Eurovision Song Contest 1978

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From English Wikipedia @ Freddythechick
Eurovision Song Contest 1978
File:ESC 1978 logo.png
Dates
Final22 April 1978
Host
VenuePalais des Congrès
Paris, France
Presenter(s)
Musical directorFrançois Rauber
Directed byBernard Lion
Executive supervisorFrank Naef
Host broadcasterTélévision Française 1 (TF1)
Participants
Number of entries20
Debuting countriesNone
Returning countries
Non-returning countriesNone
  • <imagemap> File:ESC_1978_Map_2.svg|299px|alt=A coloured map of the countries of Europe poly 244 323 245 319 252 316 261 316 269 318 267 322 270 325 272 330 266 333 266 338 261 338 261 331 257 334 258 329 252 324 247 323 Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 289 469 287 465 288 456 288 451 286 447 292 443 295 442 297 443 312 426 310 422 308 420 303 407 296 403 292 401 284 407 283 408 283 404 276 404 276 402 276 398 272 395 275 395 278 390 276 385 282 384 289 378 294 385 294 379 300 380 305 373 308 374 315 371 318 371 322 375 331 376 331 382 330 384 324 389 320 389 320 393 323 397 321 399 322 402 317 402 318 414 329 414 329 409 333 412 336 419 339 426 344 432 354 432 358 432 356 435 368 440 375 444 381 448 380 453 374 449 369 447 367 449 362 456 368 461 368 466 364 472 358 477 355 478 353 486 353 491 351 491 351 494 346 494 343 488 332 484 327 483 327 480 333 478 343 479 353 476 358 473 361 468 358 458 355 456 351 449 340 446 338 439 331 437 332 426 319 426 319 429 312 426 298 442 298 446 301 448 299 454 299 467 293 465 Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 266 318 261 315 253 315 260 307 263 299 267 294 278 291 281 295 281 300 278 302 278 305 277 311 270 311 272 316 272 320 272 325 268 325 268 320 262 315 Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 276 385 274 377 272 377 267 380 268 375 272 371 276 366 277 363 285 363 289 361 293 361 293 363 292 363 292 374 304 374 304 372 306 372 303 377 298 379 294 379 294 384 290 381 287 378 284 381 Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 281 364 281 358 283 352 286 347 278 344 275 343 275 338 273 333 274 329 272 320 272 317 272 313 275 312 280 307 280 302 282 295 282 290 288 290 289 293 291 287 296 287 295 280 292 275 301 277 303 280 310 281 307 287 308 294 308 297 311 298 311 300 308 303 312 309 307 318 304 318 303 322 303 328 302 331 307 333 313 331 316 331 320 333 321 337 326 344 333 351 325 355 325 361 315 362 311 363 306 361 Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 225 234 219 246 213 252 221 255 225 273 229 280 233 288 229 294 238 294 241 296 241 304 230 311 236 314 225 320 209 318 199 316 197 320 193 318 182 321 192 311 197 310 203 310 208 305 202 308 189 301 199 295 196 284 207 285 212 277 208 267 200 265 188 272 176 266 181 258 189 258 192 268 199 265 199 260 200 251 197 241 201 232 193 223 196 220 206 221 216 220 229 201 226 217 218 223 211 231 United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 rect 270 404 283 416 Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 269 341 267 334 271 332 275 336 274 342 Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 69 539 0 539 0 503 69 502 131 469 137 458 135 455 139 448 137 441 143 441 147 425 153 420 150 415 141 415 134 410 136 401 132 397 142 392 155 398 173 403 187 405 198 409 210 417 220 417 220 426 233 426 233 424 239 424 239 429 248 454 226 465 206 465 195 476 190 476 184 484 160 482 152 484 148 488 144 482 141 474 138 471 133 469 69 502 69 538 Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 179 292 174 292 164 295 156 295 156 292 151 292 151 289 155 286 160 282 164 275 158 271 163 262 170 265 171 260 175 254 178 255 179 261 175 265 176 268 180 268 181 268 186 273 184 281 184 288 Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 293 275 291 268 290 266 292 264 289 257 291 248 296 248 300 242 304 242 303 253 306 257 317 261 318 266 318 272 311 277 Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 36 0 31 10 22 21 17 28 14 36 10 41 7 47 4 56 6 59 2 63 3 67 9 70 8 74 9 81 5 83 8 88 11 88 14 93 18 92 18 90 22 90 25 86 30 84 34 82 38 79 40 77 41 73 45 75 50 73 54 73 56 72 60 69 61 65 64 66 67 60 71 61 76 59 80 61 85 61 87 64 91 65 93 66 104 65 114 62 119 59 125 59 130 62 143 64 152 65 163 62 174 61 176 57 171 56 168 53 165 48 162 47 160 43 156 42 160 40 166 42 170 41 171 43 169 48 170 52 173 55 177 57 179 56 180 53 182 48 185 43 183 43 185 38 189 