curtis Ronnie Hazlehurst
  Yugoslavia JRT Baby Doll "Brazil" (Бразил) Serbo-Croatian
Slobodan Marković

Production

The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was produced by the Italian public broadcaster Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI). Silvia Salvetti served as executive producer, Riccardo Donna [it] served as director, Luciano Ricceri served as designer, and Bruno Canfora served as musical director leading an assembled orchestra of 57 musicians.[19][13][20] A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.[15]

The running order draw, to determine in which position each country would perform, was held on 18 February 1991, the same date that Rome was confirmed as the host city of the contest and the announcement of the twenty-two competing countries.[7]

Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 29 April 1991. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals of 40 minutes' duration were held on 29 and 30 April, with the second rehearsals, each lasting 35 minutes, held on 1 and 2 May. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 3 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 4 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal on the evening of 3 May.[7]

The production value of the 1991 contest came in for much criticism during the build-up and following the event, which may be partly explained by the relatively late change in contest venue from Sanremo to Rome. Rehearsals in the contest venue regularly started late as the orchestra failed on many occasions to arrive at the venue on time, and during the live broadcast, a number of technical mishaps occurred, including lighting failure during several of the entries and the failure of the venue's sound system during the Swedish entry. The voting sequence was also notably haphazard and several mistakes required rectification during the show, with the EBU's executive supervisor Frank Naef regularly called upon by the hosts for clarification.[10][13][7]

Format

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[21][22] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[21][23] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.[23][24]

The results of the 1991 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in 1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[25] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between men and women and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.[26][27] In a change to the rules compared to previous editions, half of the jury members in each country were now represented by music experts, comprising among other professions singers, composers, lyricists, musicians, conductors, music journalists, record company employees and radio or television producers. Only two members in each country were allowed to come from record companies, and no employees of the participating broadcasters themselves were allowed to sit on the juries.[26]

Postcards

Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to each country, as well as providing an opportunity for transition between entries and allow stage crew to make changes on stage.[28][29] The postcards for the 1991 contest featured pre-recorded clips of the competing artists performing short sections from Italian songs, superimposed onto images of Italian landmarks and locations which were intended to represent the artists' personalities.[13][5][6] The song each artist performed during their postcard is listed below by order of performance, alongside the originator of the song in brackets:[30]

  1.   Yugoslavia – "Non ho l'età" (Gigliola Cinquetti)
  2.   Iceland – "Se bastasse una canzone" (Eros Ramazzotti)
  3.   Malta – "Questo piccolo grande amore [it]" (Claudio Baglioni)
  4.   Greece – "Caruso" (Lucio Dalla)
  5.    Switzerland – "Un'estate italiana" (Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini)
  6.   Austria – "Adesso tu" (Eros Ramazzotti)
  7.   Luxembourg – "Sarà perché ti amo" (Ricchi e Poveri)
  8.   Sweden – "Non voglio mica la luna" (Fiordaliso)
  9.   France – "La partita di pallone" (Rita Pavone)
  10.   Turkey – "Amore scusami" (John Foster)
  11.   Ireland – "Nel blu, dipinto di blu" (Domenico Modugno)
  12.   Portugal – "Dio, come ti amo" (Domenico Modugno / Gigliola Cinquetti)
  13.   Denmark – "Nessun dorma" (from Giacomo Puccini's opera Turandot)
  14.   Norway – "Santa Lucia" (traditional)
  15.   Israel – "Lontano dagli occhi [it]" (Sergio Endrigo / Mary Hopkin)
  16.   Finland – "Maruzzella [it]" (Renato Carosone)
  17.   Germany – "L'Italiano" (Toto Cutugno)
  18.   Belgium – "Musica è" (Eros Ramazzotti)
  19.   Spain – "Sono tremendo" (Rocky Roberts)
  20.   United Kingdom – "Ricordati di me" (Antonello Venditti)
  21.   Cyprus – "Io che amo solo te" (Sergio Endrigo)
  22.   Italy – "Champagne" (Peppino di Capri)

Contest overview

 
Sweden's Carola (pictured in 2009) won the contest following a draw for first place and a tie-break procedure being implemented.

