Template:Infobox gallium

	child table, as reused in {IB-Ga} v; e; h;
Main isotopes of gallium
ε	70Zn

Gallium, ₃₁Ga
Gallium
Pronunciation	/ˈɡæliəm/ (GAL-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery blue
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)
	69.723±0.001; 69.723±0.001 (abridged);
Gallium in the periodic table
	zinc ← gallium → germanium
Atomic number (Z)	31
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F)
Boiling point	2676 K (2403 °C, 4357 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	5.907 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	256 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.86 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies	1st: 578.8 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius	122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	187 pm
	Spectral lines of gallium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	base-centered orthorhombic (oS8)
Lattice constants	a = 452.05 pm; b = 766.25 pm; c = 452.66 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	20.5×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	40.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	270 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−21.6×10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)
Young's modulus	9.8 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.47
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number	7440-55-3
History
Naming	after Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Isotopes of gallium v; e;
ε	70Zn
	Category: Gallium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Ga · Gallium
Zn ← ibox Zn	^iso ₃₁Ga [e] IB-Ga [e] IBisos [e]	→ Ge ibox Ge
cat:Ga (8) cat:Ga-isotopes (38) Commons Wikidata:Q861 Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page) v e

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers	view edit
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)	view edit
Top image (caption, alt)	view edit
Pronunciation	view edit
Allotropes (overview)	view edit
Group (overview)	view edit
Period (overview)	view edit
Block (overview)	view edit
Natural occurrence	view edit
Phase at STP	view edit
Oxidation states	view edit
Spectral lines image	view edit
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)	view edit
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight	view edit
most stable isotope	view edit
Wikidata
Wikidata *	view edit
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (12) · (this table: v )

Notes

^ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (in the range 280–302.9 K) are α_a = 31.9×10⁻⁶/K, α_b = 16.2×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 13.3×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = 20.5×10⁻⁶/K.^[5]

References

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
^ "Gallium (CAS Number 7440-55-3) : Strem Product Catalog". Strem Chemicals Inc. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in Deutsch). 66b: 1107–1121.
^ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in Deutsch). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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[8] The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (in the range 280–302.9 K) are α_a = 31.9×10⁻⁶/K, α_b = 16.2×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 13.3×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = 20.5×10⁻⁶/K.^[5]

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Zhang-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.

[4] "Gallium (CAS Number 7440-55-3) : Strem Product Catalog". Strem Chemicals Inc. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

[Arblaster_2018-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[6] Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in Deutsch). 66b: 1107–1121.

[7] Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in Deutsch). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.

[9] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-10] 9.0 ^9.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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