37 190 30 186 24 184 23 184 19 189 19 190 24 194 26 201 26 204 21 200 16 203 15 206 20 211 18 211 12 208 11 210 8 213 10 218 0 Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 369 198 368 189 365 175 367 170 370 165 376 146 380 142 378 136 372 134 368 128 368 122 363 110 360 107 347 102 347 99 350 96 357 100 364 101 370 98 370 90 370 86 375 80 384 85 382 98 384 101 389 103 392 106 391 113 400 125 401 138 405 142 410 146 408 152 413 155 420 157 419 166 415 177 408 191 400 193 392 199 384 204 373 198 Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 278 231 274 227 274 219 271 201 273 189 283 180 297 172 304 162 314 150 316 132 325 118 320 113 324 105 336 94 348 84 362 71 372 69 321 11 311 0 322 0 322 11 371 69 381 71 385 72 383 77 385 82 385 86 374 81 371 85 371 94 370 101 363 101 357 101 351 95 349 100 347 106 340 107 339 112 335 113 333 120 331 128 328 135 325 135 325 142 321 155 325 158 322 164 315 164 313 167 313 179 315 183 313 193 318 194 315 201 318 206 315 213 312 218 313 225 308 222 306 214 303 216 303 221 302 226 296 229 291 234 285 235 282 235 Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 119 467 123 451 117 448 128 427 133 410 140 414 149 415 154 420 147 426 144 440 139 441 140 447 136 454 137 459 132 465 132 468 128 471 Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 317 250 313 239 314 235 311 233 309 227 311 223 313 215 318 209 316 199 318 196 314 192 314 183 313 172 313 165 317 162 324 162 324 160 320 155 323 145 324 138 330 131 333 119 337 113 342 107 346 107 348 101 357 103 363 110 365 117 367 121 367 127 373 135 364 136 362 143 358 150 361 152 358 159 353 164 348 172 344 182 344 193 344 199 348 203 356 212 353 221 348 224 360 233 360 243 357 243 356 238 358 232 347 225 346 234 346 243 347 246 345 251 343 257 332 258 331 261 330 268 326 268 321 258 321 255 320 248 Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 569 535 559 523 556 517 557 512 559 496 564 493 568 506 Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 399 454 403 443 404 436 411 436 411 433 418 432 422 427 431 424 440 426 442 426 450 422 448 416 455 420 452 426 453 430 448 430 439 430 437 432 430 434 430 441 420 440 420 445 424 449 431 455 439 461 443 465 437 466 437 472 438 496 446 497 453 497 465 497 452 501 439 499 439 496 438 470 434 468 428 471 432 477 426 477 431 486 424 485 416 483 417 477 403 469 408 467 Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 rect 338 498 350 509 Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest poly 331 376 321 374 321 371 313 371 307 375 304 375 305 363 314 363 322 362 328 364 324 358 330 352 333 350 338 350 342 346 351 347 356 349 358 352 362 356 355 362 355 370 350 374 336 377 327 374 Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 200 407 206 379 208 372 203 367 199 355 187 348 184 339 196 339 198 343 209 345 209 332 218 337 225 334 235 330 237 321 244 319 252 328 256 331 266 338 275 341 288 346 284 356 281 365 269 377 274 379 277 386 275 393 276 404 270 404 270 416 296 423 298 427 296 436 294 438 291 433 291 427 296 424 270 415 262 415 256 411 248 410 240 415 240 424 233 424 234 414 221 414 221 416 216 417 203 412 France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 582 375 591 371 596 371 604 374 604 381 605 383 615 383 615 389 618 398 623 405 628 410 625 414 612 416 602 423 593 429 587 437 581 441 574 439 568 447 558 448 561 453 557 459 555 456 557 449 554 448 549 454 540 455 536 464 524 470 515 465 505 464 503 467 503 474 496 476 489 474 473 470 468 463 458 458 461 451 461 444 455 444 455 438 464 433 476 433 477 426 483 421 477 421 464 423 461 430 453 431 454 423 452 418 454 413 460 410 467 414 479 416 497 414 504 402 517 396 530 395 542 395 556 394 563 391 570 387 577 383 Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 poly 387 425 375 419 364 413 354 407 348 401 345 396 344 392 340 390 336 394 334 396 332 390 332 381 331 377 339 376 350 371 352 370 361 380 368 383 372 379 382 376 390 377 396 384 398 388 402 391 409 389 410 394 410 399 417 406 411 412 414 417 421 424 418 429 414 432 410 436 401 436 399 431 397 422 389 418 387 425 Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest desc bottom-right </imagemap>      Competing countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1978
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song Israel
"A-Ba-Ni-Bi"
1977 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1979