The contest took place on 4 May 1991 at 21:00 (CEST) with a duration of 3 hours and 13 minutes. The show was presented by the Italian singers Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno, the two artists which up until this point had won the contest for Italy, in 1964 and 1990 respectively.[13][7] Unlike the majority of previous contest presenters, who had conducted the events in English and French, for the majority of the 1991 contest the two presenters spoke solely in Italian, with only the voting sequence being conducted in Italian, English and French.[13][7]

The opening of the contest featured a pre-recorded music video of the American singer Sara Carlson performing "Celebration", which was followed by live performances from the contest hosts of their Eurovision winning songs, Cutugno's "Insieme: 1992" and Cinquetti's "Non ho l'età".[5][30] The interval act comprised a performance by the Italian quick-change artist and illusionist Arturo Brachetti.[6][31][32] The trophy awarded to the winners was presented at the end of the broadcast by Albert Scharf as the President of the European Broadcasting Union.[6][33]

The winner was Sweden represented by the song "Fångad av en stormvind", written by Stephan Berg and performed by Carola.[34] It was Sweden's third contest victory, following wins in 1974 and 1984.[35] For the first time since 1969, and for only the second time ever in the contest's history, the voting sequence resulted in a draw for first place, with both France and Sweden finishing with 146 points each. The tie-break rules introduced for the 1989 contest were thus enacted: for any ties for first place the country which received the most 12 points would be declared the winner; if a tie still remained after examining the 12 points, each country's 10 points would then be compared to determine a winner. Both France and Sweden had scored four 12 point scores, however as Sweden had scored five 10 points compared to France's two they were declared the winners.[5][13][26] During the traditional winner's reprise performance, Carola performed part of the winning song in English, with lyrics written by Richard Hampton.[36]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[15][37]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1   Yugoslavia Baby Doll "Brazil" 1 21
2   Iceland Stefán and Eyfi "Nína" 26 15
3   Malta Paul Giordimaina and Georgina "Could It Be" 106 6
4   Greece Sophia Vossou "Anixi" 36 13
5    Switzerland Sandra Simó "Canzone per te" 118 5
6   Austria Thomas Forstner "Venedig im Regen" 0 22
7   Luxembourg Sarah Bray "Un baiser volé" 29 14
8   Sweden Carola "Fångad av en stormvind" 146 1
9   France Amina "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" 146 2
10   Turkey Can Uğurluer, İzel Çeliköz and Reyhan Karaca "İki Dakika" 44 12
11   Ireland Kim Jackson "Could It Be That I'm in Love" 47 10
12   Portugal Dulce "Lusitana paixão" 62 8
13   Denmark Anders Frandsen "Lige der hvor hjertet slår" 8 19
14   Norway Just 4 Fun "Mrs. Thompson" 14 17
15   Israel Duo Datz "Kan" 139 3
16   Finland Kaija "Hullu yö" 6 20
17   Germany Atlantis 2000 "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben" 10 18
18   Belgium Clouseau "Geef het op" 23 16
19   Spain Sergio Dalma "Bailar pegados" 119 4
20   United Kingdom Samantha Janus "A Message to Your Heart" 47 10
21   Cyprus Elena Patroklou "S.O.S." 60 9
22   Italy Peppino di Capri "Comme è ddoce 'o mare" 89 7

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[21][38] Known spokespersons at the 1991 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[26] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order.[30][26] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[42][43]
Total score
Yugoslavia
Iceland
Malta
Greece
Switzerland
Austria
Luxembourg
Sweden
France
Turkey
Ireland
Portugal
Denmark
Norway
Israel
Finland
Germany
Belgium
Spain
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Italy
Contestants
 Yugoslavia 1 1
Iceland 26 4 10 5 7
Malta 106 1 2 6 4 10 12 2 7 12 7 6 10 4 6 7 10
Greece 36 4 5 2 1 1 4 1 1 5 10 2
Switzerland 118 5 5 7 8 12 8 4 2 2 6 5 3 8 5 6 12 8 8 4
Austria 0
Luxembourg 29 4 5 1 3 2 4 3 2 3 2
Sweden 146 6 12 10 10 7 6 3 10 12 8 10 8 12 10 4 12 6
France 146 10 7 3 8 7 12 5 7 5 12 12 10 8 7 8 6 7 12
Turkey 44 7 7 8 7 2 5 8
Ireland 47 3 4 3 1 8 4 7 1 2 2 5 4 3
Portugal 62 8 4 1 2 7 10 5 1 2 7 10 4 1
Denmark 8 3 5
Norway 14 6 1 1 2 4
Israel 139 12 10 8 5 8 5 6 3 12 8 4 10 7 6 8 12 10 5
Finland 6 1 1 4
Germany 10 6 1 3
Belgium 23 3 2 5 3 3 2 5
Spain 119 8 2 6 10 12 7 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 2 4 7 6 1 12
United Kingdom 47 10 3 5 6 3 1 1 3 5 3 1 6
Cyprus 60 2 3 12 12 4 12 5 3 6 1
Italy 89 7 2 6 2 8 10 10 12 10 3 12 7

