Template:Infobox ruthenium

	child table, as reused in {IB-Ru} v; e; h;
Main isotopes of ruthenium
γ	–
γ	–

Ruthenium, ₄₄Ru
Ruthenium
Pronunciation	/ruːˈθiːniəm/ (roo-THEE-nee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ru)
	101.07±0.02; 101.07±0.02 (abridged);
Ruthenium in the periodic table
	technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium
Atomic number (Z)	44
Group	group 8
Period	period 5
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2607 K (2334 °C, 4233 °F)
Boiling point	4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	12.364 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	10.65 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	38.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	619 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.06 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −2, 0, +1,[citation needed] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.2
Ionization energies	1st: 710.2 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 134 pm
Covalent radius	146±7 pm
	Spectral lines of ruthenium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 270.58 pm; c = 428.16 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.78×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	117 αa 5.77 αc 8.80 αavr 6.78 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	71 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+39×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	447 GPa
Shear modulus	173 GPa
Bulk modulus	220 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	5970 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	6.5
Brinell hardness	2160 MPa
CAS Number	7440-18-8
History
Naming	after Ruthenia (modern Ukraine), the 19th-century Latin name for Rus', meant to be for Russia
Discovery and first isolation	Karl Ernst Claus (1844)
Isotopes of ruthenium v; e;
γ	–
γ	–
	Category: Ruthenium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Ru · Ruthenium
Tc ← ibox Tc	^iso ₄₄Ru [e] IB-Ru [e] IBisos [e]	→ Rh ibox Rh
cat:Ru (8) cat:Ru-isotopes (41) Commons Wikidata:Q1086 Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page) v e

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers	view edit
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)	view edit
Top image (caption, alt)	view edit
Pronunciation	view edit
Allotropes (overview)	view edit
Group (overview)	view edit
Period (overview)	view edit
Block (overview)	view edit
Natural occurrence	view edit
Phase at STP	view edit
Oxidation states	view edit
Spectral lines image	view edit
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)	view edit
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight	view edit
most stable isotope	view edit
Wikidata
Wikidata *	view edit
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (12) · (this table: v )

Notes

^ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α_a = 5.77×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 8.80×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V = 6.78×10⁻⁶/K.^[3]
^ It was common to give newly discovered elements Latin names (for example, lutetium and hafnium, both discovered in early 20th century, are named after the Latin names for Paris and Copenhagen). Claus chose to name the element "in Honour of my Motherland",^[6] and Claus was a Russian subject; as such, he chose the Latin name for Russia used back in the day, Ruthenia, as the basis for his name.^[7]
In contemporary Latin (as well as in contemporary English), Russia is usually referred to as Russia, and the name Ruthenia stands for a region in and around Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium". CIAAW. 1983.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Haynes, p. 4.130
^ Baitsar Andriy. Ruthenia as the ancient name for Ukrainian lands (maps of the 14th-17th centuries) https://baitsar.blogspot.com/2018/02/xiv-xvii.html [Archived October 18, 2018 at the Wayback Machine]
^ Matthey, Johnson. "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Johnson Matthey Technology Review. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
^ Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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[4] The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α_a = 5.77×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 8.80×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V = 6.78×10⁻⁶/K.^[3]

[name_origin-9] It was common to give newly discovered elements Latin names (for example, lutetium and hafnium, both discovered in early 20th century, are named after the Latin names for Paris and Copenhagen). Claus chose to name the element "in Honour of my Motherland",^[6] and Claus was a Russian subject; as such, he chose the Latin name for Russia used back in the day, Ruthenia, as the basis for his name.^[7]
In contemporary Latin (as well as in contemporary English), Russia is usually referred to as Russia, and the name Ruthenia stands for a region in and around Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine.^{[citation needed]}

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium". CIAAW. 1983.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[crc2-5] 4.0 ^4.1 Haynes, p. 4.130

[6] Baitsar Andriy. Ruthenia as the ancient name for Ukrainian lands (maps of the 14th-17th centuries) https://baitsar.blogspot.com/2018/02/xiv-xvii.html [Archived October 18, 2018 at the Wayback Machine]

[7] Matthey, Johnson. "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Johnson Matthey Technology Review. Retrieved 2020-08-25.

[DiscoRu-8] Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188.

[NUBASE2020-10] 8.0 ^8.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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