The Eurovision Song Contest 1978 was the 23rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Paris, France, following the country's victory at the 1977 contest with the song "L'Oiseau et l'Enfant" by Marie Myriam. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Télévision Française 1 (TF1), the contest was held at the Palais des Congrès on 22 April 1978 and was directed by Bernard Lion [fr].[1] The contest was presented by French television presenters Denise Fabre and Léon Zitrone. This was the first time that more than one presenter had hosted the contest as well as the first to have a male presenter since 1956.

Twenty countries participated, the highest number of competing countries in the history of the competition at the time. Denmark and Turkey both returned to the contest. Denmark had not participated since 1966, 12 years before.

The winner of the contest was Israel with the song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" by Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta. The winning entry was a love song sung in the Hebrew equivalent of Ubbi dubbi (the title is an expansion of the Hebrew word ani, meaning "I"). This was Israel's first Eurovision win, and it was also the first winning song to be performed in one of the Semitic languages. Furthermore, it was also the only winning song to be conducted by a woman, Nurit Hirsh. Norway finished last for the fifth time, gaining the first nul points after the new voting system was implemented in 1975.

Location

Palais des Congrès, Paris – host venue of the 1978 contest.

The event took place in Paris, the capital and largest city of France, with the host venue being the Palais des congrès de Paris, which is a concert venue, convention centre and shopping mall in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. Built by French architect Guillaume Gillet, the venue was inaugurated in 1974.

Participating countries

Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1978 – Participation summaries by country

Denmark returned to the competition after having been absent for twelve years, while Turkey did so after missing out two years.[2] This meant that, for the first time, the contest had twenty participating nations competing.

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1978[3][4][5][6]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
 Austria ORF Springtime "Mrs. Caroline Robinson" German
  • Gerhard Markel
  • Walter Markel
  • Norbert Niedermayer
 Richard Oesterreicher
 Belgium RTBF Jean Vallée "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie" French Jean Vallée Jean Musy
 Denmark DR Mabel "Boom Boom" Danish
Helmer Olesen
 Finland YLE Seija Simola "Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus" Finnish
Ossi Runne
 France TF1 Joël Prévost "Il y aura toujours des violons" French
Alain Goraguer
 Germany SWF[a] Ireen Sheer "Feuer" German
  • Jean Frankfurter
  • John Möring
 Jean Frankfurter
 Greece ERT Tania Tsanaklidou "Charlie Chaplin" (Τσάρλυ Τσάπλιν) Greek
  • Sakis Tsilikis
  • Yiannis Xanthoulis
 Haris Andreadis
 Ireland RTÉ Colm C. T. Wilkinson "Born to Sing" English Colm C. T. Wilkinson Noel Kelehan
 Israel IBA Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" (א-ב-ני-בי) Hebrew
Nurit Hirsh
 Italy RAI Ricchi e Poveri "Questo amore" Italian
Nicola Samale
 Luxembourg CLT Baccara "Parlez-vous français ?" French
Rolf Soja
 Monaco TMC Caline and Olivier Toussaint "Les Jardins de Monaco" French
Yvon Rioland
 Netherlands NOS Harmony "'t Is OK" Dutch
Harry van Hoof
 Norway NRK Jahn Teigen "Mil etter mil" Norwegian Kai Eide Carsten Klouman
 Portugal RTP Gemini "Dai li dou" Portuguese
Thilo Krasmann
 Spain TVE José Vélez "Bailemos un vals" Spanish
  • Ramón Arcusa
  • Manuel de la Calva
 Ramón Arcusa
 Sweden SR Björn Skifs "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten" Swedish Peter Himmelstrand Bengt Palmers
  Switzerland SRG SSR Carole Vinci "Vivre" French
Daniel Janin
 Turkey TRT Nilüfer and Nazar "Sevince" Turkish
Onno Tunç
 United Kingdom BBC Co-Co "The Bad Old Days" English
Alyn Ainsworth

Returning artists

Artist Country Previous year(s)
Jean Vallée  Belgium 1970
Norbert Niedermeyer (as part of Springtime)  Austria 1972 (as part of Milestones)
Ireen Sheer  Germany 1974 (for  Luxembourg)

Format

The postcards were filmed live, featuring the artists making their way to the stage. They took a corridor, then an elevator. Leaving the lift, they were greeted by the previous participants and then made their entrances to the stage. The camera also made several shots of the audience, notably Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg.