12 points

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. France and Sweden each received the maximum score of 12 points from four of the voting countries, with Cyprus and Israel receiving three sets of 12 points each, and Italy, Malta, Spain and Switzerland each receiving two sets of maximum scores.[42][43]

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[42][43]
N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
4   France   Austria,   Israel,   Italy,   Norway
  Sweden   Denmark,   Germany,   Iceland,   United Kingdom
3   Cyprus   France,   Greece,   Malta
  Israel   Spain,   Turkey,   Yugoslavia
2   Italy   Finland,   Portugal
  Malta   Ireland,   Sweden
  Spain   Cyprus,    Switzerland
   Switzerland   Belgium,   Luxembourg

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[23] In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Australia and South Korea.[7] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
  Austria ORF FS1 [44]
  Belgium BRTN TV1, TV2 André Vermeulen [45]
Radio 2 [46]
RTBF RTBF1 [45]
  Cyprus CyBC RIK, A Programma [47][48]
  Denmark DR DR TV Camilla Miehe-Renard [dk] [49]
DR P3 Jesper Bæhrenz and Andrew Jensen [dk]
KNR KNR [50]
SVF [51]
  Finland YLE TV1 Erkki Pohjanheimo [52]
Radiomafia Kai Ristola
Riksradion Johan Finne, Paul Olin [sv] and Wille Wilenius [fi]
  France Antenne 2 Léon Zitrone [53][54]
  Germany ARD Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Max Schautzer [55]
  Greece ERT ET1 [56]
  Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið, Rás 2 Arthúr Björgvin Bollason [57]
  Ireland RTÉ RTÉ 1 Pat Kenny [58][59]
RTÉ Radio 1 Larry Gogan [58][60]
  Israel IBA Israeli Television, Reshet Gimel [he] [61]
  Italy RAI Rai Uno No commentator [62]
  Luxembourg CLT RTL TV, RTL Lorraine [63][64]
  Malta PBS TVM [65]
  Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet, NRK P2 John Andreassen and Jahn Teigen [66][67]
  Portugal RTP RTP Canal 1 [68]
  Spain TVE TVE 2 Tomás Fernando Flores [es] [69][70]
  Sweden SVT TV2 Harald Treutiger [6][66]
RR [sv] SR P3 Rune Hallberg [sv] and Kalle Oldby
   Switzerland SRG SSR TV DRS Bernard Thurnheer [de] [55]
TSR Chaîne nationale Lolita Morena [71]
TSI Canale nazionale [55]
  Turkey TRT TV1 [72]
  United Kingdom BBC BBC1, BBC TV Europe Terry Wogan [66][73]
BBC Radio 2 Ken Bruce [74]
  Yugoslavia JRT TV Belgrade 1, TV Titograd 1, TV Novi Sad, TV Prishtina [sr; sq] Mladen Popović [sr] [75][76][77]
HTV 1,[b] TV Sarajevo 1, TV Slovenija 1 [sl], TV Skopje 1 Ksenija Urličić [75][77][78]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
  Australia SBS SBS TV[c] [79]
  Canada TV5 TV5 Québec Canada[d] [80]
  Czechoslovakia ČST ČTV, S1 [sk][e] [81]
  Estonian SSR ETV [82]
  Hungary MTV MTV1 István Vágó [83]
  Poland TP TP1 [84]
  Romania TVR TVR 1 [85]
  South Korea KBS 1TV[f] [86]
  Soviet Union CT USSR Programme One [87]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[18]
  2. ^ Delayed broadcast due to a break-out in fighting as part of the Croatian War of Independence[77]
  3. ^ Deferred broadcast on 5 May at 14:30 (AEST)[79]
  4. ^ Delayed broadcast in a shortened format on 14 May 1991 at 19:33 (EDT)[80]
  5. ^ Delayed broadcast on 27 July 1991 at 21:25 (CEST)[81]
  6. ^ Delayed broadcast on 22 May 1991 at 17:50 (KST)[86]

