Help:IPA/Mandarin

From English Wikipedia @ Freddythechick

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard Mandarin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA}}, Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Standard Chinese phonology for more detail on the sounds of Mandarin Chinese.

Consonants
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese example English approximation
ɕ x hs <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-x-晓.wav">//xiǎo</phonos> sheep,[a] but more y-like
f f <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-f-非.wav">/fēi</phonos> fan
j y-/-i- <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-y-牙.wav">/yá</phonos> yes
k g k <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-g-干.wav">/gān</phonos> skin
k k' <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-k-口-pronunciation.wav">/kǒu</phonos> kin
l l <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-l-来-pronunciation.wav">//lái</phonos> leaf
m m <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-m-明.wav">/míng</phonos> moon
n n ㄋ,ㄣ,ㄢ <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-n-泥.wav">/ní</phonos> noon
ŋ -ng ㄥ,ㄤ <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-j-江.wav">/jiāng</phonos> song
p b p <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-b-帮.wav">//bāng</phonos> span
p p' <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-p-滂.wav">/páng</phonos> pan
ʐ[b] r- j <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-日.wav">/rì</phonos> pleasure, but with tongue curled or pulled back
s s <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-私.wav">/sī</phonos> same
ʂ sh <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-矢.wav">/shǐ</phonos> show, but without lip rounding and with tongue curled or pulled back
t d t <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-d-端.wav">/duān</phonos> stop
t t' <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-t-透.wav">/tòu</phonos> top
j ch <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-j-叫.wav">/jiào</phonos> cheap,[a] but more y-like (without lip rounding)
tɕʰ q ch' <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-q-去.wav">/qù</phonos> Above, but with a strong burst of breath (aspiration)
ts z ts <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-z-子.wav">/zǐ</phonos> outset
tsʰ c ts' <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-此.wav">/cǐ</phonos> let's help
ʈʂ zh ch <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-zh-之.wav">之/zhī</phonos> cheer, but without lip rounding and with tongue curled or pulled back
ʈʂʰ ch ch' <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-ch-吃-pronunciation.wav">吃/chī</phonos> Above, but with a strong burst of breath (aspiration)
w w-/-u- <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-w-我.wav">/wǒ</phonos> water
x h <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-h-火.wav">/huǒ</phonos> loch (Scottish English)
ɥ yu-/-ü-[c] yü-/-ü- <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-ü-月-pronunciation.wav">/yuè</phonos> between wet and yet
Vowels
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese example English approximation
a a ㄚ,ㄢ 阿,安 cat
er êrh 二,兒(儿)
ɑ yang/-iang car
ɛ yan/-ian yen/-ien ㄧㄢ set
yuan/-üan ㄩㄢ
e ye/-ie, yue/-üe eh 也,月 hey
ə en,[d] eng ên, êng ㄣ,ㄥ 本,冷 atop
ɚ er êrh 二,兒(儿) fern[e]
ɤ e ê / o[f] between boot and but
i yi/-i city
o wo/-uo[g]/-ou o[h] go, but without lip rounding
ɻ̩ zhi, chi, shi, ri ih [i] 之,吃,師(师),日 Below, but with tongue curled or pulled back[j]
ɹ̩ zi, ci, si ŭ 子,次,私 roses, cousin
u wu/-u cool
ʊ -ong -ung ㄨㄥ,ㄩㄥ 冬,用 book
y yu/-ü[c] yü/-ü beet, but with the lips rounded as for boot
Diphthongs
ai time
ao cow
ei[d] face
ou[d] 歐(欧) show
Tones
IPA Pinyin Wade–Giles Bopomofo Chinese example Tone number Description
á ā a1 <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-巴-pronunciation.wav">巴/bā</phonos> tone 1 high level [˥]
ǎ á a2 ㄚˊ <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-拔.wav">/bá</phonos> tone 2 mid rising [˧˥]
à ǎ a3 ㄚˇ <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-third tone-把-pronunciation.wav">把/bǎ</phonos> tone 3 medially, low [˩]; initially, mid falling [˧˩]; finally, low rising [˩˧]; in isolation, dipping [˧˩˧]
â à a4 ㄚˋ <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-爸-pronunciation.wav">爸/bà</phonos> tone 4 high falling [˥˩]
a a a0 ˙ㄚ <phonos file="Mandarin Chinese-fourth tone-吧-pronunciation.wav">吧/ba</phonos> tone 0 or 5
(toneless)
mid [˧] after all tones but 4, where it is low [˩]
Note: Pinyin uses three of the same diacritics as IPA but with different values.

Notes

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 [ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ] are always followed by [i] [j], [y], or [ɥ].
  2. ^ Also transcribed as ɻ in some literature.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 ü (/y/) is spelled u after j, q, x in pinyin since /u/ cannot occur after them.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 wei, you/yu, wen/wên are spelled respectively ui, iu, un in Pinyin and Wade-Giles but are pronounced identically when they are preceded by a consonant.
  5. ^ The rhotic vowel also appears in erhua.
  6. ^ This sound is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.
  7. ^ This sound is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨b, p, m, f⟩ in Pinyin.
  8. ^ ㄨㄛ is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.
  9. ^ This symbol is rarely used and usually omitted during writing.
  10. ^ Voiced continuants (also transcribed [ɨ, ɯ] or [ʐ̩, z̩]) reflecting the character of the preceding consonant[clarification needed]

References

  • Duanmu, San (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
  • Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

See also

External links