Each song was accompanied by a 45-piece orchestra.[1]

The Swedish participant Björn Skifs was unhappy with the rule that every country would have to perform in their native language. He planned to sing in English anyway, but changed his mind at the last moment, causing him to completely forget the lyrics. He therefore sang the first few lines in gibberish before finding the words again.

The Israeli win caused problems for several North African and Middle-Eastern nations that were televising the contest, even though they were not participating. According to author and political commentator John Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, when Israel became the clear winners during the voting, most of the Arabic stations ended their transmission of the contest. Jordanian TV finished the show with a photo of a bunch of daffodils on screen, later announcing that the Belgian entry (which finished second) was the winner.[8]

Contest overview

The contest was held on 22 April 1978, beginning at 21:30 (CEST).[9]

Fears of terrorist attacks like at the Summer Olympics 1972 in Munich and of stage invasions like in 1964 meant that security measures in and around the Palais des Congrès were particularly tight: 200 police officers, some of them as undercover agents, tried to prevent any potential incidents. Spectators had to go through metal detectors upon arrival at the Palais des Congrès.[9]

In addition to his duties as a host together with Denise Fabre, Léon Zitrone also served as commentator for France, in an own commentary box backstage.[9]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1978[10]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1  Ireland Colm C. T. Wilkinson "Born to Sing" 86 5
2  Norway Jahn Teigen "Mil etter mil" 0 20
3  Italy Ricchi e Poveri "Questo amore" 53 12
4  Finland Seija Simola "Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus" 2 18
5  Portugal Gemini "Dai li dou" 5 17
6  France Joël Prévost "Il y aura toujours des violons" 119 3
7  Spain José Vélez "Bailemos un vals" 65 9
8  United Kingdom Co-Co "The Bad Old Days" 61 11
9   Switzerland Carole Vinci "Vivre" 65 9
10  Belgium Jean Vallée "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie" 125 2
11  Netherlands Harmony "'t Is OK" 37 13
12  Turkey Nilüfer and Nazar "Sevince" 2 18
13  Germany Ireen Sheer "Feuer" 84 6
14  Monaco Caline and Olivier Toussaint "Les Jardins de Monaco" 107 4
15  Greece Tania Tsanaklidou "Charlie Chaplin" 66 8
16  Denmark Mabel "Boom Boom" 13 16
17  Luxembourg Baccara "Parlez-vous français ?" 73 7
18  Israel Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" 157 1
19  Austria Springtime "Mrs. Caroline Robinson" 14 15
20  Sweden Björn Skifs "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten" 26 14

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1978 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results

Detailed voting results[14][15]
Total score
Ireland
Norway
Italy
Finland
Portugal
France
Spain
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Belgium
Netherlands
Turkey
Germany
Monaco
Greece
Denmark
Luxembourg
Israel
Austria
Sweden
Contestants
 Ireland 86 12 3 5 7 10 10 5 10 10 6 8
Norway 0
Italy 53 10 6 1 4 8 6 1 1 1 2 8 2 3
Finland 2 2
Portugal 5 4 1
France 119 6 3 10 2 2 5 8 6 8 6 4 10 5 8 8 1 5 12 10
Spain 65 7 8 2 4 7 4 6 12 2 6 7
United Kingdom 61 3 6 2 3 2 4 2 6 8 7 3 5 2 5 3
Switzerland 65 5 1 1 7 4 2 7 8 6 2 3 8 1 10
Belgium 125 12 7 6 6 4 12 2 12 10 5 3 12 12 7 7 4 4
Netherlands 37 5 3 4 1 5 6 12 1
Turkey 2 1 1
Germany 84 1 3 12 7 10 3 5 7 8 10 7 1 3 7
Monaco 107 4 4 7 8 5 1 10 5 6 10 5 7 4 10 8 1 12
Greece 66 7 2 5 8 10 7 4 4 4 10 3 2
Denmark 13 6 1 4 2
Luxembourg 73 2 12 12 12 7 3 3 2 6 1 7 6
Israel 157 8 8 8 10 10 8 6 5 12 12 12 12 12 3 5 6 12 8
Austria 14 3 3 1 2 5
Sweden 26 5 10 4 3 4