References

  1. ^ "Italy – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  2. ^ Pasquini, Mattia (30 December 2021). "Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani" [Cinecittà, there is an agreement to expand the Italian studios]. Ciak (in italiano). Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  3. ^ Wyatt, Daisy (28 April 2014). "Cinecittà studios: Famous films shot in Italy's most iconic studios". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  4. ^ "The Origins of Eurovision". European Broadcasting Union. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 O'Connor 2010, pp. 124–127.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Thorsson & Verhage 2006, pp. 220–223.
  7. ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Roxburgh 2020, pp. 65–67.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 "Eurofestival, Sanremo rilancia" [Eurovision, Sanremo relauches]. La Stampa Imperia-Sanremo (in italiano). Sanremo, Italy. 6 January 1991. p. 1. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  9. ^ Basso, Roberto (29 December 1990). "Sanremo perderà l'Eurofestival?" [Will Sanremo lose Eurovision?]. La Stampa Imperia-Sanremo (in italiano). Sanremo, Italy. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Lombardini, Emanuele (23 July 2015). "Eurovision Rewind/1991: nel caos di Roma vince la svedese Carola" [Eurovision Rewind/1991: in the chaos of Rome the Swedish Carola wins] (in italiano). Eurofestival News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ Basso, Roberto (6 February 1991). "Sanremo perde l'Eurofestival" [Sanremo loses Eurovision]. La Stampa Liguria (in italiano). Genova, Italy. p. 9. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  12. ^ Basso, Roberto (4 May 1991). "Sanremo nelle tv d'Europa" [Sanremo on European TV]. La Stampa Imperia-Sanremo (in italiano). Sanremo, Italy. p. 44. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "Rome 1991 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  14. ^ "#EurovisionAgain 1990: Eurovision unites Europe". European Broadcasting Union. 21 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Roxburgh 2020, pp. 67–73.
  16. ^ "Participants of Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  17. ^ "1991 – 36th edition". diggiloo.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  18. ^ "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in Deutsch). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  19. ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 65–67, 76.
  20. ^ O'Connor 2010, p. 217.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "How it works – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  22. ^ "Jerusalem 1999 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. For the first time since the 1970s participants were free to choose which language they performed in.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  24. ^ Escudero, Victor M. (18 April 2020). "#EurovisionAgain travels back to Dublin 1997". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023. The orchestra also saw their days numbered as, from 1997, full backing tracks were allowed without restriction, meaning that the songs could be accompanied by pre-recorded music instead of the live orchestra.
  25. ^ "In a Nutshell – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 Roxburgh 2020, pp. 73–75.
  27. ^ Roxburgh 2016, p. 347.
  28. ^ Egan, John (22 May 2015). "All Kinds of Everything: a history of Eurovision Postcards". ESC Insight. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  29. ^ Kurris, Denis (1 May 2022). "Eurovision 2022: The theme of this year's Eurovision postcards". ESC Plus. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 36° Eurovisione Concorso della Canzone: Roma 1991 [36th Eurovision Song Contest: Rome 1991] (Television programme) (in italiano). Rome, Italy: Radiotelevizione italiana. 4 May 1991.
  31. ^ O'Connor 2010, p. 216.
  32. ^ "ESC 2023, Mahmood ospite nella serata finale alla Liverpool Arena" [ESC 2023, Mahmood guest on the final evening at the Liverpool Arena] (in italiano). RAI. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  33. ^ "The IOC Awards the Olympic Order to Prof. Albert Scharf". International Olympic Committee. 8 January 2001. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  34. ^ "Carola – Sweden – Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  35. ^ "Sweden – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  36. ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 75.
