Template:Infobox gadolinium

	child table, as reused in {IB-Gd} v; e; h;
Main isotopes of gadolinium

Gadolinium, ₆₄Gd
Gadolinium
Pronunciation	/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/ (GAD-ə-LIN-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Gd)
	157.25±0.03; 157.25±0.03 (abridged);
Gadolinium in the periodic table
	europium ← gadolinium → terbium
Atomic number (Z)	64
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1585 K (1312 °C, 2394 °F)
Boiling point	3546 K (3273 °C, 5923 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	7.899 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.4 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	10.05 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	301.3 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	37.03 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.20
Ionization energies	1st: 593.4 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1170 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1990 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius	196±6 pm
	Spectral lines of gadolinium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 363.37 pm; c = 578.21 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	−21.4×10−6/K (at 20 °C); 11.1×10−6/K (at 100 °C)
Thermal conductivity	10.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 1.310 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition at 293.4 K
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+755000.0×10−6 cm3/mol (300.6 K)
Young's modulus	α form: 54.8 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 21.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 37.9 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2680 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.259
Vickers hardness	510–950 MPa
CAS Number	7440-54-2
History
Naming	after the mineral gadolinite (itself named after Johan Gadolin)
Discovery	Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1880)
First isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886)
Isotopes of gadolinium v; e;
	Category: Gadolinium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Gd · Gadolinium
Eu ← ibox Eu	^iso ₆₄Gd [e] IB-Gd [e] IBisos [e]	→ Tb ibox Tb
cat:Gd (5) cat:Gd-isotopes (41) Commons Wikidata:Q1832 Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page) v e

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers	view edit
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)	view edit
Top image (caption, alt)	view edit
Pronunciation	view edit
Allotropes (overview)	view edit
Group (overview)	view edit
Period (overview)	view edit
Block (overview)	view edit
Natural occurrence	view edit
Phase at STP	view edit
Oxidation states	view edit
Spectral lines image	view edit
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)	view edit
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight	view edit
most stable isotope	view edit
Wikidata
Wikidata *	view edit
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (12) · (this table: v )

Notes

^ The thermal expansion of a Gd crystal is highly anisotropic and temperature-dependent: the parameters for each crystal axis at 20 °C are: α_a = 9.37×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = −83.0×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = −21.4×10⁻⁶/K. At at 100 °C: α_a = 6.6×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 20.1×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = 11.1×10⁻⁶/K.

References

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium". CIAAW. 1969.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2023). "Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 194. Elsevier BV: 110708. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708. ISSN 0969-8043.

Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 229: too many expensive function calls.

[5] The thermal expansion of a Gd crystal is highly anisotropic and temperature-dependent: the parameters for each crystal axis at 20 °C are: α_a = 9.37×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = −83.0×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = −21.4×10⁻⁶/K. At at 100 °C: α_a = 6.6×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 20.1×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = 11.1×10⁻⁶/K.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium". CIAAW. 1969.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[Cloke1993-4] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[6] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-7] 6.0 ^6.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[148Gd-8] 7.0 ^7.1 Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2023). "Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 194. Elsevier BV: 110708. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708. ISSN 0969-8043.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[a]

[5]

[6]

[7]