12 points

Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:

N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
6  Israel  Belgium,  Germany,  Luxembourg,  Netherlands,   Switzerland,  Turkey
5  Belgium  France,  Greece,  Ireland,  Monaco,  United Kingdom
3  Luxembourg  Italy,  Portugal,  Spain
1  France  Austria
 Germany  Finland
 Ireland  Norway
 Monaco  Sweden
 Netherlands  Israel
 Spain  Denmark

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[16] TF1 provided 29 commentary boxes in the auditorium for foreign broadcasters.[9]

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in 17 other countries, including Algeria, Iceland, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Yugoslavia, in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Hong Kong, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.[1][4][9] No official accounts of the viewing figures are known to exist. An estimate given in the French press ahead of the contest was 350 million viewers worldwide.[9]

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref(s)
 Austria ORF FS2 Ernst Grissemann [17][18]
 Belgium RTBF RTBF1 [19]
BRT TV1
 Denmark DR DR TV [20]
 Finland YLE TV1 [21]
Rinnakkaisohjelma [fi]
 France TF1 Léon Zitrone [9][22]
 Germany ARD Deutsches Fernsehen Werner Veigel [23][24]
 Greece ERT ERT, A Programma [25][26]
 Ireland RTÉ RTÉ Larry Gogan [27]
RTÉ Radio Liam Devally [28]
 Israel IBA Israeli Television [29]
 Italy RAI Rete Due,[b] Rai Radio 2 Tullio Grazzini [30][31]
 Luxembourg CLT RTL Télé-Luxembourg Jacques Navadic and André Torrent [fr] [32]
 Monaco Télé Monte-Carlo [33]
 Netherlands NOS Nederland 2 Willem Duys [34][35]
 Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet Bjørn Scheele [36]
NRK Erik Heyerdahl [no]
 Portugal RTP I Programa Eládio Clímaco [37][38]
RDP RDP Programa 1 [39]
 Spain TVE TVE 1 Miguel de los Santos [es] [40][41]
RNE Radio Nacional [42]
 Sweden SR TV1 Ulf Elfving [12][36]
SR P3 Kent Finell
  Switzerland SRG SSR TV DRS[c] Theodor Haller [de] [23]
TSR Georges Hardy [fr] [43]
TSI [44]
RSR 1 Robert Burnier [45]
 Turkey TRT TRT Televizyon [46]
 United Kingdom BBC BBC1 Terry Wogan [47]
BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2 Ray Moore [48][49]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref(s)
 Cyprus CyBC RIK [50]
 Hong Kong TVB TVB Jade[d] [51]
TVB Pearl[d]
 Hungary MTV MTV2[e] [52]
 Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið[f] Ragna Ragnars [53]
 Jordan JTV JTV2[g] [55]
 Netherlands Antilles TeleCuraçao[h] [56]
 Poland TP TP1[i] [57]
 Yugoslavia JRT TV Beograd 1 [58]
TV Koper-Capodistria[j] [59]
TV Ljubljana 1 [sl][k] [60]
TV Zagreb 1 [61]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[7]
  2. ^ Deferred broadcast at 21:55 (CET)[30]
  3. ^ Broadcast through a second audio programme on TSI[23]
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Deferred broadcast on 23 April[51]
  5. ^ Delayed broadcast on 23 May 1978 at 21:40 (CET)[52]
  6. ^ Delayed broadcast on 30 April 1978 at 21:20 (WET)[53]
  7. ^ Jordan infamously cut the broadcast of the competion when it became obvious that Israel would win, instead, they reported Belgium had won the contest.[54]
  8. ^ Delayed broadcast on 6 May 1978 at 22:30 (ADT)[56]
  9. ^ Deferred broadcast in a shortened format at 0:50 (CET)[57]
  10. ^ Deferred broadcast at 20:45 (CET)[59]
  11. ^ Deferred broadcast on 23 April at 15:30 (CET)[60]