  37. ^ "Final of Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  38. ^ "Lugano to Liverpool: Broadcasting Eurovision". National Science and Media Museum. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  39. ^ O'Loughlin, Mikie (8 June 2021). "RTE Eileen Dunne's marriage to soap star Macdara O'Fatharta, their wedding day and grown up son Cormac". RSVP Live. Reach plc. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  40. ^ "Junior Eurovision: anche Gigliola Cinquetti, Rosanna Vaudetti ed Eugenio in Via di Gioia tifano per Chanel" [Junior Eurovision: Gigliola Cinquetti, Rosanna Vaudetti and Eugenio in Via di Gioia also support Chanel] (in italiano). L'Opinionista. 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  41. ^ "The Maltese Panel". Times of Malta. 5 May 1991. p. 60.
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "Results of the Final of Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "Eurovision Song Contest 1991 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  44. ^ "TV Avstrija 1 – So 4.5" [TV Austria 1 – Sat 4.5.]. Slovenski vestnik (in slovenščina). Klagenfurt (Celovec), Austria. 2 May 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 20 June 2024 – via Digital Library of Slovenia.
  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 "Zaterdag 4 mei" [Saturday 4 May]. Brugsch Handelsblad Weekwijzer [nl] (in Nederlands). Bruges, Belgium. 3 May 1991. p. 62. Retrieved 5 July 2024 – via Openbare Bibliotheek Brugge [nl].
  46. ^ "RTV-Programma's Zaterdag" [Radio-TV Programmes Saturday]. Leidse Courant (in Nederlands). 4 May 1991. p. 22. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  47. ^ "Τηλεοραση – ΡΙΚ" [Television – RIK]. O Phileleftheros (in Ελληνικά). Nicosia, Cyprus. 4 May 1991. p. 19. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024 – via Press and Information Office [el].
  48. ^ "Ραδιοφωνο – Σαββατο – ΡΙΚ Α΄ Προγραμμα" [Radio – Saturday – RIK Programme A]. I Simerini (in Ελληνικά). Nicosia, Cyprus. 4 May 1991. p. 6. Retrieved 4 March 2024 – via Press and Information Office [el].
  49. ^ "Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 4. maj 1991" [All-time programme overviews – Saturday 4th May 1991]. DR. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  50. ^ "TV KNR – Arfininngorneq 4. maj Lørdag" [TV KNR – Saturday 4 May]. Atuagagdliutit (in kalaallisut and dansk). Nuuk, Greenland. 3 May 1991. p. 16. Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Timarit.is.
  51. ^ "Sjónvarp – Sjónvarpsskráin – 3. mai - 9. mai" [Television – TV Schedule – 3 May - 9 May]. Oyggjatidindi (in føroyskt and dansk). Hoyvik, Faroe Islands. 3 May 1991. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Infomedia [dk].
  52. ^ "Televisio & Radio" [Television & Radio]. Helsingin Sanomat (in suomi). 4 May 1991. pp. D9–D10. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  53. ^ "Radio-télévision – Samedi 4 mai" [Radio-television – Saturday 4 May]. Le Monde. Paris, France. 4 May 1991. p. 27. Retrieved 21 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  54. ^ "Samedi 4 mai" [Saturday 4 May]. TV8 (in français). Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland: Ringier. 25 April 1991. pp. 54–59. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
  55. ^ 55.0 55.1 55.2 "Fernsehen und Radio am Samstag" [Television and radio on Saturday]. Der Bund (in Deutsch). Bern, Switzerland. 4 May 1991. p. 14. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via E-newspaperarchives.ch.
  56. ^ "Το πρόγραμμα της τηλεόρασης" [TV schedule] (PDF). Imerisia (in Ελληνικά). 4 May 1991. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022 – via Public Central Library of Veria [el].
  57. ^ "Útvarp/Sjónvarp – laugurdagur 4. maí 1991" [Radio/Television – Saturday 4 May 1991]. Morgunblaðið (in íslenska). Reykjavík, Iceland. 4 May 1991. p. 6. Retrieved 28 November 2022 – via Timarit.is.
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 Harding, Peter (4 May 1991). RTÉ commentators during Eurovision rehearsals (1991) (Photograph). Cinecittà, Rome, Italy. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  59. ^ "Saturday's Television". The Irish Times Weekend. 4 May 1991. p. 6. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  60. ^ "Radio". The Irish Times Weekend. 4 May 1991. p. 6. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  61. ^ "יום שבת 4.5.91 – טלוויזיה" [Saturday 4.5.91 – Television]. Maariv (in עברית). Tel Aviv, Israel. 3 May 1991. pp. 136–137. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
  62. ^ "Sabato 4 maggio" [Saturday 4 May]. Radiocorriere TV (in italiano). Vol. 68, no. 17. 28 April – 4 May 1991. pp. 114–117, 119, 121, 123. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  63. ^ "Samstag, 4. Mai | Samedi, 4 mai" [Saturday 4 May]. Télé-Revue (in français, Deutsch, and Lëtzebuergesch). No. 18. 4–10 May 1991. pp. 10–13. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  64. ^ "Samstag • Samedi | RTL Lorraine – 21.00 hrs | Concours Eurovision de la Chanson" [Saturday | RTL Lorraine – 9:00pm | Eurovision Song Contest]. Télé-Revue (in français). No. 18. 4–10 May 1991. p. 38. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  65. ^ "Television". Times of Malta. 4 May 1991. p. 14.