References

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chaillet, Cathérine; TF1 Service de presse (4 April 1978). Concours Eurovision de la chanson (in français). Paris: TF1. pp. 1–4. OCLC 965372158.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Paris 1978". Eurovision.tv.
  3. ^ "Participants of Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 312–327. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  5. ^ "1978 – 23rd edition". diggiloo.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  6. ^ "Detailed overview: conductors in 1978". And the conductor is... Retrieved 5 July 2023.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in Deutsch). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  8. ^ O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Didi, Franklin (22 April 1978). "350 millions de téléspectateurs et 200 policiers". Télé 7 Jours (in français). No. 934. pp. 28–29.
  10. ^ "Final of Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  11. ^ Janda, Fritz. "Deutsche Grand-Prix-Jury war streng abgeschirmt: 11 Juroren erfuhren ihre Aufgabe erst am Sendetag" [The German Eurovision jury was strictly protected: 11 jurors only found out about their task on the day of broadcast]. Gong (in Deutsch).
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in svenska). Stockholm: Premium Publishing. pp. 132–133. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.
  13. ^ "Yirmi ülke yarısıyor Eurovision" [Twenty countries are competing in Eurovision]. Milliyet (in Türkçe). 22 April 1978. p. 10. Retrieved 18 August 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Results of the Final of Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  15. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1978 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  16. ^ "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  17. ^ "TV Avstrija 2. spored – sobota, 22. aprila" [TV Austria – 2nd program – Saturday 22 April]. Naš tednik (in slovenščina). Klagenfurt (Celovec), Austria. 28 March 1974. p. 7. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  18. ^ Halbhuber, Axel (22 May 2015). "Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren" [A virtual dispute between Eurovision commentators]. Kurier (in Deutsch). Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  19. ^ "T.V. Programma's" [T.V. Programmes]. De Voorpost (in Nederlands). Aalst, Belgium. 21 April 1978. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  20. ^ "Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 22. april 1978" [All-time programme overviews – Saturday 22nd April 1978] (in dansk). DR. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  21. ^ "Radio ja TV" [Radio and TV]. Helsingin Sanomat (in suomi). 22 April 1978. p. 37. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  22. ^ "Radio-télévision – Samedi 22 avril" [Radio-television – Saturday 22 April]. Le Monde. Paris, France. 16–17 April 1978. p. 14. Retrieved 22 July 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Fernsehen – Samstag" [Television – Saturday]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Deutsch). Zürich, Switzerland. 22 April 1978. p. 47. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via E-newspaperarchives.ch.
  24. ^ "Tele-schau: Gesehen – Grand Prix Eurovision (I. Program)" [Tele-show: Seen – Grand Prix Eurovision (1st Programm)]. Bocholter-Borkener Volksblatt [de] (in Deutsch). Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  25. ^ "τηλεοραση" [television]. Rizospastis (in Ελληνικά). Athens, Greece. 22 April 1978. p. 8. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via National Library of Greece.
  26. ^ "ραδιοφωνο" [radio]. Rizospastis (in Ελληνικά). Athens, Greece. 22 April 1978. p. 8. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via National Library of Greece.
  27. ^ "Saturday April 22 – Television". RTÉ Guide. Vol. 2, no. 16. 21 April 1978. p. 13.
  28. ^ "Saturday April 22 – Radio". RTÉ Guide. Vol. 2, no. 16. 21 April 1978. p. 22.
  29. ^ "Shabat – 22.4.78 – Televizia" שבת – 22.4.78 – טלוויזיה [Saturday – 22nd April 1978 – Television]. Davar (in עברית). Tel Aviv, Israel. 21 April 1978. p. 64. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 "TV2 | sabato 22 aprile" [TV2 | Saturday 22 April]. Radiocorriere TV (in italiano). Vol. 55, no. 16. 16–22 April 1978. p. 183. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  31. ^ "sabato 22 aprile" [Saturday 22 April]. Radiocorriere TV (in italiano). Vol. 55, no. 16. 16–22 April 1978. pp. 202–203. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  32. ^ "Samstag, 22. April 1978" [Saturday, 22 April 1978]. Revue Agenda (in français and Deutsch). 20 April 1978. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  33. ^ "Les écrans francophones – Samedi 22 avril" [French-speaking screens – Saturday 22 April]. Le Monde. Paris, France. 16–17 April 1978. p. 14. Retrieved 22 July 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  34. ^ "Radio en televisie dit weekend" [Radio and television this weekend]. Limburgs Dagblad (in Nederlands). Heerlen, Netherlands. 22 April 1978. p. 7. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Delpher.
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