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 "Radio/TV". Finnmark Dagblad (in norsk). Hammerfest, Norway. 4 May 1991. pp. 32–33. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
  67. ^ "P2 – Kjøreplan lørdag 4. mai 1991" [P2 – Schedule Saturday 4 May 1991] (in norsk). NRK. 4 May 1991. p. 9. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway. (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
  68. ^ "Your Complete Entertainment Guide". Anglo-Portuguese News. Lisbon, Portugal. 2 May 1991. p. 19. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  69. ^ "Televisión" [Television]. La Vanguardia (in español). 4 May 1991. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  70. ^ HerGar, Paula (28 March 2018). "Todos los comentaristas de la historia de España en Eurovisión (y una única mujer en solitario)" [All the commentators in the history of Spain in Eurovision (and only a single woman)] (in español). Los 40. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  71. ^ "Samedi 4 mai 1991" [Saturday 4 May 1991]. Le Matin (in français). Lausanne, Switzerland: Edipresse. 4 May 1991. p. 28. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
  72. ^ "Televizyon-Radyo" [Television-Radio]. Cumhuriyet (in Türkçe). 4 May 1991. p. 6. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  73. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC One". Radio Times. 4 May 1991. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
  74. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC Radio 2". Radio Times. 4 May 1991. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
  75. ^ 75.0 75.1 "Televizija – Subota, 4. V 1991" [Television – Saturday, 4 May 1991]. Borba (in Serbian). Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia. 4 May 1991. p. 31. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024 – via Pretraživa digitalna biblioteka.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  76. ^ "Televizió" [Television]. Magyar Szó (in magyar). Novi Sad, SAP Vojvodina, Yugoslavia. 4 May 1991. p. 24. Retrieved 18 June 2024 – via Vajdasági Magyar Digitális Adattár.
  77. ^ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Raykoff & Tobin 2007, p. 85.
  78. ^
  79. ^ 79.0 79.1 "Television today". The Canberra Times. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 May 1991. p. 30. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022 – via Trove.
  80. ^ 80.0 80.1 "Télé-horaire de la fin de semaine – Mardi 14 mai" [Weekend TV schedule – Tuesday 14 May]. La Liberté. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 10 May 1991. p. 22. Retrieved 17 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  81. ^ 81.0 81.1 "sobota 27. 7. /ČTV/" [Saturday 27/07 /ČTV/]. Rozhlasový týdeník [cs] (in čeština). No. 30. 22 July 1991. p. 14. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024 – via Kramerius [cs].
  82. ^ "4 V – Laupäev" [4 May – Saturday]. Televisioon : TV (in eesti). No. 18. Tallinn, Estonian SSR, Soviet Union. 29 April – 5 May 1991. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 21 June 2024 – via DIGAR [et].
  83. ^ "TV1 – szombat május 4" [TV1 – Saturday 4 May]. Rádió és Televízióújság (in magyar). 29 April 1991. p. 24. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022 – via MTVA Archívum.
  84. ^ "Program tygnhniomy TV – od 30 kwietnia do 7 maja – Sobota" [TV Weekly Programme – from 30 April to 7 May – Saturday — 19 May]. Nowiny (in polski). Rybnik, Poland. 30 April 1991. p. 6. Retrieved 29 August 2024 – via Silesian Digital Library.
  85. ^ "Televiziune – sâmbătă 4 mai 1991" [Television – Saturday 4 May 1991]. Panoramic Radio-TV (in română). p. 6.
  86. ^ 86.0 86.1 "TV". The Chosun Ilbo (in 한국어). Seoul, South Korea. 14 June 1991. p. 10. Retrieved 1 June 2024 – via Naver.
  87. ^ "Телевидение – Суббота ⬥ 4" [Television – Saturday ⬥ 4] (PDF). Pravda (in русский). 27 April 1991. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

Bibliography

  • O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
  • Raykoff, Ivan; Tobin, Robert Deam (2007). A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5878-8.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
  • Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in svenska). Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurovision Song Contest 1991.
Retrieved from "https://enwiki.freddythechick.net/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_1991&oldid=11982236"